Cumulonimbus flammagenitus

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Cumulonimbus Flammagenitus
Timeline cumulonimbus pyro.jpg
The evolution of a Pyrocumulonimbus cloud, caused by backburning, forming over the Blue Mountains and viewed from Hazelbrook, New South Wales.
Genus Cumulonimbus
Species none
Altitude500-16,000 m m
(2,000-52,000 ft ft)
AppearanceFast-growing storm cloud that usually has dark ash rising rapidly.
Precipitation Rain, hail or occasional acid rain.
For decades, the plume in this "Hiroshima strike" photo was misidentified as the mushroom cloud (itself a type of cumulonimbus flammagenitus) from the atomic bomb blast on 6 August 1945. However, due to its much greater height, the cloud was identified in March 2016 as the cumulonimbus flammagenitus cloud produced above the city by the subsequent firestorm, which reached its peak intensity some three hours after the explosion. Pyrocumulonimbus cloud over Hiroshima, near local noon. Aug 6 1945.jpg
For decades, the plume in this "Hiroshima strike" photo was misidentified as the mushroom cloud (itself a type of cumulonimbus flammagenitus) from the atomic bomb blast on 6 August 1945. However, due to its much greater height, the cloud was identified in March 2016 as the cumulonimbus flammagenitus cloud produced above the city by the subsequent firestorm, which reached its peak intensity some three hours after the explosion.
Picture of a cumulonimbus flammagenitus cloud, taken from a commercial airliner cruising at about 10 km altitude. Picture of a pyro-cumulonimbus taken from a commercial airliner.jpg
Picture of a cumulonimbus flammagenitus cloud, taken from a commercial airliner cruising at about 10 km altitude.
A satellite image of the formation of a cumulonimbus flammagenitus over Argentina in 2018. Pyrocumulonimbus Argentina 2018.png
A satellite image of the formation of a cumulonimbus flammagenitus over Argentina in 2018.

The cumulonimbus flammagenitus cloud (CbFg), also known as the pyrocumulonimbus cloud, is a type of cumulonimbus cloud that forms above a source of heat, such as a wildfire, nuclear explosion, or volcanic eruption, [5] and may sometimes even extinguish the fire that formed it. [6] It is the most extreme manifestation of a flammagenitus cloud. According to the American Meteorological Society’s Glossary of Meteorology, a flammagenitus is "a cumulus cloud formed by a rising thermal from a fire, or enhanced by buoyant plume emissions from an industrial combustion process." [7]

Contents

Analogous to the meteorological distinction between cumulus and cumulonimbus, the CbFg is a fire-aided or caused convective cloud, like a flammagenitus, but with considerable vertical development. The CbFg reaches the upper troposphere or even lower stratosphere and may involve precipitation (although usually light), [8] hail, lightning, extreme low-level winds, and in some cases even tornadoes. [9] The combined effects of these phenomena can cause greatly increased fire-spread and cause direct dangers on the ground in addition to 'normal' fires. [9] [10]

The CbFg was first recorded in relation to fire following the discovery in 1998 [8] that extreme manifestations of this pyroconvection caused direct injection of large abundances of smoke from a firestorm into the lower stratosphere. [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] The aerosol of smoke comprising CbFg clouds can persist for weeks, and with that, reduce ground level sunlight in the same manner as the “nuclear winter" effect. [9] [16]

In 2002, various sensing instruments detected 17 distinct CbFg in North America alone. [17]

On August 8, 2019, an aircraft was flown through a pyrocumulonimbus cloud near Spokane, Washington, to better study and understand the composition of the smoke particles as well as get a better look at what causes these clouds to form, plus see what kinds of effects it has on the environment and air quality. It was one of the most detailed flights through CbFg to date. [18]


In 2021 alone, an estimated 83 cumulonimbus flammagenitus had formed. [19]

Alternative names and World Meteorological Organization terminology

Alternate spellings and abbreviations for cumulonimbus flammagenitus that may be found in the literature include Cb-Fg, pyrocumulonimbus, pyro-cumulonimbus, pyroCb, pyro-Cb, pyrocb, and volcanic cb, having developed amongst different specialist groups [8] [20] In the media and in public communications, fire-driven examples are often referred to as fires 'making their own weather'. [21]

The World Meteorological Organization does not recognize the CbFg as a distinct cloud type, but instead classifies it simply as the cumulonimbus form of the flammagenitus cloud, [22] and uses Latin as the root language for cloud names ('pyro' is of Greek origin). This was formalised in the 2017 update to the WMO International Cloud Atlas, [23] which states that any Cumulonimbus that is clearly observed to have originated as a consequence of localised natural heat sources will be classified by any appropriate species, variety and supplementary feature, followed by flammagenitus. [5]

Notable events

1945 Hiroshima firestorm, Japan

On 6 August 1945, an intense cumulonimbus-like cloud was photographed above Hiroshima, long after the cloud generated by the atomic bomb had dissipated. The cloud was a result of the firestorm that had by then engulfed the city. [2] Some 70,000–80,000 people, around 30% of the population of Hiroshima at the time, were killed by the blast and resultant firestorm.[ citation needed ]

1991 Pinatubo 'volcanic thunderstorms', Philippines

Volcanic eruption plumes are not generally treated as CbFg, although they are convectively driven to a large extent [24] and for weaker eruptions may be significantly enhanced in height in convectively unstable environments. [25] However, for some months after the climactic eruption of Mt Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991, meteorological observers from the US military observed what they termed 'volcanic thunderstorms' forming near the summit: cumulus cloud complexes formed near the top of the buoyant ash plume, and frequently developed into cumulonimbus clouds (thunderstorms). [26]

The thunderstorms often drifted away from their source region at the top of the plume, producing sometimes significant amounts of localized rainfall, "mudfall," and ash fall. They also noted that thunderstorms formed over hot flows and secondary explosions even in the absence of any eruption. [27] Further investigations confirmed that the volcano had clearly enhanced the convective environment, causing thunderstorms to form on average earlier in the day and more reliably than in surrounding areas, and that the presence of volcanic ash in cloud tops in the upper troposphere could be inferred from satellite imagery in at least one case. [20]

2003 Canberra firestorm, Australia

On 18 January 2003, a series of CbFg clouds formed from a severe wildfire, during the 2003 Canberra bushfires in Canberra, Australia. [9] This resulted in a large fire tornado, rated F3 on the Fujita scale: the first confirmed violent fire tornado. [28] [29] The tornado and associated fire killed 4 people and injured 492.

2009 Black Saturday, Australia

On 7 February 2009, the Black Saturday bushfires killed 173 people, destroyed over 2000 homes, burnt more than 450,000 ha, and resulted in losses of over four billion Australian dollars in Victoria, Australia. Multiple fire plumes produced a number of distinct CbFg, some of which reached heights of 15 km on that day and generated a large amount of lightning. [30]

2019 Black Summer, Australia

On 30 December 2019, two fire response vehicles were overturned by what was described as a 'fire tornado' originating from an active cumulonimbus flammagenitus cloud near Jingellic, New South Wales, Australia, on a day when multiple CbFg were recorded in the neighbouring State of Victoria to an altitude of at least 16 km. [31] One of these vehicles was variously described as weighing between 8 and 12 tonnes. [10] [32] The incident resulted in one fatality and injuries to two others.

2020 Creek fire, United States

Animation of the formation of a pyrocumulonimbus above the 2020 Creek Fire in California 2020 Creek Fire pyrocumulonimbus cloud formation.gif
Animation of the formation of a pyrocumulonimbus above the 2020 Creek Fire in California

On 4 September 2020, the Creek Fire began in the Big Creek drainage area between Shaver Lake and Huntington Lake, California. By 8 September 2020, the fire was among the 20 largest wildfires ever seen in California, with an area of 152,833 acres burnt and 0% containment. [33] The rapidly growing wildfire, aided by hot, windy, and dry weather, drought, and beetle-killed timber, created a pyrocumulonimbus cloud. According to NASA, it is the largest such cloud ever seen in the United States. [34]

2021 British Columbia firestorm, Canada

Widespread cumulonimbus flammagenitus appeared over British Columbia and northwestern Alberta in connection with the 2021 British Columbia wildfires, many of which were exacerbated by the historic 2021 Western North America heat wave. In just 15 hours, between 3pm June 30 and 6am July 1, 710,117 lightning strikes were recorded, of which 112,803 were cloud-to-ground strokes. [35]

This activity followed several days of unprecedented temperature highs in late June, including Canada's highest-ever recorded temperature of 49.6°C in Lytton, British Columbia (also known as Camchin or ƛ'q'əmcín [36] ). [37] At least 19 wildfires ignited between June 27 and 29, but most remained under 5 hectares (12 acres); [38] one fire, however, grew to at least 2 km2 (0.77 sq mi) by June 29, prompting evacuations. [38] On June 30, two large fires spread out of control, one near Kamloops Lake which grew to 200 km2 (77 sq mi) by evening, and the other north of Lillooet, which similarly grew to tens of square kilometres that day. [39] [40] at least two residents were unable to escape due to the speed of the firestorm's advance and perished when a utility pole was blown down on them by flames. [41]

2021 Bootleg Fire, United States

During the Bootleg Fire in Oregon in July 2021, an NWS forecaster told the New York Times that the fire had created pyrocumulus clouds almost daily, with some reaching as high as 30,000 feet; the fire also caused a pyrocumulonimbus cloud to form nearly 45,000 feet high, bringing lightning and rain. [42]

2022 Hunga Tonga eruption

The eruption of the Hunga Tonga created a 36 mile high Cumulonimbus flammagenitus cloud with vigorous lightning activity. [43]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuclear winter</span> Hypothetical climatic effect of nuclear war

Nuclear winter is a severe and prolonged global climatic cooling effect that is hypothesized to occur after widespread firestorms following a large-scale nuclear war. The hypothesis is based on the fact that such fires can inject soot into the stratosphere, where it can block some direct sunlight from reaching the surface of the Earth. It is speculated that the resulting cooling would lead to widespread crop failure and famine. When developing computer models of nuclear-winter scenarios, researchers use the conventional bombing of Hamburg, and the Hiroshima firestorm in World War II as example cases where soot might have been injected into the stratosphere, alongside modern observations of natural, large-area wildfire-firestorms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Satellite temperature measurement</span> Measurements of atmospheric, land surface or sea temperature by satellites.

Satellite temperature measurements are inferences of the temperature of the atmosphere at various altitudes as well as sea and land surface temperatures obtained from radiometric measurements by satellites. These measurements can be used to locate weather fronts, monitor the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, determine the strength of tropical cyclones, study urban heat islands and monitor the global climate. Wildfires, volcanos, and industrial hot spots can also be found via thermal imaging from weather satellites.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cloud</span> Visible mass of liquid droplets or frozen crystals suspended in the atmosphere

In meteorology, a cloud is an aerosol consisting of a visible mass of miniature liquid droplets, frozen crystals, or other particles suspended in the atmosphere of a planetary body or similar space. Water or various other chemicals may compose the droplets and crystals. On Earth, clouds are formed as a result of saturation of the air when it is cooled to its dew point, or when it gains sufficient moisture from an adjacent source to raise the dew point to the ambient temperature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cumulonimbus cloud</span> Genus of dense, towering vertical clouds

Cumulonimbus is a dense, towering, vertical cloud, typically forming from water vapor condensing in the lower troposphere that builds upward carried by powerful buoyant air currents. Above the lower portions of the cumulonimbus the water vapor becomes ice crystals, such as snow and graupel, the interaction of which can lead to hail and to lightning formation, respectively.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thunderstorm</span> Storm characterized by lightning and thunder

A thunderstorm, also known as an electrical storm or a lightning storm, is a storm characterized by the presence of lightning and its acoustic effect on the Earth's atmosphere, known as thunder. Relatively weak thunderstorms are sometimes called thundershowers. Thunderstorms occur in a type of cloud known as a cumulonimbus. They are usually accompanied by strong winds and often produce heavy rain and sometimes snow, sleet, or hail, but some thunderstorms produce little precipitation or no precipitation at all. Thunderstorms may line up in a series or become a rainband, known as a squall line. Strong or severe thunderstorms include some of the most dangerous weather phenomena, including large hail, strong winds, and tornadoes. Some of the most persistent severe thunderstorms, known as supercells, rotate as do cyclones. While most thunderstorms move with the mean wind flow through the layer of the troposphere that they occupy, vertical wind shear sometimes causes a deviation in their course at a right angle to the wind shear direction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Firestorm</span> High intensity conflagration

A firestorm is a conflagration which attains such intensity that it creates and sustains its own wind system. It is most commonly a natural phenomenon, created during some of the largest bushfires and wildfires. Although the term has been used to describe certain large fires, the phenomenon's determining characteristic is a fire with its own storm-force winds from every point of the compass towards the storm's center, where the air is heated and then ascends.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flammagenitus cloud</span> Cloud that forms from large fires or explosions

A flammagenitus cloud, also known as a flammagenitus, pyrocumulus cloud, or fire cloud, is a dense cumuliform cloud associated with fire or volcanic eruptions. A flammagenitus is similar dynamically in some ways to a firestorm, and the two phenomena may occur in conjunction with each other. However, either may occur without the other.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eruption column</span> A cloud of hot ash and volcanic gases emitted during an explosive volcanic eruption

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fire whirl</span> Whirlwind induced by and often composed of fire

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atmospheric instability</span> Condition where the Earths atmosphere is generally considered to be unstable

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Volcanic lightning</span> Lightning produced by a volcanic eruption

Volcanic lightning is an electrical discharge caused by a volcanic eruption rather than from an ordinary thunderstorm. Volcanic lightning arises from colliding, fragmenting particles of volcanic ash, which generate static electricity within the volcanic plume, leading to the name dirty thunderstorm. Moist convection currents and ice formation also drive the eruption plume dynamics and can trigger volcanic lightning. Unlike ordinary thunderstorms, volcanic lightning can also occur when there are no ice crystals in the ash cloud.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stratospheric aerosol injection</span> Putting particles in the stratosphere to reflect sunlight to limit global heating

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The Chinchaga fire, also known as the Wisp fire, Chinchaga River fire and Fire 19, was a forest fire that burned in northern British Columbia and Alberta in the summer and early fall of 1950. With a final size of between 1,400,000 and 1,700,000 hectares, it is the single largest recorded fire in North American history. The authorities allowed the fire to burn freely, following local forest management policy considering the lack of settlements in the region. The Chinchaga fire produced large amounts of smoke, creating the "1950 Great Smoke Pall", observed across eastern North America and Europe. As the existence of the massive fire was not well-publicized, and the smoke was mostly in the upper atmosphere and could not be smelled, there was much speculation about the atmospheric haze and its provenance. The Chinchaga firestorm's "historic smoke pall" caused "observations of blue suns and moons in the United States and Europe". It was the biggest firestorm documented in North America, and created the world's largest smoke layer in the atmosphere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Creek Fire (2020)</span> 2020 wildfire in Central California

The 2020 Creek Fire was a very large wildfire in central California's Sierra National Forest, in Fresno and Madera counties. One of the most significant fires of California's record-setting 2020 wildfire season, it began on September 4, 2020, and burned 379,895 acres (153,738 ha) over several months until it was declared 100% contained on December 24, 2020. The Creek Fire is the sixth-largest wildfire in recorded California history and the third-largest single fire—i.e. not part of a larger wildfire complex—following the 2021 Dixie Fire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chisholm Fire</span> 2001 wildfire in Alberta

The Chisholm fire was a forest fire in the Canadian province of Alberta that burned in the late spring of 2001. It is known for its exceptional intensity and fire behavior. In fact, at the time, it had the highest head fire intensity ever recorded. The fire was declared under control on June 4, 2001, with a total burned area of 116,000 hectares. It was notable for its record-setting intensity and several research papers were conducted regarding this fire and its unique pyrocumulonimbus cloud. It was one of the first fires to have known to penetrate the tropopause in recorded history.

References

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  35. ↑ Graff, Amy (2021-07-01). "710,117 lightning strikes hit western Canada in 15 hours". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2021-07-01. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
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  42. ↑ Fountain, Henry (19 July 2021). "How Bad Is the Bootleg Fire? It's Generating Its Own Weather". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2021-08-02. Retrieved 2021-07-20– via NYTimes.com.
  43. ↑ Proud, Simon R.; Prata, Andrew T.; Schmauß, Simeon (2022). "The January 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano reached the mesosphere". Science. 378 (6619): 554–557. doi:10.1126/science.abo4076. PMID   36378963.
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