Christmas boobook

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Christmas boobook
Christmas Island Hawk Owl.jpg
Illustration by Keulemans, 1900
CITES Appendix I (CITES) [2]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Strigiformes
Family: Strigidae
Genus: Ninox
Species:
N. natalis
Binomial name
Ninox natalis
Lister, 1889
Synonyms
  • Ninox forbesi natalis

The Christmas boobook (Ninox natalis), also known as the Christmas hawk owl, Christmas Island boobook or Christmas Island hawk owl, [3] is a species of owl in the family Strigidae.

Contents

Closely related to the hawk-owls of genus Ninox , which occur in Southeast Asia and Australia, N. natalis was first classified at species level by J.J.Lister in 1888. [4] It was not until 1998, however, that DNA testing confirmed its status as a separate species from other owls. [5]

Distribution

Ninox natalis is endemic to Christmas Island, a small Australian territory of about 135 square km situated in the Indian Ocean approximately 360 km (220 mi) south of Java.

The flora and fauna of the island face on-going threats from both human activity and introduced species of plants and animals. In addition to these threats, N. natalis is restricted to a small range on this small island and is consequently listed as vulnerable by the IUCN. [6]

Phosphate mining has continued for over a century and more recently Australian Immigration Detention Facilities have been established increasing the impact from human habitation. However, the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service manage 64% of the island as a national park.

Description

The Christmas Island hawk-owl is a small, rufous-brown hawk-owl with a barred breast, dark chestnut facial mask, whitish brow, lores and throat, yellow eyes, legs and feet. It is approximately 26–29 cm in length and 130-190 grams in weight with the female slightly larger than the male.

Its double-noted hoot, boo-book, has a clucking quality with the second note usually lower in pitch. The begging call of juveniles is a high-pitched trill. [6]

Vocalisations are similar to those described for the Australian boobook (Ninox boobook) and include individual variation in advertisement calls. This may be useful in estimating owl densities as radio-tracking can be impractical in some terrains. [7]

Habitat

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland.

Ninox natalis occupies essentially exclusive territories and is widespread on the island utilizing both primary and disturbed habitats. However, in areas of regrowth significantly fewer birds have been detected. [8] In 1995 there were approximately 560 breeding pairs, but by 2004 the population was estimated to be down to 1000 birds. [6] A more recent estimate in 2011 suggests that the population may, however, be significantly lower than that. [9]

Preferred roost sites are sheltered and concealed positions from which they can easily escape such as in the bottom third of the canopy of trees with deep crowns and mid-level understory but with fewer low understory trees. [10]

Nests have been found in tree hollows predominantly in the canopies of Planchonella nitida , Hernandia ovigera and Syzygium nervosum . [6]

Diet

Primarily insectivorous they consume medium to large insects, particularly beetles (Coleoptera), tree crickets (Gryllacris rufovaria), moths (Lepidoptera) and introduced cockroaches (Periplaneta americana). They also supplement this with vertebrates such as the Christmas Island white-eye (Zosterops natalis), geckos including the introduced house gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus), and the introduced black rat (Rattus rattus). [10] [11]

Threats

Man-made habitat destruction together with the introduction of species such as the yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracillipes), cats (Felis catus) and black rats are among the major threats to both the habitat and native wildlife, including the Christmas Island hawk-owl.

The yellow crazy ant Anoplolepis gracilipes , an invasive introduction, disrupts the habitat in a number of ways, but most notably through their elimination of populations of the island's keystone species the red crab ( Gecarcoidea natalis ) resulting in significant changes to forest composition. In addition, the ants mutually-beneficial relationship with scale insects has contributed to degradation of the canopy. It is thought that yellow crazy ants may also prey on nestlings. [6]

While mining has largely ended, various programmes to monitor and control introduced species are on-going. [12] [13]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellow crazy ant</span> Species of ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes)

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australian boobook</span> Species of owl native to Australia

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<i>Ninox</i> Genus of birds

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Britain boobook</span> Species of owl

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christmas white-eye</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christmas Island shrew</span> Species of mammal

The Christmas Island shrew, also known as the Christmas Island musk-shrew is an extremely rare or possibly extinct shrew from Christmas Island. It was variously placed as subspecies of the Asian gray shrew or the Southeast Asian shrew, but morphological differences and the large distance between the species indicate that it is an entirely distinct species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Norfolk boobook</span> Subspecies of bird

The Norfolk boobook, also known as the Norfolk Island boobook, Norfolk Island owl or Norfolk Island morepork, is a bird in the true owl family endemic to Norfolk Island, an Australian territory in the Tasman Sea between Australia and New Zealand. It is a subspecies of the morepork.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern boobook</span> Species of owl

The northern boobook belongs to the family Strigidae and is a raptorial owl endemic to eastern and southern countries of Asia. The species was considered, until recently, a conspecific of Ninox scutulata or brown boobook, a species of similar distribution encompassing 11 subspecies. The species currently includes two subspecies, the migrant Ninox japonica japonica and the non-migrant Ninox japonica totogo. Despite being considered as the most common breeding owl in Japan, little research has been conducted on the species and subspecies and the taxonomic classification of N. j. totogo and N. j. japonica has been a subject of debate. There are no indications of significant decline in northern boobook populations and therefore its conservation status has been classified as least concern by the IUCN Red List.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Halmahera boobook</span> Species of owl

The Halmahera boobook is a species of owl in the family Strigidae. It inhabits the Indonesian islands of Halmahera, Ternate and Bacan. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. It was previously considered to be a subspecies of the Moluccan boobook.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seram boobook</span> Species of owl

The Seram boobook is a species of owl in the family Strigidae. It is found on the Indonesian islands of Seram, Kelang and Ambon. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. It used to be considered a subspecies of the Moluccan boobook.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tanimbar boobook</span> Species of owl

The Tanimbar boobook, or Tanimbar hawk-owl, is a species of owl in the family Strigidae. It is found in the Tanimbar Islands of Indonesia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. It used to be considered a subspecies of the Moluccan boobook.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Camiguin boobook</span> Species of owl

The Camiguin boobook or Camiguin hawk-owl is an owl species resident to the Camiguin island in the Philippines. It is the only owl in the country with greenish-yellow or grayish eyes. It was previously known as a subspecies of the Philippine hawk-owl, but was reclassified in 2012, as voice and other evidence suggested it a distinct species. Its native name is kugkug

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mindoro boobook</span> Species of owl

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Romblon boobook</span> Species of owl

The Romblon boobook or Romblon hawk-owl, is a species of owl in the family Strigidae that is endemic to the Philippines. It is only found on the islands of Tablas, Sibuyan and Romblon. It was previously known as a subspecies of the Philippine hawk-owl, but was reclassified in 2012, as voice and other evidence suggested it was a distinct species. Its natural habitat is tropical moist lowland forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sulu boobook</span> Species of owl

The Sulu boobook or Sulu hawk-owl is a species of owl in the family Strigidae. It is endemic to the Sulu Archipelago in the Philippines. It was previously known as a subspecies of the Philippine hawk-owl, but was reclassified in 2012, as voice and other evidence suggested it was a distinct species. It is found in tropical moist lowland forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.

<i>Ninox boobook ocellata</i> Subspecies of bird

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References

  1. BirdLife International (2016). "Ninox natalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T22689452A93230899. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22689452A93230899.en . Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. Christidis, L; Boles, W.E (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds . Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. pp.  166. ISBN   9780643065116.
  4. Lister, J.J (1888). "On the natural history of Christmas Island". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1888: 512–531.
  5. Norman, Janette A; Christidis, L; Westerman, M; Hill, F.A. Richard (1998). "Molecular data confirms the species status of the Christmas Island hawk-owl Ninox natalis.". Emu. 98 (3): 197–208. Bibcode:1998EmuAO..98..197N. doi:10.1071/MU98028.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 "Factsheet: Christmas Boobook Ninox natalis". BirdLife International . Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  7. Hill, F.A. Richard; Lill, Alan (1998). "Vocalisations of the Christmas Island hawk-owl Ninox natalis: Individual variation in advertisement calls". Emu. 98 (3): 221–226. doi:10.1071/MU98030.
  8. Hill, F.A. Richard; Lill, Alan (1998). "Density and total population estimates for threatened Christmas Island hawk-owl Ninox natalis". Emu. 98 (3): 209–220. Bibcode:1998EmuAO..98..209H. doi:10.1071/MU98029.
  9. Low, B.W.; Hamilton, N (2013). "The current status of the threatened Christmas Island hawk-owl Ninox natalis". Australian Field Ornithology. 30 (1): 47–52. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  10. 1 2 Hill, F.A. Richard; Lill, Alan (1998). "Diet and roost site characteristics of the Christmas Island hawk-owl Ninox natalis". Emu. 98 (3): 227–233. Bibcode:1998EmuAO..98..227H. doi:10.1071/MU98031.
  11. Phillips, D.J.; Olsen, P.D; Rentz, D; Lawrence, J (1991). "Observations on the diet of the Christmas Island hawk-owl Ninox squamipila natalis". Emu. 91 (4): 250–251. Bibcode:1991EmuAO..91..250P. doi:10.1071/MU9910250.
  12. Garnett, S.T.; Szabo, J.K.; Dutson, G. (2011). The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2010. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. ISBN   9780643103689.
  13. Hill, R (2004). National Recovery Plan for the Christmas Island Hawk-Owl Ninox natalis. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. ISBN   978-0642550101.