Deepwater Horizon

Last updated

Deepwater Horizon.jpg
Deepwater Horizon semi-submersible drilling rig.
History
NameDeepwater Horizon
Owner Transocean's Triton Asset Leasing [1]
Operator Transocean
Port of registry
  • Panama (23 February 2001 – 28 December 2004)
  • Majuro (29 December 2004)
Route Gulf of Mexico
OrderedDecember 1998
Builder Hyundai Heavy Industries [2]
CostUS$560 million [3] [4]
Way number89
Laid down21 March 2000
Completed2001
Acquired23 February 2001
Maiden voyage Long Beach, California – Freeport, Texas
Out of service20 April 2010
Identification
FateSank on 22 April 2010 after an explosion and fire
NotesLocated in the Gulf of Mexico at a depth of 5,000 ft (1,500 m) at 28°44′12″N88°23′13″W / 28.736667°N 88.386944°W / 28.736667; -88.386944
General characteristics
Class and type ABS +A1 DPS-3 Column Stabilized MODU
Displacement52.587 Mg
Length112 m
Beam78 m
Height97.5 m
Draught23 m (75 ft)
Depth41.5 m (136 ft)
Deck clearance34.010 m (111.58 ft)
Installed power
Propulsion8 × Kamewa 5.5 MW, 6.3 rad fixed-propeller azimuth thrusters
Speed2 m/s
Capacity
Crew150
Notes [5] [6]

Deepwater Horizon was an ultra-deepwater, dynamically positioned, semi-submersible offshore drilling rig [7] owned by Transocean and operated by BP. On 20 April 2010, while drilling at the Macondo Prospect, a blowout caused an explosion on the rig that killed 11 crewmen and ignited a fireball visible from 40 miles (64 km) away. [8] The fire was inextinguishable and, two days later, on 22 April, the Horizon sank, leaving the well gushing at the seabed and turning into the largest marine oil spill in history. [9] [10]

Contents

Built in 2001 in South Korea by Hyundai Heavy Industries, [11] the rig was commissioned by R&B Falcon (a later asset of Transocean), [12] registered in Majuro, and leased to BP from 2001 until September 2013. [13] In September 2009, the rig drilled the deepest oil well in history at a vertical depth of 35,050 ft (10,683 m) and measured depth of 35,055 ft (10,685 m) [14] in the Tiber Oil Field at Keathley Canyon block 102, approximately 250 miles (400 km) southeast of Houston, in 4,132 feet (1,259 m) of water. [15]

Design

The Deepwater Nautilus, sister rig to the Deepwater Horizon, being transported aboard a heavy-lift ship Deepwater Nautilus.jpg
The Deepwater Nautilus, sister rig to the Deepwater Horizon, being transported aboard a heavy-lift ship

Deepwater Horizon was a fifth-generation, RBS-8D design (i.e. model type), deepwater, dynamically positioned, column-stabilized, [2] semi-submersible mobile offshore drilling unit, designed to drill subsea wells for oil exploration and production using an 18.75 in (476 mm), 15,000 psi (100,000 kPa) blowout preventer, and a 21 in (530 mm) outside diameter marine riser. [5]

Deepwater Horizon was the second semi-submersible rig constructed of a class of two, although Deepwater Nautilus , its predecessor, is not dynamically positioned. The rig was 396 by 256 ft (121 by 78 m) and capable of operating in waters up to 8,000 feet (2,400 m) deep, to a maximum drill depth of 30,000 ft (9,100 m). [5] In 2010 it was one of approximately 200 deepwater offshore rigs capable of drilling in waters deeper than 5,000 ft (1,500 m). [16] Its American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) class notations were "A1, Column Stabilized Drilling Unit, AMS, ACCU, DPS-3". [2]

In 2002, the rig was upgraded with "e-drill", a drill monitoring system whereby technical personnel based in Houston, Texas, received real-time drilling data from the rig and transmitted maintenance and troubleshooting information. [17]

Advanced systems played a key role in the rig's operation, from pressure and drill monitoring technology, to automated shutoff systems [18] and modelling systems for cementing. The OptiCem cement modelling system, used by Halliburton in April 2010, played a crucial part in cement slurry mix and support decisions. These decisions became a focus for investigations into the explosion on the rig that month. [19]

History

Construction and ownership

Deepwater Horizon was built for R&B Falcon (which later became part of Transocean) [20] by Hyundai Heavy Industries in Ulsan, South Korea. [2] Construction started in December 1998, the keel was laid on 21 March 2000, [6] and the rig was delivered on 23 February 2001, [6] after the acquisition of R&B Falcon by Transocean. [21] Until 29 December 2004 the rig was registered in the Republic of Panama. [10]

Transocean, through its Steinhausen, Switzerland [22] subsidiary [23] Triton Asset Leasing GmbH, [1] [6] operated the rig under the Marshallese flag of convenience. [24] The rig was leased to BP on a three-year contract for deployment in the Gulf of Mexico following construction. [25] The lease was renewed in 2004 for a year, [26] 2005 for five years, [27] and 2009 for three years covering 2010 to 2013. [24] [28] The last contract was worth $544 million, or $496,800 a day, [29] for a "bare rig", [30] with crew, gear and support vessels estimated to cost the same. [30]

According to R&B Falcon's filings to SEC in 2001, the transfer document between R&B Falcon and Transocean was dated 17 August 2001, [31] and the rig was specified as "official registration number of 29273-PEXT-1, IMO number of 8764597, with gross tonnage of 32,588 and net tonnage of 9,778" [31] and the transfer value as US$340 million. [31] As of 2010, the rig was insured for US$560 million covering the replacement cost and wreckage removal. [21]

Drilling operations

Deepwater Horizon worked on wells in the Atlantis (BP 56%, BHP 44%) and Thunder Horse (BP 75%, ExxonMobil 25%) [32] oil fields. It was described at times as a "lucky" and "celebrated" rig, [33] and in 2007 was still described as "one of the most powerful rigs in the world". [34] In 2006, it discovered oil in the Kaskida oil field and, in 2009, the "giant" Tiber oil field. [35] [36] The well in the Tiber field had a true vertical depth of 35,050 ft (10,683 m) and a measured depth of 35,055 ft (10,685 m), below 4,132 ft (1,259 m) of water. [37] The well was the deepest oil well in the world [36] [37] [38] [39] and more than 5,000 feet (1,500 m) farther below the seabed than the rig's official drilling specification stated on the company's fleet list. [40]

In February 2010, Deepwater Horizon commenced drilling an exploratory well at the Macondo Prospect (Mississippi Canyon Block 252), about 41 miles (66 km) off the southeast coast of Louisiana, at a water depth of approximately 5,000 feet (1,500 m). [41] The Macondo prospect exploration rights had been acquired by BP in 2009, [42] with the prospect jointly owned by BP (65%), Anadarko Petroleum (25%) and MOEX Offshore 2007 (10%). [43] Deepwater Horizon was still working on the Macondo site on 20 April 2010, when a violent explosion occurred leading to destruction of the rig and the subsequent oil spill. [44] [45] [46] [47] This oil spill has been recorded as the largest offshore spill to occur to date, [48] resulting in 40 miles (64 km) of coastal pollution. [49] The well was in the final stages of completion after cement had been emplaced for its last casing string. The exploratory work had been described as "concluded" with permission already having been requested from MMS to terminate operations at the Macondo site. [50] The rig was scheduled to move to its next roles as semi-permanent production platforms, initially at the Tiber site followed by a return to the Kaskida field, an oil dome 50 miles off the coast of Louisiana. [33]

During its operational lifetime, the rig was actively in operation for 93% of its working life (2,896 of 3,131 days). The remainder partly was time spent moving between sites. [51]

Regulation, safety, and inspection

The Minerals Management Service (renamed on 18 June 2010 to the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement, or Bureau of Ocean Energy (BOE)) [52] is the regulatory and inspecting body for offshore oil drilling and rigs in the United States of America. [52] According to an Associated Press investigation, certain safety documentation and emergency procedure information, including documentation for the exact incident that later occurred, was absent. [51] The exact number of required monthly inspections performed varied over time; the inspections were carried out as required for the first 40 months, but after that around 25% of inspections were omitted, [51] although the investigation notes this is partly expected, since there are circumstances such as weather and movement which preclude an inspection. [51] Reports of the last three inspections for 2010 were provided under Freedom of Information legislation. Each of these inspections had taken two hours or less. [51]

During its lifetime the rig received 5 citations for non-compliance, 4 of which were in 2002 (safety, including the blowout preventer) and the other in 2003 (pollution). [51] A sixth citation in 2007 related to non-grounded electrical equipment was later withdrawn when the equipment was determined to be compliant with regulations. [51] Overall the Deepwater Horizon's safety record was "strong" according to a drilling consultant reviewing the information. [51] In 2009 the Minerals Management Service "herald[ed] the Deepwater Horizon as an industry model for safety". [51] According to AP's investigation "its record was so exemplary, according to MMS officials, that the rig was never on inspectors' informal 'watch list' for problem rigs". [51]

Explosion and oil spill

Deepwater Horizon in flames after the explosion Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling unit on fire 2010.jpg
Deepwater Horizon in flames after the explosion
Usa edcp location map.svg
Red pog.svg
DW Horizon
class=notpageimage|
Location of the Deepwater Horizon on 20 April 2010

At 7:45 p.m. CDT on 20 April 2010, during the final phases of drilling the exploratory well off the gulf of Mexico, a geyser of seawater erupted from the marine riser onto the rig, shooting 70 m into the air. This was soon followed by the eruption of a slushy combination of drilling mud, methane gas, and water. The gas component of the slushy material quickly transitioned into a fully gaseous state and then ignited into a series of explosions and then a firestorm. An attempt was made to activate the blowout preventer, but it failed. [53] The final defense to prevent an oil spill, a device known as a blind shear ram, was activated but failed to plug the well. [54]

Ten workers were presumed killed in the initial explosion:

Jason Anderson, 35, of Midfield, Texas;

Donald Clark, 49, of Newellton, Louisiana;

Stephen Ray Curtis, 40, of Georgetown, Louisiana;

Gordon Jones, 28, of Baton Rouge, Louisiana;

Roy Wyatt Kemp, 27, Jonesville, Louisiana;

Karl Kleppinger Jr., 38, Natchez, Mississippi;

Keith Blair Manuel, 56, of Gonzales, Louisiana;

Dewey Revette, 48, of State Line, Mississippi;

Shane Roshto, 22, Liberty, Mississippi;

Adam Weise, 24, Yorktown, Texas.

An eleventh was crane operator Aaron Dale Burkeen, 37, Philadelphia, Mississippi, who died in the subsequent fire.

The rig was evacuated, with injured workers airlifted to medical facilities. After approximately 36 hours, Deepwater Horizon sank on 22 April 2010. The remains of the rig were located resting on the seafloor approximately 1,500 m deep at that location, and about 400 m northwest of the well. [45] [55] [56]

The resultant oil spill continued until 15 July when it was closed by a cap. [57] Relief wells were used to permanently seal the well, which was declared "effectively dead" on 19 September 2010. [58] NOAA established the Gulf Spill Restoration project, under the Deep Water Horizon National Resource Damage Assessment Trustees, to help to restore much of the coastline. [59]

Aftermath

Transocean received an early partial insurance settlement for total loss of the Deepwater Horizon of US$401 million around 5 May 2010. [60] Financial analysts noted that the insurance recovery was likely to outweigh the value of the rig (although not necessarily its replacement value) and any liabilities – the latter estimated at up to US$200 million. [61]

Litigation, ultimate roll call of damage, and the scope of final insurance recovery were all unknown as of June 2010, with analysts reporting that the aftermath was of unprecedented scale and complexity compared to previous disasters which themselves took many years to unfold and resolve. [62] [63] A July 2010 analysis by the Financial Times on the aftermath cited legal sources as saying that "at some point the scale of the litigation becomes so large that it really is novel", that "the situation is likely to be complicated further because the variety of probable cases means it will be hard to aggregate them into so-called class actions" and that there was "no way to put this in historical context because we have never faced anything like this before". [64] As with the Exxon Valdez disaster, litigation was being discussed in terms of a 20-year timescale. [62]

In January 2013, Transocean agreed to pay US$1.4 billion for violations of the US Clean Water Act. BP had earlier agreed to pay $2.4 billion but faced additional penalties that could range from $5 billion to $20 billion. [65] In September 2014, Halliburton agreed to settle a large percentage of legal claims against them by paying $1.1 billion into a trust by way of three installments over two years. [66] On 4 September 2014, U.S. District Judge Carl Barbier ruled BP was guilty of gross negligence and willful misconduct under the Clean Water Act (CWA). He described BP's actions as "reckless", while he said Transocean's and Halliburton's actions were "negligent". He apportioned 67% of the blame for the spill to BP, 30% to Transocean, and 3% to Halliburton. BP issued a statement strongly disagreeing with the finding, and saying the court's decision would be appealed. [67]

On 8 December 2014, The US Supreme Court rejected BP's legal challenge to a compensation deal over the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill. The settlement agreement had no cap, but BP initially estimated that it would pay roughly $7.8bn (£6.1bn) to compensate victims. [68]

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is cited by lawyers, academics and journalists as an example of ecocide. [69] [70] [71] [72]

Film

The biographical disaster movie Deepwater Horizon , released in 2016, depicts the events of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon explosion and subsequent oil spill. The film is based on "Deepwater Horizon's Final Hours", an article appearing in The New York Times . [73]

See also

Related Research Articles

The Atlantis oil field is the third largest oil field in the Gulf of Mexico. The field was discovered in 1998 and is located at the Green Canyon blocks 699, 700, 742, 743, and 744 in United States federal waters in the Gulf of Mexico about 130 miles (210 km) from the coast of Louisiana. The oil field lies in water depths ranging from 4,400 to 7,100 feet. The subsea structure of Atlantis has long been the target of safety critics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transocean</span> Offshore drilling contractor

Transocean Ltd. is an American drilling company. It is the world's largest offshore drilling contractor based on revenue and is based in Vernier, Switzerland. The company has offices in 20 countries, including Canada, the United States, Norway, United Kingdom, India, Brazil, Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia.

Deepwater Millennium was a fifth generation Samsung/Reading & Bates designed, dynamic positioned (DP) Marshall Islands-flagged drillship owned by Transocean. The vessel was capable of drilling in water depths up to 8,100 ft using an 18.75 in (47.6 cm), 15,000 psi blowout preventer (BOP), and a 21 in (53 cm) outside diameter (OD) marine riser. It was retired in 2018.

Deepwater drilling, or deep well drilling, is the process of creating holes in the Earth's crust using a drilling rig for oil extraction under the deep sea. There are approximately 3400 deepwater wells in the Gulf of Mexico with depths greater than 150 meters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States offshore drilling debate</span> Ongoing debate in the United States

The United States offshore drilling debate is an ongoing debate in the United States about whether, the extent to which, in which areas, and under what conditions, further offshore drilling should be allowed in U.S.-administered waters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tiber Oil Field</span> Oil field in the Gulf of Mexico

The Tiber Oil Field is a deepwater offshore oil field located in the Keathley Canyon block 102 of the United States sector of the Gulf of Mexico. The deepwater field was discovered in September 2009 and it is operated by BP. Described as a "giant" find, it is estimated to contain 4 to 6 billion barrels of oil in place. Although BP states it is too early to be sure of the size – a "huge" field is usually considered to contain 250 million barrels. It required the drilling of a 10,685 m (35,056 ft) deep well under 1,260 m (4,130 ft) of water, making it one of the deepest wells ever drilled at the time of discovery.

<i>Deepwater Horizon</i> oil spill Oil spill that in the Gulf of Mexico

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill was an environmental disaster which began on 20 April 2010, off the coast of the United States in the Gulf of Mexico on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect, considered the largest marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry and estimated to be 8 to 31 percent larger in volume than the previous largest, the Ixtoc I oil spill, also in the Gulf of Mexico. Caused in the aftermath of a blowout and explosion on the Deepwater Horizon oil platform, the United States federal government estimated the total discharge at 4.9 MMbbl. After several failed efforts to contain the flow, the well was declared sealed on 19 September 2010. Reports in early 2012 indicated that the well site was still leaking. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is regarded as one of the largest environmental disasters in world history.

The Macondo Prospect is an oil and gas prospect in the United States Exclusive Economic Zone of the Gulf of Mexico, off the coast of Louisiana. The prospect was the site of the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion in April 2010 that led to a major oil spill in the region from the first exploration well, named itself MC252-1, which had been designed to investigate the existence of the prospect.

<i>Deepwater Horizon</i> explosion 2010 oil disaster in the Gulf of Mexico

On April 20, 2010, an explosion and fire occurred on the Deepwater Horizon semi-submersible mobile offshore drilling unit, which was owned and operated by Transocean and drilling for BP in the Macondo Prospect oil field about 40 miles (64 km) southeast off the Louisiana coast. The explosion and subsequent fire resulted in the sinking of the Deepwater Horizon and the deaths of 11 workers; 17 others were injured. The same blowout that caused the explosion also caused an oil well fire and a massive offshore oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, considered the largest accidental marine oil spill in the world, and the largest environmental disaster in United States history.

Timeline of the <i>Deepwater Horizon</i> oil spill

The following is a timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. It was a massive oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, the largest offshore spill in U.S. history. It was a result of the well blowout that began with the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion on April 20, 2010.

<i>Discoverer Enterprise</i>

Discoverer Enterprise is a fifth generation deepwater double hulled dynamically positioned drillship owned and operated by Transocean Offshore Deepwater Drilling Inc., capable of operating in moderate environments and water depths up to 3,049 m (10,000 ft) using an 18.75 in (47.6 cm), 15,000 psi blowout preventer (BOP), and a 21 in (53 cm) outside diameter (OD) marine riser. From 1998 to 2005 the vessel was Panama-flagged and currently flies the flag of convenience of the Marshall Islands.

<i>Deepwater Horizon</i> litigation Aspect of the Deepwater Horizon explosion

The civil and criminal proceedings stemming from the explosion of Deepwater Horizon and the resulting massive oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico began shortly after the April 20, 2010 incident and have continued since then. They have included an extensive claims settlement process for a guilty plea to criminal charges by BP, and an ongoing Clean Water Act lawsuit brought by the U.S. Department of Justice and other parties.

Economic effects of the <i>Deepwater Horizon</i> oil spill

This article covers the effect of the Deepwater Horizon disaster and the resulting oil spill on global and national economies and the energy industry.

On May 30, 2010 a 6-month moratorium on all deepwater offshore drilling on the Outer Continental Shelf was declared by U.S. Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar. The limitation was in response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill which occurred in the Gulf of Mexico.

Following is a timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill for June 2010.

Following is a timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill for July 2010.

Following is a Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill for May 2010.

<i>Deepwater Horizon</i> investigation

The Deepwater Horizon investigation included several investigations and commissions, among others reports by National Incident Commander Thad Allen, United States Coast Guard, National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement, National Academy of Engineering, National Research Council, Government Accountability Office, National Oil Spill Commission, and Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board.

Volume and extent of the <i>Deepwater Horizon</i> oil spill Extent of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill was discovered on the afternoon of 22 April 2010 when a large oil slick began to spread at the former rig site. According to the Flow Rate Technical Group, the leak amounted to about 4.9 million barrels of oil, exceeding the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill as the largest ever to originate in U.S.-controlled waters and the 1979 Ixtoc I oil spill as the largest spill in the Gulf of Mexico. BP has challenged this calculation saying that it is overestimated as it includes over 810,000 barrels of oil which was collected before it could enter the Gulf waters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GuLF Study</span>

The GuLF Study, or Gulf Long-term Follow-up Study, is a five-year research project examining the human-health consequences of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in April 2010. The spill followed an explosion on a drilling rig leased by BP, the British oil company, and led to the release of over four million barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico, 48 miles off the coast of Louisiana in the United States.

References

  1. 1 2 "Transocean Ltd., Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Feb 24, 2010". secdatabase.com. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Malcolm Sharples et al for Offshore Risk & Technology Consulting Inc., under contract for Minerals Management Service, Order no. 0105PO39221 (April 2006). "Post Mortem Failure Assessment of MODUs During Hurricane Ivan" (PDF). US Government Minerals Management Service. pp. 50–51. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ↑ "Transocean Ltd. Provides Deepwater Horizon Update" (Press release). Transocean Ltd. 26 April 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
  4. ↑ "Deepwater Horizon: A Timeline of Events". Offshore-Technology. Net Resources International. 7 May 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
  5. 1 2 3 "Fleet Specifications: Deepwater Horizon". Transocean. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "ABS Record: Deepwater Horizon". American Bureau of Shipping. 21 March 2000. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  7. ↑ "Fleet Specifications: Deepwater Horizon". Transocean. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  8. ↑ Crittenden, Guy (10 May 2010). "Understanding the initial Deepwater Horizon fire". HazMat Management. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
  9. ↑ Staff and wire (27 May 2010). "Gulf oil spill now largest offshore spill in history as BP continues plug effort". USA Today. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  10. 1 2 Deepwater Horizon Marine Casualty Investigation Report (PDF) (Report). Office of the Maritime Administrator. 17 August 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
  11. ↑ Malcolm Sharples et al for Offshore Risk & Technology Consulting Inc., under contract for Minerals Management Service, Order no. 0105PO39221 (April 2006). "Post Mortem Failure Assessment of MODUs During Hurricane Ivan" (PDF). US Government Minerals Management Service. pp. 50–51. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ "Transocean Sedco Forex to close pending merger with R&B Falcon on January 31, 2001". PR Newswire . 29 January 2001. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  13. ↑ "Deepwater Horizon contract extended". Offshore Magazine. PennWell Corporation. 1 November 2009. Archived from the original on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  14. ↑ "Transocean's Ultra-Deepwater Semisubmersible Rig Deepwater Horizon Drills World's Deepest Oil and Gas Well" (Press release). Transocean. 2 September 2009. Archived from the original on 26 April 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
  15. ↑ "BP Makes Giant Deepwater Discovery with Tiber". Rigzone. 2 September 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
  16. ↑ "Rig Data Centre". Rigzone. 28 May 2010. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  17. ↑ "Monitoring system reduces rig downtime". Offshore Magazine. PennWell Corporation. 1 November 2002. Archived from the original on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  18. ↑ "BP oil spill 'slows' but serious IT failures come to surface". IT news website. Computerworld UK. 28 May 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
  19. ↑ "Deepwater Horizon modelling software showed BP cement conditions unstable". IT news website. Computerworld UK. 12 November 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
  20. ↑ "Transocean Sedco Forex to close pending merger with R&B Falcon on January 31, 2001". PR Newswire. 29 January 2001. Retrieved 23 June 2010. – date of publication verifiable on
  21. 1 2 "Transocean Ltd. Provides Deepwater Horizon Update". Wall Street Journal . 26 April 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  22. ↑ "Entry for Triton Asset Leasing GmbH". Moneyhouse.ch "Commercial register and company data". Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  23. ↑ "Transocean Inc 10-K filings, Exhibit 21: Subsidiaries (SEC File 333-75899, Accession Number 1140361-7-4583)". SEC EDGAR database, for the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  24. 1 2 Reddall, Braden (22 April 2010). "Transocean rig loss's financial impact mulled". Reuters . Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  25. ↑ "Deepwater Horizon launched by TSF". Offshore Deepwater Horizon launched by TSF magazine. 1 June 2001. Archived from the original on 24 June 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  26. ↑ "Transocean Receives Contract Extensions for High-Specification Rigs Discoverer Enterprise and Deepwater Horizon". Business Wire. 26 April 2004. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  27. ↑ "Transocean Inc. Announces Contract Awards for Two High-Specification Semisubmersible Rigs". Business Wire. 28 April 2005. Archived from the original on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  28. ↑ "Deepwater Horizon contract extended". Offshore Magazine. PennWell Corporation. 1 November 2009. Archived from the original on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  29. ↑ "The Well". The Houston Chronicle. 17 October 2009. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  30. 1 2 Bartley J. Eckhardt, PE; Arthur Faherty (20 May 2010). "Forensic Anatomy of the Events on the Deepwater Horizon" (PDF). Robson Forensic. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
  31. 1 2 3 "R&B FALCON CORP, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Aug 31, 2001". secdatabase.com. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
  32. ↑ Bergin, Tom (17 June 2008). "BP's Thunder Horse starts oil and gas production". Reuters. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
  33. 1 2 Washburn, Mark (14 May 2010). "A huff and boom ended Deepwater Horizon's good luck". The McClatchy Company . Archived from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
  34. ↑ "Kaskida". Oil & Gas Investor. 1 April 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2010. Alternate link Archived 5 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  35. ↑ "BP & Partners Make Discovery at Kaskida Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico" (Press release). RigZone. 31 August 2006. Retrieved 24 April 2010.
  36. 1 2 "Deepwater Horizon Drills World's Deepest Oil & Gas Well". TransOcean. 2 September 2009. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  37. 1 2 "BP drills oil discovery in the Gulf of Mexico". Offshore Magazine. PennWell Corporation. 2 September 2009. Archived from the original on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  38. ↑ Braden Reddall (2 September 2009). "Transocean says well at BP discovery deepest ever". Reuters. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  39. ↑ "Transocean's Deepwater Horizon drills world's deepest oil and gas well". Red Mist Media. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
  40. ↑ "Fleet Status Report". Transocean. 13 April 2010. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  41. ↑ "Macondo Prospect, Gulf of Mexico, USA". offshore-technology.com. 20 October 2005. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
  42. ↑ "Central Gulf of Mexico Planning Area Lease Sale 206 Information". US Minerals Management Service. 8 August 2008. Archived from the original on 7 June 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2010.
  43. ↑ "Offshore Field Development Projects: Macondo". Subsea.Org. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
  44. ↑ "Deepwater Horizon Still on Fire in GOM". Rigzone. 21 April 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
  45. 1 2 Robertson, Cambell; Robbins, Liz (22 April 2010). "Oil Rig Sinks in the Gulf of Mexico". New York Times. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  46. ↑ "BP confirms that Transocean Ltd issued the following statement today" (Press release). BP. 21 April 2010. Archived from the original on 25 April 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
  47. ↑ "Gibbs: Deepwater Horizon Aftermath Could Affect Next Lease Sale". Rigzone. 30 April 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
  48. ↑ Michel, Jacqueline; Owens, Edward H.; Zengel, Scott; Graham, Andrew; Nixon, Zachary; Allard, Teresa; Holton, William; Reimer, P. Doug; Lamarche, Alain; White, Mark; Rutherford, Nicolle (12 June 2013). "Extent and Degree of Shoreline Oiling: Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Gulf of Mexico, USA". PLOS ONE. 8 (6): e65087. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...865087M. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065087 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   3680451 . PMID   23776444.
  49. ↑ Kujawinski, Elizabeth B.; Kido Soule, Melissa C.; Valentine, David L.; Boysen, Angela K.; Longnecker, Krista; Redmond, Molly C. (15 February 2011). "Fate of Dispersants Associated with the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill". Environmental Science & Technology. 45 (4): 1298–1306. Bibcode:2011EnST...45.1298K. doi:10.1021/es103838p. hdl: 1912/4332 . ISSN   0013-936X. PMID   21265576.
  50. ↑ "UPDATED: Search Continues for 11 Missing Workers". RigZone. 22 April 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
  51. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Review: Oil rig inspections fell short of guidelines". Associated Press . 16 May 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  52. 1 2 "Salazar Swears-In Michael R. Bromwich to Lead Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement". Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement. 21 June 2010. Archived from the original on 26 June 2010.
  53. ↑ Brenner, Noah; Guegel, Anthony; Watts, Rob; Pitt, Anthea (29 April 2010). "Horizon crew tried to activate BOP". Upstream Online . NHST Media Group. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  54. ↑ "Investigating the Cause of the Deepwater Horizon Blowout". New York Times . 21 June 2010.
  55. ↑ Resnick-Ault, Jessica; Klimasinska, Katarzyna (22 April 2010). "Transocean Oil-Drilling Rig Sinks in Gulf of Mexico". Bloomberg. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  56. ↑ "Deepwater Horizon Incident, Gulf of Mexico". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Response and Restoration. 24 April 2010. Archived from the original on 29 April 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
  57. ↑ "Bird Habitats Threatened by Oil Spill". National Wildlife. National Wildlife Federation. 30 April 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  58. ↑ "US Government: Deepwater Horizon Well Is Effectively Dead". 19 September 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
  59. ↑ "NOAA Gulf Spill Restoration |". www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  60. ↑ Green, Meg (7 May 2010). "Transocean: Insurers Have Already Paid $401 Million for Deepwater Horizon Loss". Insurance news net. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
  61. ↑ Fortson, Danny (9 May 2010). "Rig firm's $270m profit from deadly spill". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
  62. 1 2 Stempel, Jonathan (30 June 2010). "Special Report – BP oil spill a gusher for lawyers". Reuters Africa. Archived from the original on 20 July 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
  63. ↑ Kam, Dara (29 June 2010). "Valdez expert: Psychological impact of Gulf oil spill won't fully emerge for years". palm Beach post news. Archived from the original on 28 April 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
  64. ↑ "BP: Eagles and vultures". Financial Times . 1 July 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
  65. ↑ David Malakoff (3 January 2013). "Second Oil Spill Settlement Adds to Gulf Coast Science and Restoration Funding". Science News. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
  66. ↑ "Halliburton to pay around $1.1 bn for US oil spill claims". Reuters. 2 September 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
  67. ↑ "BP found "grossly negligent' in Gulf of Mexico oil spill". New Orleans Sun. 4 September 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  68. ↑ "BP loses latest US oil spill appeal". BBC News . 8 December 2014.
  69. ↑ Weisbrod, Katelyn (22 June 2021). "As the Gulf of Mexico Heals from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Stringent Safety Proposals Remain Elusive". Inside Climate News. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  70. ↑ "Why criminalising ecocide won't solve the climate crisis". euronews. 13 March 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  71. ↑ Gigova, Radina (2 July 2023). "Russia is accused of 'ecocide' in Ukraine. But what does that mean?". CNN. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  72. ↑ Sarliève, Maud (2020), Leal Filho, Walter; Azul, Anabela Marisa; Brandli, Luciana; Lange Salvia, Amanda (eds.), "Ecocide: Past, Present, and Future Challenges", Life on Land, Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–11, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71065-5_110-1, ISBN   978-3-319-71065-5, S2CID   241216767 , retrieved 3 July 2023
  73. ↑ Barstow, David; Rohde, David; Saul, Stephanie (25 December 2010). "Deepwater Horizon's Final Hours". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 17 December 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
Listen to this article (13 minutes)
Sound-icon.svg
This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 19 October 2014 (2014-10-19), and does not reflect subsequent edits.
(Audio help  · More spoken articles)

Additional references explaining events

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.