Description and appearance
Curculigo capitulata is a tuberous evergreen herb with thick rhizomes and thin stolons. In adverse conditions, the rhizomes may remain dormant for a long time.
The leaves are palm-like, which is why the plant is more known as palm grass. Usually, 4-7 leaves [6] [7] are held on 30–80 cm long stalks. Leaf blades are oblong-lanceolate shaped to sublong with pointed tips and with a surface pleated lengthwise. The leaves are usually 40–90 cm × 5–14 cm. [6] The inflorescences are buried amid the leaf bases and concealed by the leaves.
Flowering stems are 15–30 cm long with brown hair. Flower-racemes are around 2.5–5 cm, [2] densely flowered with headlike to subovoid shape. The flower bracts are lanceolate, and around 1.5-2.5 cm in length. The bracts are usually brown, green in colour and are covered by hair. The flowers span approx. 23 to 25 mm petal-tip to petal-tip.
Flowering stalks are around 7 mm long, carrying yellow flowers with blunt tips with hairy outer petals. In some places such as Bangladesh, each plant grows one flower most of the time and sometimes in groups of 2-3 flowers. [8] But in some places, such as Nepal, each stem can carry a lot of flowers. Each flower usually has 6 petals that are oblong ovate in shapes and about 8 mm × 3.5–4 mm in length. [4] The flowers are ginger-like and sweetly scented.
There are three sepals (yellow inner surface, hairy on the outer surface) and three yellow petals. The stamens are interesting as they originate separately and then come together/seem to combine to form a staminal tube around the stigma/style.
Stamens are 5–6 mm with filaments less than 1mm and linear anther about 5mm. The ovary is hairy with style longer than stamens. The stigma is almost petaloid in shape and is subcapitate.
The berries of Curculigo capitulata are white, round with 4-5mm diameter. The fruit are sweet when ripe. The seeds are black and are irregularly shaped. However, fruits are rarely seen in cultivated plants.
Uses
The Curculigo genus belongs to the family Hypoxidaceae. This family are traditionally used to treat diseases such as diabetes, blood loss and viral infections.
Ethnobotanical uses
Curculigo capitulata is mainly cultivated as an ornamental plant in modern society. The species was used to wrap fruits, vegetables and other food during transportation in Indonesia.
The papery texture of the leaves indicates the plant is rich in fibre. The fibres are ustilised in many ways by Southeast Asians. [4] For example, the fibers collected from the leaves can be used to make fishing nets and ropes. The Luha people from northern Thailand use fibres collected from the leaves as wrappings. Additionally, the hill people of Camarine in Luzon, Philippines also make false hair using these fibres. In this culture, the fibre can also be used as a warp in toy looms for children.
The fruits of the species are edible, so they can be incorporated into everyday diet.
The leaves of the species can also be made into a leaf bandage to cover wounds.
Traditional medical uses
Curculigo capitulata has a long history of medical use in Southeast Asia. [3] It is widely used in traditional Chinese and Indian medicine to treat severe chronic disease, rheumatic arthritis, nephritis, urinary tract infection, colic, asthma, jaundice, spermatorrhoea, consumptive cough, impotence, kidney asemia, hemorrhoids, diarrhea, and gonorrhea. [3] It is also used in traditional Dai medicine to treat urinary tract infection, acute renal pelvis and phrenitis, nephritis-edema, cystitis, nephrolithiasis, hypertension and rheumatic arthritis. It can also be used in veterinary medicine and for land conservation. [12] The rhizomes are used in traditional medicine for eye infection and gastric disorders.
Potential uses
The species has high antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, indicating that the species has the potential to be used as treatment of several chronic diseases. [5] Curculigo capitulata has a strong reduction capacity (absorbance if 1.87 at 400µg/mL), indicating strong antioxidant activity and reduction ability. The extract from the plant also displays inhibition of protein denaturation (500 µg/mL), indicating ability to prevent blood clotting.
The plant is also found to have high content in phenols (048.67 mg/g) and flavonoids (24 mg/g). [5] Phenol is often used in skin care for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antiaging activities. This high concentration of phenol may indicate a potential use of M. capitulata extract in skin care. [13] Flavonoids are often found in fruits, grains, and vegetables. It has anti-oxidation activity as it fights the free radicals in the body and helps the body relax. [14]
A recent experiment [5] also shows the roots of the species have antifungal activatity against Fusarium oxysportium f. sp. Cubense (Foc) tropical race 4 (Foc TR4). This pathogen is the main cause of fusarium wilt in banana, meaning that extracts from Curculigo capitulata has the potential to treat infectious diseases in banana.
Furthermore, the essential oil extracted from the fruit of Curculigo capitulata are also found to have antibacterial and antifungal activities. [15] This means more applications of the plant can be found with further studies.
Ornamental uses
The species can be used for massed borders as soil cover at the base of large trees as it can accommodate shaded conditions. Little maintenance is required, and the plant tolerates a range of temperatures. [7]
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