Deroceras reticulatum

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Deroceras reticulatum
Deroceras reticulatum.JPG
Adult Deroceras reticulatum
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Heterobranchia
Order: Stylommatophora
Family: Agriolimacidae
Genus: Deroceras
Species:
D. reticulatum
Binomial name
Deroceras reticulatum
Synonyms [2]

Agriolimax reticulatus (Müller, 1774) Limax reticulatus Müller, 1774

Contents

Deroceras reticulatum, common names the "grey field slug", "grey garden slug", and "milky slug", is a species of small air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Agriolimacidae. This species is an important agricultural pest.

Distribution

Deroceras reticulatum is native to Europe, North Africa and the Atlantic Islands. [2] [3] It occurs widely in Europe, but is more rare and restricted to cultivated fields in the southeast, particularly in the Balkans, and is probably absent from Greece and the Bulgarian mountains. [2] In the north and central European lowlands, Great Britain, and Ireland, it is probably the most widely occurring slug. [2] In northern Scandinavia it is scarce, and is mainly found as a synanthrope. [2]

This species occurs in countries and islands including:

The species has been widely introduced as a synanthrope to many regions:

Description

Drawing of the reproductive system of Deroceras reticulatum. a - atrium p - penis s - stimulator mr - musculus retractor penis gp - glandula penis bc - bursa copulatrix ov - oviductus. Deroceras reticulatum reproductive system.png
Drawing of the reproductive system of Deroceras reticulatum.
a – atrium
p – penis
s – stimulator
mr – musculus retractor penis
gp – glandula penis
bc – bursa copulatrix
ov – oviductus.
Deroceras reticulatum Deroceras reticulatum 3.png
Deroceras reticulatum

As all other Deroceras it has a short keel at the back of the body. Deroceras reticulatum is very variable in colour, creamy or light coffee cream, rarely blackish spotted (slugs with spots may appear blackish). [2] Behind the mantle there is the dark spots form a reticulate pattern. [2] The skin is thick. [2] Mucus is colourless, on irritation milky white. [2] The slug cannot be distinguished from many other Deroceras species based only on its external appearance. [2]

This slug can be up to 40–60 mm long (preserved 25–30 mm). [2] The size varies according to the habitat. [2]

Reproductive system: Penis is fleshy and with a silky sheen, in the shape of an irregular sac, in fully mature specimens divided into 2 parts by a deep lateral constriction. [2] Penial gland has very variable shape, usually a few branches or a single long branch. [2] Stimulator is large, conical and narrow. [2] Retractor of the penis is inserted laterally. [2] Vas deferens opens into penis wall facing the external body side. [2] Rectal caecum is large. [2]

This slug can travel up to 40 feet (12.2 m) in one night. [11]

Ecology

Habitat

Deroceras reticulatum is almost exclusively restricted to cultivated areas, usually in open habitats, in meadows, near roadsides, in ruins, gardens and parks, not inside forests. [2] External appearance is very similar to Deroceras rodnae , Deroceras praecox and the internal anatomy is very similar to Deroceras turcicum , but those three species lives in natural habitats – in woods – and they co-occur with Deroceras reticulatum very rarely. [3] It shelters under stones and ground litter (It does not burrow into the soil). [2] It is active at night. [2]

Feeding habits

This species is omnivorous, feeding mainly on fresh leaves and fruits or seedings. [2] Deroceras reticulatum is a serious pest of agricultural crops, garden cultivations [2] and horticulture. [11] After several years with continuous moist weather conditions abundance can seriously increase. [2]

Life cycle

A mating pair of Deroceras reticulatum Deroceras reticulatum 4.png
A mating pair of Deroceras reticulatum

Life cycle covers a few months, usually two generations. [2] The main reproductive phase is in summer and autumn. [2] It lays hundreds of eggs which hatch during early summer. [11]

Maximum age is about a year. [2] Slugs die at the first frosts. [2] Usually only eggs hibernate, sometimes also juveniles. [2]

Nebria brevicollis, and numerous other kinds of carabid beetles, feed on this slug species Nebria brevicollis01.jpg
Nebria brevicollis , and numerous other kinds of carabid beetles, feed on this slug species

Predators

Various carabid beetles are predators of Deroceras reticlatum, including:

Parasites

The bacterium Moraxella osloensis is a mutualistic symbiont of the slug-parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita . [13] In nature, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita vectors Moraxella osloensis into the shell cavity of the slug host Deroceras reticulatum in which the bacteria multiply and kill the slug. [13]

Deroceras reticulatum can transfer Escherichia coli on its body surface. [14]

Parasites of Deroceras reticulatum include:

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References

This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from the reference [13] and public domain text from the reference. [2]

  1. ↑ Müller O. F. (1774). Vermivm terrestrium et fluviatilium, seu animalium infusoriorum, helminthicorum, et testaceorum, non marinorum, succincta historia. Volumen alterum. pp. I-XXXVI, 1–214, [1–10]. Havniae & Lipsiae. (Heineck & Faber).
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 "Species summary for Deroceras reticulatum". AnimalBase, last modified 29 August 2010, accessed 10 December 2010.
  3. 1 2 Horsák M., Juřičková L. & Picka J. (2013). Měkkýši České a Slovenské republiky. Molluscs of the Czech and Slovak Republics. Kabourek, Zlín, 264 pp. (in Czech and English).
  4. 1 2 (in Czech) Horsák M., Juřičková L., Beran L., Čejka T. & Dvořák L. (2010). "Komentovaný seznam měkkýšů zjištěných ve volné přírodě České a Slovenské republiky. [Annotated list of mollusc species recorded outdoors in the Czech and Slovak Republics]". Malacologica Bohemoslovaca , Suppl. 1: 1–37. PDF.
  5. ↑ Juřičková, L.; Horsák, M.; Beran, L. (2001). "Check-list of the molluscs (Mollusca) of the Czech Republic". Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem. 65: 25–40.
  6. ↑ "Anemoon > Flora en Fauna > Soorteninformatie". www.anemoon.org.
  7. ↑ Balashov I. & Gural-Sverlova N. 2012. An annotated checklist of the terrestrial molluscs of Ukraine. Journal of Conchology. 41 (1): 91–109.
  8. ↑ Hausdorf B. (May 2002). "Introduced Land Snails and Slugs in Colombia" (PDF). Journal of Molluscan Studies . 68 (2): 127–131. doi: 10.1093/mollus/68.2.127 . PMID   12011238. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2006.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Tulli M. C., Carmona D. M., López A. N., Manetti P. L., Vincini A. M. & Cendoya G. (2009). "Predation on the slug Deroceras reticulatum (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora) by Scarites anthracinus (Coleoptera: Carabidae)". Ecología Austral. 19: 55–61. PDF.
  10. ↑ Crowley, T.E. & Pain, T. 1977. Mollusca not Charopidae. pp. 534–575, pl. 9–10. In: Basilewsky, P. (Ed.). La faune terrestre de l'île de Sainte-Hélène. Quatrième partie. Annales du Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Zoologie. 220:1–575.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "PACIFIC NORTHWEST NURSERY IPM. Snails/Slugs". Oregon State University, last modified 29 July 2005.
  12. 1 2 Oberholzer F. & Frank T. (2003). "Predation by the carabid Beetles Pterostichus melanarius and Poecilus cupreus on Slugs and Slug Eggs". Biocontrol Science and Technology 13(1): 99–110. doi : 10.1080/0958315021000054421.
  13. 1 2 3 An R., SreevatsanS. & Grewal P. S. (2008). "Moraxella osloensis Gene Expression in the Slug Host Deroceras reticulatum". BMC Microbiology 8: 19. doi : 10.1186/1471-2180-8-19.
  14. ↑ Sproston, E. L.; MacRae, M.; Ogden, I. D.; Wilson, M. J.; Strachan, N. J. C. (2006). "Slugs: Potential Novel Vectors of Escherichia coli O157". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 72 (1): 144–149. doi:10.1128/AEM.72.1.144-149.2006. PMC   1352200 . PMID   16391036.
  15. ↑ Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment. "Brainworm". accessed 14 December 2010.

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