Chliostair Hydro-Electric Scheme

Chliostair Hydro-Electric Scheme
The turbine house of Chliostair power station
Location of Chliostair Hydro-Electric Scheme in Scotland
Country	Scotland
Location	Harris, Outer Hebrides
Coordinates	57°58′26″N6°58′29″W / 57.9740°N 6.9748°W / 57.9740; -6.9748
Purpose	Power
Status	Operational
Opening date	1960
Owner(s)	SSE

v t e Chliostair Hydro-Electric Scheme
Legend
Loch Aiseabhat Loch Chliostair Loch Maolaig Loch Chliostair dam Pipeline and Abhainn Eabhal Chliostair power station Loch Leòsiad Weirs on Abhainn Mhòr Weirs Lochan Beag Weir B887 road bridge Weirs Loch Leosavay

Chliostair Hydro-Electric Scheme is a small scheme promoted by the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board on Harris, Outer Hebrides. It consists of a single power station powered with water from Loch Chliostair, and was commissioned in 1960.

History

The North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board was created by the Hydro-electric Development (Scotland) Act 1943, ^[1] a measure championed by the politician Tom Johnston while he was Secretary of State for Scotland. ^[2] Johnston's vision was for a public body that could build hydro-electric stations throughout the Highlands. Profits made by selling bulk electricity to the Scottish lowlands would be used to fund "the economic development and social improvement of the North of Scotland." Private consumers would be offered a supply of cheap electricity, and their connection to that supply would not reflect the actual cost of its provision in remote and sparsely-populated areas. ^[3]

The chairman of the new Board was to be Lord Airlie, who had initially been critical of the 1943 Act because its scope was too limited. The deputy chairman and chief executive was Edward MacColl, an engineer with wide experience of hydro-electric projects and electrical distribution networks. ^[4] It soon became clear that MacColl intended to push ahead with the aspirations of the Act at breakneck speeds. He produced a list of 102 potential sites in just three months, ^[5] and in June 1944, the first constructional scheme was published. This was for the Loch Sloy scheme, which had a ready market for bulk supplies to nearby Clydeside, but it included two smaller schemes, to demonstrate the Board's commitment to supplying remote areas. ^[6]

The Chliostair scheme was constructional scheme number 35, ^[7] and it would bring clean energy to the remote communities on Harris, removing their reliance on diesel generators. ^[8] The cost of building the scheme was estimated at £270,000 in 1955. ^[9] Because of its remoteness, the capital cost per kW installed was among the highest for the schemes promoted by the board, although at the time of Lord Strathclyde's answer in the House of Lords, work had not started on the project, and so the cost he quoted was only an estimate. ^[7] However, work had started by March 1959. ^[10] Johnston faced tough opposition to the scheme, from those who thought it would be much better to spend the money on more mainstream projects, but he insisted that it should proceed, as it showed that the Board would not neglect the remote communities which were within its area. ^[11]

The scheme would use the water from Loch Chliostair, the level of which would be raised by the construction of a small dam at its southern end. A surface pipeline running broadly parallel to the Abhainn Eabhal would carry the water to the turbine house located just to the north of Loch Leòsaid, ^[12] some 1.25 miles (2.0 km) north-east of the hamlet of Amhuinnsuidhe. It has the capacity to generate 1 MW of power from a hydraulic head of 410 feet (125 m), and was commissioned in 1960. ^[13] By 1969, the station was producing an average of 2.4 GWh of electricity per year, and was operating at a load factor of 27 percent, indicating that it was being used to top up the power available at peak periods. The neighbouring Gisla Hydro-Electric Scheme on the Isle of Lewis, also commissioned in 1960, operated at a load factor of 42 percent, indicating that it was supplying the base load demands of the communities that both stations served. ^[14] Upgrades to the scheme have since increased its capacity to 1.32 MW, ^[15] and both schemes are now fully integrated into the National Grid. ^[13]

The dam at Loch Chliostair was designed by L H Dickerson and his staff, and was the first arch dam constructed in Britain. ^[11] While the construction of the larger schemes by the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board is well documented, there is much less information available for the small schemes. Two men who lived in North Harris and who were involved in the project were Calum MacLellan and Kenny MacKay. MacLellan provided vehicles on loan to the Board for the duration of the build, and MacKay was involved in constructing the pipeline. They recall that around 80 men lived and worked on the site for over a year. ^[8]

Operation

In 2002, the Renewables Obligation (Scotland) legislation was introduced. It was conceived as a way to promote the development of small-scale hydro-electric, wave power, tidal power, photovoltaics, wind power and biomas schemes, but by the time it came into force, the definition of small scale had been increased from 5 MW to 10 MW and then 20 MW, and existing hydro-electric stations that had been refurbished to improve efficiency could be included. ^[16] Chliostair at 1.3 MW thus qualified, and between 2004 and 2007 the station qualified for 13,917 Renewable Obligation Certificates, generating a subsidy for SSE of nearly £654,000. ^[17] Between 2005 and 2007, the station operated at an average load factor of 34.3 percent. ^[18]

Hydrology

Chliostair dam was the first arch dam to be built in Britain

The power station draws its water from Loch Chliostair, but this is fed by water from two other lochs. Loch Aiseabhat is the most northerly. It drains the saddle between the hills of Sròn Uladail and Ulabhal to the east, and the foothills of Tiòrga Mor to the west. ^[12] The surface level of the loch is 778 feet (237 m) above Ordnance datum (AOD), it covers 20 acres (8 ha), and drains an area of 440 acres (180 ha). ^[19] A short stream around 0.3 miles (0.5 km) long connects it to Loch Chliostair. Other streams from the east and west enter the loch at its northern end, and towards its southern end, it a joined by water flowing from Loch Maolaig, a corrie on the south-eastern slopes of Tiòrga Mor. ^[12] It has a surface area of 12 acres (5 ha), drains an area of 136 acres (55 ha) and its surface is at 1,109 feet (338 m) AOD. ^[20] The surface of Loch Chliostair was noted as 532.4 feet (162.3 m) AOD on 27 July 1875, ^[21] but it is now 538 feet (164 m) AOD as a result of the dam. It covers and area of 74 acres (30 ha) and drains 1,324 acres (536 ha). ^[22]

From the dam at the southern end of Loch Chliostair, the Abhainn Eabhal runs in a south-westerly direction to flow into Loch Leòsaid. The pipeline for the power station runs alongside it, on its right bank. The tailrace flows into the final short section of the Abhainn Eabhal. ^[12] Loch Leòsaid has a surface area of 30 hectares (74 acres), drains 1,729 hectares (4,270 acres) and its surface is 41 metres (135 ft) AOD. ^[23] It is this descent that provides the head for the turbines. From Loch Leòsaid, water flows over some weirs into the Abhainn Mhòr, through two small lochs which are collectively known as Lochan Beag, although they are at different levels with weirs between them. It passes over another weir at the lower end of Lochan Beag, is crossed by a bridge carrying the B887 road, and flows over more weirs before entering the sea at Loch Leosavay, close to the hamlet of Amhuinnsuidhe. ^[12]

References

1. Payne 1988, pp. 50, 298.
2. Miller 2002, pp. 19–20.
3. Wood 2002, pp. 58–59.
4. Payne 1988, pp. 50–51.
5. Payne 1988, p. 55.
6. Payne 1988, pp. 60–61.
7. "House of Lord written answers". Hansard. 22 January 1957.
8. Fleetwood 2010, p. 25.
9. "Electricity Boards - written answers in the House of Commons". Hansard. 29 November 1955.
10. "Electricity Supply, Western Isles". Hansard, House of Commons. 17 March 1959.
11. Payne 1988, p. 312.
12. Ordnance Survey, 1:25000 map
13. "Chliostair Hydro-Electric Scheme". Gazetteer for Scotland. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021.
14. Lea 1969, pp. 161–163.
15. "Chliostair Power Station". OFGEM project details. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023.
16. Swap 2005, pp. 5–7.
17. Dekker 2008, p. 28.
18. Dekker 2008, p. 63.
19. "Loch Aiseabhat Water body ID 11295". UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology.
20. "Loch Maclaig or Loch Madlaig Water body ID 11388". UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology.
21. Ordnance Survey, six-inch map, 1888-1913
22. "Loch Chliostair Water body ID 11379". UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology.
23. "Loch Leosaid Water body ID 11557". UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology.

Bibliography

• Dekker, Nick (2008). "Public Petition No. PE1184" (PDF). Scottish Parliament. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 January 2024.
• Fleetwood, David (2010). McDowell, Dawn (ed.). Power to the People: the built heritage of Scotland's hydroelectric power. Historic Scotland. ISBN   978-1-84917-036-9.
• Lea, K J (March 1969). "Hydro-Electric Power Generation in the Highlands of Scotland". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. No. 46 (46): 155–165. doi:10.2307/621414. JSTOR   621414.
• Miller, James (2002). The Dam Builders - Power from the Glens. Birlinn. ISBN   978-1-84158-225-2.
• Payne, Peter L (1988). The Hydro. Aberdeen University Press. ISBN   978-0-08-036584-8.
• Swap (June 2005). "Subsidies and Subterfuge" (PDF). Scottish Wind Assessment Project. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2022.
• Wood, Emma (2002). The Hydro Boys. Luath Press. ISBN   978-1-84282-016-2.

External links

Media related to Chliostair hydroelectric scheme at Wikimedia Commons