Chaudhry Mohammad Ali

Chaudhry Mohammad Ali
Chaudhry Mohammad Ali
	چوہدری محمد علی
4th Prime Minister of Pakistan
	In office; 12 August 1955 –12 September 1956
Monarch	Elizabeth II ; (6 February 1952–23 March 1956)
President	Iskander Mirza
Governor General	Iskander Mirza; (7 August 1955–23 March 1956)
Preceded by	Mohammad Ali Bogra
Succeeded by	Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy
Minister of Defence
	In office; 12 August 1955 –12 September 1956
Deputy	Akhter Husain ; (Defence Secretary)
Preceded by	General Ayub Khan
Succeeded by	H. S. Suhrawardy
Minister of Finance
	In office; 24 October 1951 –11 August 1955
Deputy	Mumtaz Hasan; (Finance Secretary)
Preceded by	Ghulam Muhammad
Succeeded by	Amjad Ali
Federal Secretary
	In office; 14 August 1947 –24 October 1955
Finance Secretary of Pakistan
	In office; 14 August 1947 –12 September 1948 Servingwith Sir Victor Turner
Minister	Ghulam Muhammad
Finance Secretary
	In office; 2 September 1946 –14 August 1947
Minister	Liaquat Ali Khan
Preceded by	Ghulam Muhammad
Succeeded by	Sir Victor Turner ; (as Finance Secretary)
President of Pakistan Muslim League
	In office; 12 August 1955 –12 September 1956
Preceded by	Mohammad Ali
Succeeded by	I. I. Chundrigar
Personal details
Born	Chaudhry Muhammad All; 15 July 1905; Jullunder, Punjab, British India ; (Present-day, Jalandhar, Punjab, India)
Died	2 December 1980 (aged 75); DHA Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
Citizenship	British India (1905–47); Pakistani (1947–80)
Political party	Muslim League ; (1936-1980)
Children	2 including sons: Khalid and Amjad
Alma mater	Punjab University ; (BSc and MSc in Chem.)
Profession	Civil servant, politician
Website	Muhammad Ali ; Official website

Last updated March 19, 2019

Chaudhry Muhammad Ali (Urdu : چوہدری محمد علی‎ 15 July 1905 – 2 December 1980), best known as Muhammad Ali, was the fourth Prime Minister of Pakistan , appointed on 12 August 1955 until being removed through a successful passage of vote of no confidence motion in the National Assembly on 12 September 1956.^[1]^{[ self-published source? ]}

Removal proceedings are administrative proceedings to determine an alien's removability from the United States and his or her eligibility for relief under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). Procedural defenses such as collateral estoppel and double jeopardy do not apply to the current removal proceedings, and the burden of proof required in these proceedings differ between lawful permanent residents of the United States and foreign nationals.

A motion of no-confidence, alternatively vote of no confidence, or (unsuccessful) confidence motion, is a statement or vote which states that a person in a position of responsibility is no longer deemed fit to hold that position, perhaps because they are inadequate in some respect, are failing to carry out obligations, or are making decisions that other members feel detrimental. As a parliamentary motion, it demonstrates to the head of state that the elected parliament no longer has confidence in the appointed government. If a no confidence motion is passed against an individual minister they have to give their resignation along with the entire council of ministers.

The National Assembly is the lower house of the bicameral Majlis-e-Shura, which also comprises the President of Pakistan and Senate of Pakistan. The National Assembly and the Senate both convene at Parliament House in Islamabad. The National Assembly is a democratically elected body consisting of a total of 336 members, before 25th ammendment they used to be 342' who are referred to as Members of the National Assembly (MNAs), of which 272 are directly elected members and 70 reserved seats for women and religious minorities. A political party must secure 137 seats to obtain and preserve a majority.

The Pakistani Republican Party was formed in October 1955, by a break away faction of the Muslim League and other politicians supporting the creation of the West Pakistan province, on the instigation of key leaders in the military and civil service. The President of the party was Dr Khan Sahib, Chief Minister of West Pakistan. The Central Parliamentary Leader was Malik Sir Feroz Khan Noon, Prime Minister of Pakistan.

Biography

Muhammad Ali was born in Jullundar, Punjab in India on 15 July 1905.^[3] His family were Arain clan.^[4]^[5] The prefix , Chaudhry, added before his name to represent his family's land holding status.^[6]

A prefix is an affix which is placed before the stem of a word. Adding it to the beginning of one word changes it into another word. For example, when the prefix un- is added to the word happy, it creates the word unhappy. Particularly in the study of languages, a prefix is also called a preformative, because it alters the form of the words to which it is affixed.

Chowdhury is a hereditary title of honour originating in the Indian subcontinent. They have governed major areas of the Indian subcontinent before and during British India.

After his matriculation, Muhammad Ali showed great aptitude for science, first moving to attend the Punjab University in Lahore where he read and graduated with BSc degree in Chemistry in 1925.^[7] In 1927, Muhammad Ali attained MSc in Chemistry from Punjab University, and lectured at the Islamia College until 1928.^[8]^[7]^[2]^[9]

The University of the Punjab, also referred to as Punjab University, is a public research university located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Punjab University is the oldest public university in Pakistan. With multiple campuses in Gujranwala, Jhelum, and Khanspur, the university was formally established by the British Government after convening the first meeting for establishing higher education institutions in October 1882 at Simla. Punjab University was the fourth university to be established by the British colonial authorities in the Indian subcontinent; the first three universities were established in other parts of British India.

Lahore is a city in the Pakistani province of Punjab. Lahore is the country's second-most populous city after Karachi, and is one of Pakistan's wealthiest cities with an estimated GDP of $58.14 billion (PPP) as of 2015. Lahore is the largest city, and historic cultural centre of the Punjab region, and one of Pakistan's most socially liberal, progressive, and cosmopolitan cities.

A Bachelor of Science is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for completed courses that generally last three to five years, or a person holding such a degree.

In 1928, Muhammad Ali went to join the Indian Civil Service, first working as an accountant at the Audit and Accounts Service and was deputed to audit the Bahawalpur state.^[3] In 1936, Muhammad Ali was moved as Private Secretary to James Grigg, the Finance minister of India, who later appointed him as the First Indian financial adviser when Grigg was appointed as the War Secretary in 1945.^[3] In 1946-47, Muhammad Ali was selected to serve as one of two secretaries to the Partition Council presided over by Lord Mountbatten, later appointed as Finance Secretary at the Ministry of Finance.^[3] Over this issue of partition, Muhammad Ali worked with H.M. Patel and Walter Christir to prepare a document titled The Administrative Consequences of Partition.^[10]

The Indian Civil Service (ICS), for part of the 19th century officially known as the Imperial Civil Service, was the elite higher civil service of the British Empire in British India during British rule in the period between 1858 and 1947

Chartered accountants were the first accountants to form a professional accounting body, initially established in Scotland in 1854. The Edinburgh Society of Accountants (1854), the Glasgow Institute of Accountants and Actuaries (1854) and the Aberdeen Society of Accountants (1867) were each granted a royal charter almost from their inception. The title is an internationally recognised professional designation; the certified public accountant designation is generally equivalent to it.

Secondment is the assignment of a member of one organisation to another organisation for a temporary period. The employee typically retains their salary and other employment rights from their primary organisation but they work closely within the other organisation to provide training and the sharing of experience. Secondment is a more formal type of job rotation. This is not to be confused with temporary work. The term is primarily used in British English.

By the time of the India's partition in 1947, Muhammad Ali was one of the senior Indian civil service officer in India, and decided to opted for Pakistan on 15 August 1947.^[11]

The partition of India in 1947 eventually accompanied the creation of two independent dominions, India and Pakistan. The Dominion of India became the Republic of India in 1950, and in 1957 the Dominion of Pakistan became the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. In 1971, the People's Republic of Bangladesh came into being after the Bangladesh Liberation War. The partition involved the division of three provinces, Assam, Bengal and Punjab, based on district-wide Hindu or Muslim majorities. The boundary demarcating India and Pakistan came to be known as the Radcliffe Line. It also involved the division of the British Indian Army, the Royal Indian Navy, the Indian Civil Service, the railways, and the central treasury, between the two new dominions. The partition was set forth in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and resulted in the dissolution of the British Raj, as the British government there was called. The two self-governing countries of Pakistan and India legally came into existence at midnight on 14–15 August 1947.

Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the world’s sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 212,742,631 people. In area, it is the 33rd-largest country, spanning 881,913 square kilometres. Pakistan has a 1,046-kilometre (650-mile) coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest, and China in the far northeast. It is separated narrowly from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor in the northwest, and also shares a maritime border with Oman.

After the establishment of Pakistan in 1947, Muhammad Ali was moved as the Finance Secretary under Finance Minister Sir Ghulam Muhammad, alongside with Victor Turner, but this appointment lasted until 1948 due a cabinet reshuffle.^[3] He was appointed as the Federal Secretary at the Establishment Division, and aided greatly in setting up the civil bureaucracy and preparing the nation's first federal budget presented by Finance Minister Sir Ghulam Muhammad in 1951.^[3]

Prime Minister of Pakistan

In 1951, Muhammad Ali was appointed as the Finance Minister by Prime Minister K. Nazimuddin and was announced to be kept in the Finance ministry in Bogra's Talent ministry in 1953.^[12]

On 11 August 1955, Muhammad Ali was appointed as the Prime Minister of Pakistan by then-Governor-General Iskandar Mirza, upon the dismissal of the Bogra's Talent administration.^[2] After taking oath from the Chief Justice M. Munir, Prime Minister Ali placed a great emphasis on drafting of the Constitution of Pakistan, and supported Bogra's One Unit scheme despite the opposition.^[13]

He favored French architect Michel Ecochard over Greek architect Constantinos Doxiadis over the planning of new capital in 1955, though the project nonetheless went Doxiadis in 1960s.^[14]

It was during his term when the first set of the Constitution of Pakistan was promulgated on 23 March 1956 where the nation-state was declared as Islamic Republic with a parliamentary form.^[15] His premiership was endorsed by President Iskandar Mirza and the three-party coalition government composing of Awami League, Muslim League and the Republican Party at the National Assembly.^[2] In 1955, Prime Minister Ali took over the party presidency.^[2]

Despite his feat, Prime Minister Muhammad Ali proved to be a poor politician who failed to maintain control over his party when he reached a compromise to dismissed the cabinet members of his own party in favor of appointing the cabinet composing of Republican Party and Awami League in 1955-56.^[2] After appointing Abdul Jabbar Khan as the Chief minister of West-Pakistan who subsequently helped in secret trading in favor of Republican Party that made the Republicans in majority in the National Assembly, the Muslim League demanded its president to investigate the matter but Prime Minister Ali refused to support the parliamentary resolution in the National Assembly by believing that "he was responsible only to the Cabinet and the Parliament, not the party."^[2]

On 8 September 1956, the parliamentary leaders of the Muslim League under A.Q. Khan, successfully brought the motion of no confidence at the National Assembly that effectively removed him from the party's presidency.^[2] Despite support from the Republican Party and President Mirza, Prime Minister Ali eventually resigned from the office of Prime Minister of Pakistan when Huseyn S. Suhrawardy had gained support from the Muslim League for the premiership.^[11]

After his resignation, Ali went to corporate sector and joined the National Bank as an economist but tried playing a role in national politics in 1960s but was ostracized by the Muslim League due to his political role played in 1950s.^[11]

His son, Khalid Anwer, is a well-known lawyer and constitutional expert, who served as the Law and Justice minister in Sharif's administrations while his younger son is Dr. Amjad Ahsan Ali is well known medical doctor. In 1967, he wrote his memoirs and passed away due to a cardiac arrest on 2 December 1980 in estate in Karachi where he was buried.^[16]

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References

↑ Hasanie, Ali Abbas (2013). Democracy in Pakistan: Crises, Conflicts and Hope for a Change (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: AuthorHouse. p. 110. ISBN 9781481790680 . Retrieved 29 January 2018.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 staff writers; et al. (1 June 2003). "Chaudhry Muhammad Ali Becomes Prime Minister". www.storyofpakistan.com. Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan: Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
1 2 3 4 5 6 et.al., staff writers (1 June 2003). "Chaudhry Muhammad Ali–Former Prime Minister of Pakistan". www.storyofpakistan.com. Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan: Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
↑ Burki, Shahid Javed; Baxter, Craig; LaPorte, Robert; Azfar, Kamal (1991). Pakistan Under the Military: Eleven Years of Zia Ul-Haq. New York City: Westview Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780813379852 . Retrieved 29 January 2018.
↑ Naz, Huma (1990). Bureaucratic Elites & Political Developments in Pakistan, 1947-58. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 157. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
↑ The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 51. Anthropology Survey of India. 2002. p. 204.
1 2 Kumarasingham, H. (2016). Constitution-making in Asia: Decolonisation and State-Building in the Aftermath of the British Empire. Cambridge, UK: Routledge. p. 106. ISBN 9781317245100 . Retrieved 29 January 2018.
↑ Blattner, Elwyn James; Blattner, James Elwyn (1955). Who's who in U.A.R. and the Near East (in French). Paul Barbey Press. p. 294. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
↑ et.al., Britannica. "Chaudhri Mohammad Ali—prime minister of Pakistan". www.britannica.com. London, Eng. U.K.: Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
↑ John Christie Morning Drum BACSA 1983 ISBN 0-907799-04-3 pp95-102
1 2 3 Lyon, Peter (2008). Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia (1st ed.). U.S.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9781576077122 . Retrieved 29 January 2018.
↑ Khuhro, Hamida (1998). Mohammed Ayub Khuhro: a life of courage in politics. Karachi, Pakistan: Ferozsons. p. 405. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
↑ Wynbrandt, James (2009). A Brief History of Pakistan. Infobase Publishing. p. 178. ISBN 9780816061846 . Retrieved 29 January 2018.
↑ Bates, Crispin; Mio, Minoru (2015). §Cities in South Asia. Routledge. p. 72. ISBN 9781317565130.
↑ "The Constitution of 1956". www.storyofpakistan.com. Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust. 1 June 2003. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
↑ Asian Recorder. K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press. 1981. Retrieved 29 January 2018.

External links

Chronicles Of Pakistan
Ali, Chaudhri Mohammad (1967). The emergence of Pakistan. New York City: Columbia University Press. p. 427. ISBN 978-0231029339.

Political offices
Preceded by Malik Ghulam Muhammad	Minister of Finance 1951–1955	Succeeded by Amjad Ali
Preceded by Muhammad Ali Bogra	Prime Minister of Pakistan 1955–1956	Succeeded by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy
Preceded by Ayub Khan	Minister of Defence 1955–1956	Succeeded by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy

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[AuthorHouse,_Hasanie,_2013-1] Hasanie, Ali Abbas (2013). Democracy in Pakistan: Crises, Conflicts and Hope for a Change (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: AuthorHouse. p. 110. ISBN 9781481790680 . Retrieved 29 January 2018.

[Nazaria-i-Pakistan_Trust,_et.al,_2003_(Muhammad_Ali_Becomes_Prime_Minister)-2] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 staff writers; et al. (1 June 2003). "Chaudhry Muhammad Ali Becomes Prime Minister". www.storyofpakistan.com. Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan: Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust. Retrieved 29 January 2018.

[Nazaria-i-Pakistan_Trust,_el.al,_2003_(Bio)-3] 1 2 3 4 5 6 et.al., staff writers (1 June 2003). "Chaudhry Muhammad Ali–Former Prime Minister of Pakistan". www.storyofpakistan.com. Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan: Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust. Retrieved 11 April 2016.

[Westview_Press,_Burki,_LePorte,_et.al._(1991)-4] Burki, Shahid Javed; Baxter, Craig; LaPorte, Robert; Azfar, Kamal (1991). Pakistan Under the Military: Eleven Years of Zia Ul-Haq. New York City: Westview Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780813379852 . Retrieved 29 January 2018.

[5] Naz, Huma (1990). Bureaucratic Elites & Political Developments in Pakistan, 1947-58. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. p. 157. Retrieved 29 January 2018.

[6] The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 51. Anthropology Survey of India. 2002. p. 204.

[Routledge,_Kumarasingham-7] 1 2 Kumarasingham, H. (2016). Constitution-making in Asia: Decolonisation and State-Building in the Aftermath of the British Empire. Cambridge, UK: Routledge. p. 106. ISBN 9781317245100 . Retrieved 29 January 2018.

[8] Blattner, Elwyn James; Blattner, James Elwyn (1955). Who's who in U.A.R. and the Near East (in French). Paul Barbey Press. p. 294. Retrieved 29 January 2018.

[Encyclopedia_Britannica-9] t.al., Britannica. "Chaudhri Mohammad Ali—prime minister of Pakistan". www.britannica.com. London, Eng. U.K.: Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 29 January 2018.

[10] John Christie Morning Drum BACSA 1983 ISBN 0-907799-04-3 pp95-102

[ABC-CLIO,_Lyon,_2008-11] 1 2 3 Lyon, Peter (2008). Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia (1st ed.). U.S.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9781576077122 . Retrieved 29 January 2018.

[Ferozsons,_Khuhro,_1998-12] Khuhro, Hamida (1998). Mohammed Ayub Khuhro: a life of courage in politics. Karachi, Pakistan: Ferozsons. p. 405. Retrieved 29 January 2018.

[Infobase_Publishing,_Wynbrandt,_2009-13] Wynbrandt, James (2009). A Brief History of Pakistan. Infobase Publishing. p. 178. ISBN 9780816061846 . Retrieved 29 January 2018.

[Routledge,_Bates_and_Mio,_2015-14] Bates, Crispin; Mio, Minoru (2015). §Cities in South Asia. Routledge. p. 72. ISBN 9781317565130.

[Nazaria-i-Pakistan_Trust,_et.al._(Const,_1956)-15] "The Constitution of 1956". www.storyofpakistan.com. Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust. 1 June 2003. Retrieved 29 January 2018.

[16] Asian Recorder. K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press. 1981. Retrieved 29 January 2018.