Civet SARS-CoV

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Civet SARS-CoV
Virus classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Nidovirales
Family: Coronaviridae
Genus: Betacoronavirus
Subgenus: Sarbecovirus
Species:
SARS-related coronavirus
Strain:
Civet SARS-CoV

Civet SARS-CoV [1] is a coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), which infected humans and caused SARS events from 2002 to 2003. It infected the masked palm civet. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is highly similar, with a genome sequence similarity of about 99.8%. Because several patients infected at the early stage of the epidemic had contact with fruit-eating Japanese raccoon dog (also called tanuki) in the market, tanuki may be a direct source of human SARS coronavirus. At the end of 2003, four more people in Guangzhou, China, were infected with the disease. Sequence analysis found that the similarity with the tanuki virus reached 99.9%, and the SARS coronavirus was also caused by cases of tanuki transmission.

Contents

A follow-up study of masked palm civet has not been found in a few cases, indicating that fruit tanuki may not be the natural host of SARS coronavirus, but only an intermediate host of the virus from a natural reservoir (bat) to humans. [2] Although the tanuki SARS coronavirus is highly similar to that of human SARS coronavirus, there are a few points in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of burden protein, and the ORF8, which encoded auxiliary protein, has a long 29nt sequence than the human virus. When the virus is infected human by a species barrier, These areas change, which may be related to adapting the new environment.

Discovery

Masked palm civet Taipei Zoo (24301625776).jpg
Masked palm civet

After the outbreak of SARS, researchers tested wild animals sold in the Shenzhen Guangdong, China. They found that the masked palm civet, raccoon dog and chinese ferret-badger had Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, and obtained two complete Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus genome sequences, SZ3 and SZ16 from the nasal samples of masked palm civet. The sequence similarity of SARS coronavirus Tor2 is 99.8%, [3] and a serum test of market staff who are often exposed to fruit tanuki has found that they have a higher rate of SARS antibody than the general population, indicating that tanuki may be a direct source of SARS coronavirus. [4] In May 2003, masked palm civet in the Guangdong was slaughtered to control the epidemic, and it was not sold again until the ban was lifted at the end of August. [5]

In December 2003, six months after the World Health Organization announced that the SARS epidemic was under control, a new outbreak broke out in Guangzhou, in which four people were infected. The masked palm civet sold in the local market and restaurants also detected severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (Civet007, Civet010, Cive). T014, Civet019, Civet020, the sequence is 99.9% similar to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus sequence of two patients (cafeteria waiters and customers), indicating that the virus infected with these four people is not a human virus from the 2002-2003 epidemic, but masked palm civet. Masked palm civet is a case of human re-infected with masked palm civet. [6] [7] Due to the resumption of the epidemic, the masked palm civet in Guangzhou market was once again slaughtered for epidemic prevention. [5]

At the end of 2004, researchers investigated the masked palm civet in farms in Guangdong, Hunan and Henan, and only some individuals with severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus antibody were found on a farm in Shanwei, Guangdong. [8] The following year, more than 1,000 the masked palm civet were surveyed in 12 provinces of China, [5] and wild masked palm civet in Hong Kong were also investigated. [9] No individual was found infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus. [11] The former survey was conducted for a civet farmer in Henan for the Guangzhou market. The masked palm civet test is positive in the market, but all individuals in Henan farms are negative, indicating that the masked palm civet should be infected in the market. [5] In addition, a typical clinical symptoms of fruit tanuki can be seen in the laboratory after being infected with human severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus. These studies show that masked palm civet may be the source of human severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, but it should not be its natural reservoir, but only an intermediate host that accelerates the spread of the virus from the natural reservoir to humans, and it itself is also It's infected with other animals to have a virus. [2]

Phylogenetic

A phylogenetic tree based on whole-genome sequences of SARS-CoV-1 and related coronaviruses is:

SARS‑CoV‑1 related coronavirus

16BO133, 86.3% to SARS-CoV-1, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum , North Jeolla, South Korea [12]

JTMC15, 86.4% to SARS-CoV-1, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum , Tonghua, Jilin [13]

Bat SARS CoV Rf1, 87.8% to SARS-CoV-1, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum , Yichang, Hubei [14]

BtCoV HKU3, 87.9% to SARS-CoV-1, Rhinolophus sinicus , Hong Kong and Guangdong [15]

LYRa11, 90.9% to SARS-CoV-1, Rhinolophus affinis , Baoshan, Yunnan [16]

Bat SARS-CoV/Rp3, 92.6% to SARS-CoV-1, Rhinolophus pearsoni , Nanning, Guangxi [14]

Bat SL-CoV YNLF_31C, 93.5% to SARS-CoV-1, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum , Lufeng, Yunnan [17]

Bat SL-CoV YNLF_34C, 93.5% to SARS-CoV-1, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum , Lufeng, Yunnan [17]

SHC014-CoV, 95.4% to SARS-CoV-1, Rhinolophus sinicus , Kunming, Yunnan [18]

WIV1, 95.6% to SARS-CoV-1, Rhinolophus sinicus , Kunming, Yunnan [18]

WIV16, 96.0% to SARS-CoV-1, Rhinolophus sinicus Kunming, Yunnan [19]

Civet SARS-CoV, 99.8% to SARS-CoV-1, Paguma larvata , market in Guangdong, China [15]

SARS-CoV-1

SARS-CoV-2, 79% to SARS-CoV-1 [20]

Difference from human SARS coronavirus

The genome sequence of Civet SARS-CoV is highly similar to that of human SARS coronavirus. The differences include the insertion sequence of 29 nucleobase in the ORF8, which encodes auxiliary proteins, and the difference between the few points of the binding domain (RBD) of the receptor binding of spike protein and host cell receptor ACE2. [21]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SARS</span> Disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease of zoonotic origin caused by the virus SARS-CoV-1, the first identified strain of the SARS-related coronavirus. The first known cases occurred in November 2002, and the syndrome caused the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak. In the 2010s, Chinese scientists traced the virus through the intermediary of Asian palm civets to cave-dwelling horseshoe bats in Xiyang Yi Ethnic Township, Yunnan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coronavirus</span> Subfamily of viruses in the family Coronaviridae

Coronaviruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans and birds, they cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of the common cold, while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS and COVID-19, which is causing the ongoing pandemic. In cows and pigs they cause diarrhea, while in mice they cause hepatitis and encephalomyelitis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SARS-related coronavirus</span> Species of coronavirus causing SARS and COVID-19

Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus is a species of virus consisting of many known strains phylogenetically related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) that have been shown to possess the capability to infect humans, bats, and certain other mammals. These enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses enter host cells by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. The SARSr-CoV species is a member of the genus Betacoronavirus and of the subgenus Sarbecovirus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SARS-CoV-1</span> Virus that causes SARS

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1), previously known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), is a strain of coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the respiratory illness responsible for the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak. It is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that infects the epithelial cells within the lungs. The virus enters the host cell by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. It infects humans, bats, and palm civets. The SARS-CoV-1 outbreak was largely brought under control by simple public health measures. Testing people with symptoms, isolating and quarantining suspected cases, and restricting travel all had an effect. SARS-CoV-1 was most transmissible when patients were sick, so its spread could be effectively suppressed by isolating patients with symptoms.

<i>Human coronavirus NL63</i> Species of virus

Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) is a species of coronavirus, specifically a Setracovirus from among the Alphacoronavirus genus. It was identified in late 2004 in patients in the Netherlands by Lia van der Hoek and Krzysztof Pyrc using a novel virus discovery method VIDISCA. Later on the discovery was confirmed by the researchers from the Rotterdam, the Netherlands The virus is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to ACE2. Infection with the virus has been confirmed worldwide, and has an association with many common symptoms and diseases. Associated diseases include mild to moderate upper respiratory tract infections, severe lower respiratory tract infection, croup and bronchiolitis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Masked palm civet</span> Species of carnivore

The masked palm civet, also called the gem-faced civet or Himalayan palm civet, is a viverrid species native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. It has been listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List since 2008 as it occurs in many protected areas, is tolerant to some degree of habitat modification, and widely distributed with presumed large populations that are unlikely to be declining.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MERS-related coronavirus</span> Species of virus

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<i>Betacoronavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Betacoronavirus is one of four genera of coronaviruses. Member viruses are enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses that infect mammals. The natural reservoir for betacoronaviruses are bats and rodents. Rodents are the reservoir for the subgenus Embecovirus, while bats are the reservoir for the other subgenera.

<i>Human coronavirus 229E</i> Species of virus

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SHC014-CoV is a SARS-like coronavirus (SL-COV) which infects horseshoe bats. It was discovered in Kunming in Yunnan Province, China. It was discovered along with SL-CoV Rs3367, which was the first bat SARS-like coronavirus shown to directly infect a human cell line. The line of Rs3367 that infected human cells was named Bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1.

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References

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  2. 1 2 Xing‐Yi Ge; Ben Hu; Zheng‐Li Shi (2015). "BAT CORONAVIRUSES". In Lin-Fa Wang and Christopher Cowled (ed.). Bats and Viruses: A New Frontier of Emerging Infectious Diseases, First Edition. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 127–155. doi:10.1002/9781118818824.ch5. ISBN   9781118818824.
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  8. ↑ Tu, Changchun; Crameri, Gary; Kong, Xiangang; Chen, Jinding; Sun, Yanwei; Yu, Meng; Xiang, Hua; Xia, Xianzhu; Liu, Shengwang; Ren, Tao; Yu, Yedong; Eaton, Bryan T.; Xuan, Hua; Wang, Lin-Fa (2004). "Antibodies to SARS Coronavirus in Civets". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 10 (12): 2244–2248. doi: 10.3201/eid1012.040520 . ISSN   1080-6040. PMC   3323399 . PMID   15663874.
  9. ↑ Poon, L. L. M.; Chu, D. K. W.; Chan, K. H.; Wong, O. K.; Ellis, T. M.; Leung, Y. H. C.; Lau, S. K. P.; Woo, P. C. Y.; Suen, K. Y.; Yuen, K. Y.; Guan, Y.; Peiris, J. S. M. (2005). "Identification of a Novel Coronavirus in Bats". Journal of Virology. 79 (4): 2001–2009. doi: 10.1128/JVI.79.4.2001-2009.2005 . ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   546586 . PMID   15681402.
  10. ↑ Hu, W.; Bai, B.; Hu, Z.; Chen, Z.; An, X.; Tang, L.; Yang, J.; Wang, H.; Wang, H. (2005). "Development and Evaluation of a Multitarget Real-Time Taqman Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay for Detection of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Associated Coronavirus and Surveillance for an Apparently Related Coronavirus Found in Masked Palm Civets". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 43 (5): 2041–2046. doi: 10.1128/JCM.43.5.2041-2046.2005 . ISSN   0095-1137. PMC   1153763 . PMID   15872219.
  11. ↑ Researchers at the Wuhan Institute of Virology found SARS coronavirus in the masked palm civet cultivated in Hubei Province, which is a very few cases of finding SARS coronavirus in tanuki fruit outside the market [10] [6]
  12. ↑ Kim, Yongkwan; Son, Kidong; Kim, Young-Sik; Lee, Sook-Young; Jheong, Weonhwa; Oem, Jae-Ku (2019). "Complete genome analysis of a SARS-like bat coronavirus identified in the Republic of Korea". Virus Genes. 55 (4): 545–549. doi:10.1007/s11262-019-01668-w. PMC   7089380 . PMID   31076983.
  13. ↑ Xu, L; Zhang, F; Yang, W; Jiang, T; Lu, G; He, B; Li, X; Hu, T; Chen, G; Feng, Y; Zhang, Y; Fan, Q; Feng, J; Zhang, H; Tu, C (February 2016). "Detection and characterization of diverse alpha- and betacoronaviruses from bats in China". Virologica Sinica. 31 (1): 69–77. doi:10.1007/s12250-016-3727-3. PMC   7090707 . PMID   26847648.
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  15. 1 2 Xing‐Yi Ge; Ben Hu; Zheng‐Li Shi (2015). "BAT CORONAVIRUSES". In Lin-Fa Wang; Christopher Cowled (eds.). Bats and Viruses: A New Frontier of Emerging Infectious Diseases (First ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 127–155. doi: 10.1002/9781118818824.ch5 .
  16. ↑ He, Biao; Zhang, Yuzhen; Xu, Lin; Yang, Weihong; Yang, Fanli; Feng, Yun; et al. (2014). "Identification of diverse alphacoronaviruses and genomic characterization of a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-like coronavirus from bats in China". J Virol. 88 (12): 7070–82. doi:10.1128/JVI.00631-14. PMC   4054348 . PMID   24719429.
  17. 1 2 Lau, Susanna K. P.; Feng, Yun; Chen, Honglin; Luk, Hayes K. H.; Yang, Wei-Hong; Li, Kenneth S. M.; Zhang, Yu-Zhen; Huang, Yi; et al. (2015). "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus ORF8 Protein Is Acquired from SARS-Related Coronavirus from Greater Horseshoe Bats through Recombination". Journal of Virology. 89 (20): 10532–10547. doi:10.1128/JVI.01048-15. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   4580176 . PMID   26269185.
  18. 1 2 Xing-Yi Ge; Jia-Lu Li; Xing-Lou Yang; et al. (2013). "Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor". Nature. 503 (7477): 535–8. Bibcode:2013Natur.503..535G. doi:10.1038/nature12711. PMC   5389864 . PMID   24172901.
  19. ↑ Yang, Xing-Lou; Hu, Ben; Wang, Bo; Wang, Mei-Niang; Zhang, Qian; Zhang, Wei; et al. (2016). "Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to the Direct Progenitor of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus". Journal of Virology. 90 (6): 3253–6. doi:10.1128/JVI.02582-15. PMC   4810638 . PMID   26719272.
  20. ↑ Ben, Hu; Hua, Guo; Peng, Zhou; Zheng-Li, Shi (2020). "Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 19 (3): 141–154. doi:10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7. PMC   7537588 . PMID   33024307.
  21. ↑ Li, Wenhui; Wong, Swee-Kee; Li, Fang; Kuhn, Jens H.; Huang, I-Chueh; Choe, Hyeryun; Farzan, Michael (2006). "Animal Origins of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: Insight from ACE2-S-Protein Interactions". Journal of Virology. 80 (9): 4211–4219. doi: 10.1128/JVI.80.9.4211-4219.2006 . ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   1472041 . PMID   16611880.
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