Desmond Child | |
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Background information | |
Birth name | John Charles Barrett |
Born | Gainesville, Florida, U.S. | October 28, 1953
Genres | |
Occupations |
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Years active | 1975–present |
Website | desmondchild |
John Charles Barrett (born October 28, 1953), known professionally as Desmond Child, is an American songwriter and producer. He was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2008. He has been nominated for four Grammy Awards, a Primetime Emmy Award, and has won a Latin Grammy Award.
His hits as a songwriter include Kiss' "I Was Made for Lovin' You"; Joan Jett & the Blackhearts' "I Hate Myself for Loving You"; Bon Jovi's "You Give Love a Bad Name", "Livin' on a Prayer", [1] "Bad Medicine", and "Born to Be My Baby"; Aerosmith's "Dude (Looks Like a Lady)", "Angel", "What It Takes" and "Crazy"; Cher's "We All Sleep Alone" and "Just Like Jesse James"; Brit Smith's "Karma's a Bitch", recently redone by Jojo Siwa; Alice Cooper's "Poison"; Michael Bolton's "How Can We Be Lovers?"; and Ricky Martin's "The Cup of Life" and "Livin' la Vida Loca". [2]
Child's career started when he formed an R&B-influenced pop rock band, Desmond Child & Rouge in 1975 with singers Myriam Valle, Maria Vidal, and Diana Grasselli, backed by hired musicians. [3] The band was known for their inclusion on the soundtrack to The Warriors in 1979, with the song "Last of an Ancient Breed", and for the song "Our Love is Insane", which charted at No. 51 in the Billboard Hot 100. Their two albums received positive reviews [4] but sold poorly and the group disbanded in 1980. [3] One member, Maria Vidal, had a hit in 1985 with "Body Rock". [5]
Child then worked with songwriter Bob Crewe for two years. [6]
Artists Child has worked with include Kiss, Cher, Aerosmith, Bon Jovi, Bonnie Tyler, Dream Theater, Roxette, Ricky Martin, Selena Gomez, and Kelly Clarkson. [3] Desmond is credited with discovering Troy Curtis Tuminelli and recommending him to Edgardo Diaz before Tuminelli landed in Menudo, and, eventually, on Guiding Light .[ citation needed ] He was the key partner in Alice Cooper's album Trash (1989). He was also responsible for co-writing the Ratt album Detonator (1990).
Child scored a Billboard Top 40 hit in 1991 as a solo artist with "Love on a Rooftop", a song he had co-written with Diane Warren, originally recorded by Ronnie Spector, and later by Cher. "Love on a Rooftop" also peaked at number 55 on the Australian ARIA Charts. [7]
He produced Meat Loaf's album Bat Out of Hell III: The Monster Is Loose , and co-wrote six of its songs. [8]
Child wrote the song "Believe in Me" for Bonnie Tyler in 2012 and one year later it was selected as the Eurovision Song Contest entry for the United Kingdom, where it finished in 19th place in the final. Following the contest, Tyler received two Eurovision Song Contest Radio Awards for Best Song and Best Singer, making her the first UK representative to win the award. Child was to participate in the Eurovision Song Contest again as a songwriter in 2022, co-writing and producing the Finnish entry, Jezebel, performed by the Rasmus. [9] The song would go on to finish 21st in the final.
Child was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2008. [10] In 2013, he co-founded the Latin Songwriters Hall of Fame along with fellow Cuban-American composer Rudy Pérez. [11] Desmond's autobiography, Livin' on a Prayer: Big Songs Big Life with David Ritz, was released September 19, 2023.
Child lives in Nashville, Tennessee with his husband, Curtis Shaw, and their twin sons. [12] [13] Child and Shaw's struggle to have a baby via surrogacy is recounted in the documentary Two: The Story of Roman & Nyro.
The track "The Truth Comes Out" from Desmond Child & Rouge's second album Runners in the Night (1979) was written about 'coming out' to his girlfriend and Rouge bandmate, Maria Vidal.
The song "A Ray of Hope", written by Don Paul Yowell, was recorded by Child as a tribute to Child's younger brother, Joey (b. Joseph Stephen), who died in January 1991 of AIDS-related complications.
He is the biological son of Hungarian baron Joseph S. Marfy and Cuban songwriter Elena Casals. Child did not discover that Marfy was his biological father until he was 18 years old. [14] Until that time, he had believed that his father was John Frederick Barrett, Casals' husband at the time of his birth, [15] and for whom he was named. Through his Hungarian ancestry, Child received dual American-Hungarian citizenship in 2016. [16] Child subsequently released "The Steps of Champions", a song he wrote for the Hungarian government as the official anthem of the sixtieth anniversary commemorations of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. In 2016 he received Artisjus Lifetime Achievement Award.
Year | Band/Artist | Song(s) written/co-written/produced | Album |
---|---|---|---|
1979 | Kiss | "I Was Made for Lovin' You" | Dynasty |
1980 | Billy Squier | "You Should Be High Love" | The Tale of the Tape |
1982 | Cher | "When the Love is Gone", "Walk With Me", "The Book of Love" | I Paralyze |
1984 | Kiss | "Heaven's on Fire", "Under the Gun", "I've Had Enough (Into the Fire)" | Animalize |
1985 | "King of the Mountain", "Who Wants to Be Lonely", "I'm Alive", "Radar for Love", "UH! All Night" | Asylum | |
1986 | Bonnie Tyler | "If You Were a Woman and I Was a Man", "Lovers Again" | Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire |
Bon Jovi | "You Give Love a Bad Name", "Livin' on a Prayer", "Without Love", "I'd Die For You" | Slippery When Wet | |
1987 | Aerosmith | "Angel", "Dude (Looks Like a Lady)", "Heart's Done Time" | Permanent Vacation |
Cher | "We All Sleep Alone", "Main Man", "Give Our Love a Fightin' Chance", "Perfection", "Working Girl" | Cher | |
Jimmy Barnes | "Waitin' for the Heartache", "Walk on" | Freight Train Heart | |
John Waite | "These Times are Hard for Lovers" | Rover's Return | |
Kiss | "Bang Bang You", "My Way", "Reason to Live" | Crazy Nights | |
Jennifer Rush | "Down to You", "Heart Wars" | Heart Over Mind | |
Ronnie Spector | "Love on a Rooftop" | Unfinished Business | |
1988 | Kiss | "Let's Put the X in Sex", "(You Make Me) Rock Hard" | Smashes, Thrashes & Hits |
Bon Jovi | "Bad Medicine", "Born to Be My Baby", "Blood on Blood", "Wild is the Wind" | New Jersey | |
Joan Jett & the Blackhearts | "I Hate Myself for Loving You", "Little Liar", "You Want In, I Want Out" | Up Your Alley | |
Bonnie Tyler | "Notes From America", "Hide Your Heart", "Save Up All Your Tears", "Take Another Look at Your Heart", also produced the album | Hide Your Heart | |
Aerosmith | "What It Takes", "F.I.N.E." | Pump | |
1989 | Alice Cooper | Entire album, including "Poison" | Trash |
Animotion | "Calling It Love" | Room To Move | |
Michael Bolton | "How Can We Be Lovers?" and "Love Cuts Deep", also produced the former | Soul Provider | |
Billy Squier | "Stronger", "Tied Up" | Hear & Now | |
Bonfire | "The Price of Loving You" | Point Blank | |
Cher | "Just Like Jesse James", "Love on a Rooftop", "Emotional Fire", "Does Anybody Really Fall in Love Anymore?" | Heart Of Stone | |
Ace Frehley | "Hide Your Heart" | Trouble Walkin' | |
Kiss | "Hide Your Heart", "You Love Me to Hate You" | Hot in the Shade | |
Robin Beck | "Hide Your Heart", "Don't Lose Any Sleep", "If You Were a Woman (And I Was a Man)", "Hold Back the Night", "Save Up All Your Tears", "Tears in the Rain" | Trouble or Nothin' | |
1990 | Ratt | "Givin' Yourself Away", "Heads I Win, Tails You Lose", "Lovin' You's a Dirty Job", "One Step Away", "Shame Shame Shame" | Detonator |
1991 | Kane Roberts | Entire album | Saints and Sinners |
Cher | "Save Up All Your Tears" | Love Hurts | |
Michael Bolton | "Forever Isn't Long Enough", "New Love" | Time, Love & Tenderness | |
Alice Cooper | "Dangerous Tonight", "Might as Well Be on Mars" | Hey Stoopid | |
Joan Jett & the Blackhearts | "Ashes in the Wind", "The Only Good Thing (You Ever Said Was Goodbye)", "Lie to Me", "Don't Surrender", "Goodbye" | Notorious | |
SouthGang | Entire album (co-writer) | Tainted Angel | |
1992 | Bon Jovi | "Keep the Faith", "I'll Sleep When I'm Dead" | Keep the Faith |
1993 | Aerosmith | "Crazy", "Flesh" | Get a Grip |
Steve Vai | "In My Dreams With You" | Sex & Religion | |
1994 | Joan Jett & the Blackhearts | "As I Am", "You Got a Problem", "Brighter Day" | Pure and Simple |
1995 | Bon Jovi | "Something for the Pain", "This Ain't a Love Song", "Hearts Breaking Even", "Diamond Ring" | These Days |
Chynna Phillips | "I Live for You", "This Close", "Jewel in My Crown" | Naked and Sacred | |
Roxette | "You Don't Understand Me" | Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus! | |
1997 | Aerosmith | "Hole in My Soul" | Nine Lives |
Chicago | "All Roads Lead to You" | The Heart of Chicago 1967–1998 Volume II | |
Dream Theater | "You Not Me" | Falling into Infinity | |
Robbie Williams | "Old Before I Die" | Life Thru a Lens | |
Hanson | "Weird" | Middle of Nowhere | |
1998 | Billie Myers | "Kiss the Rain" | Growing, Pains |
1999 | Bon Jovi | "Real Life" | EdTV Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |
Ricky Martin | "Livin' la Vida Loca", "The Cup of Life" | Ricky Martin | |
2000 | "She Bangs" | Sound Loaded | |
Sisqó | "Thong Song" | Unleash the Dragon | |
2001 | Tina Arena | "Soul Mate No. 9", "You Made Me Find Myself" | Just Me |
Alejandra Guzmán | "Quiero Vivir", "Volveré a Amar", "Todo", "Vagabundo Corazón", "Soy Tú Lluvia", | Soy | |
2002 | Bon Jovi | "All About Lovin' You", "Misunderstood", "The Distance" | Bounce |
Sakis Rouvas | "Ola Kala", "The Light", "Disco Girl", also produced the album | Ola Kala | |
Kelly Clarkson | "Before Your Love" | Thankful | |
LeAnn Rimes | "Life Goes On", "The Safest Place", "Suddenly", "Sign of Life", "Review My Kisses", "Love Is an Army" | Twisted Angel | |
2003 | Clay Aiken | "Invisible", "Run to Me" | Measure of a Man |
La Ley | "Más Allá" | Libertad | |
2004 | Alejandra Guzmán | "Lipstick", "Sálvame", "Hoy Me Voy a Querer", "Tengo Derecho a Estar Mal", "Mundos", "Un Juego Más", "Tu Corazón", "Supersexitada" | Lipstick |
Jesse McCartney | "Because You Live" | Beautiful Soul | |
Hilary Duff | "Crash World" | A Cinderella Story | |
"Who's That Girl" | Hilary Duff | ||
Diana DeGarmo | "Dreams" | Blue Skies | |
2005 | Bon Jovi | "Bells of Freedom", "Dirty Little Secret", "These Open Arms" | Have a Nice Day |
Carrie Underwood | "Inside Your Heaven" | Some Hearts | |
Bo Bice | Non-album single | ||
Vince Neil | "Promise Me" | Non-album single | |
Amanda Stott | "Homeless Heart" | Chasing the Sky | |
Lindsay Lohan | "I Live for the Day" | A Little More Personal (Raw) | |
Marion Raven | "October" | Cut Off | |
2006 | Marion Raven | "Good 4 Sex" | Heads Will Roll |
Meat Loaf | "The Monster Is Loose", "Blind as a Bat", "Monstro", "Alive", "If God Could Talk", "What About Love?" | Bat Out of Hell III: The Monster Is Loose | |
Paul Stanley | "All About You", "Lift", "Live to Win", "Wake Up Screaming", "Where Angels Dare" | Live to Win | |
2007 | Sebastian Bach | "Falling into You" | Angel Down |
Bon Jovi | "(You Want to) Make a Memory" | Lost Highway | |
Scorpions | "Hour I", "The Game of Life", "The Future Never Dies", "You're Lovin' Me to Death", "321", "Love Will Keep Us Alive", "We Will Rise Again", "Your Last Song", "Love Is War", "The Cross", "Humanity", "Cold" | Humanity: Hour I | |
2008 | Ace Young | "Addicted", "A Hard Hand to Hold", "Where Will You Go", "How You Gonna Spend You Live", "The Girl That Got Away", "Dirty Mind", "The Gift" | Ace Young |
Katy Perry | "Waking Up in Vegas" | One of the Boys | |
The Rasmus | Entire album, including "Livin' in a World Without You" | Black Roses | |
2009 | Bon Jovi | "Brokenpromiseland", "Fast Cars", "Happy Now", "Learn to Love" | The Circle |
Margaret Cho | "I Cho Am a Woman" | I Cho Am a Woman (single) | |
Tokio Hotel | "Zoom/Zoom into Me" | Humanoid | |
The Stunners | "Santa Bring My Soldier Home" | (Santa Bring My Soldier Home-Single) | |
2010 | Tokio Hotel and Kerli | "Strange" | Almost Alice |
Meat Loaf | "Elvis in Vegas" | Hang Cool Teddy Bear | |
Ida Maria | "Bad Karma" | Katla | |
Weezer | "Trainwrecks" | Hurley | |
2011 | Ricky Martin | Entire album (co-writer) | Musica + Alma + Sexo |
Alice Cooper | "I Am Made of You", "The Underture" | Welcome 2 My Nightmare | |
2012 | Porcelain Black | "Rock Angels" | Rock of Ages (film) |
Aerosmith | "Another Last Goodbye" | Music from Another Dimension! | |
2013 | Sick Puppies | "There's No Going Back" | Connect |
Selena Gomez | "Love Will Remember" | Stars Dance | |
Bon Jovi | "Army of One" | What About Now | |
Bonnie Tyler | "Believe in Me", "Stubborn" | Rocks and Honey | |
2015 | Zedd | "Beautiful Now" | True Colors |
2020 | Ava Max | "Kings & Queens" | Heaven & Hell |
Countess Luann | "VIVA LA DIVA" | VIVA LA DIVA (single) | |
2021 | Bonnie Tyler | "Stronger Than a Man" | The Best is Yet to Come |
2022 | The Rasmus | "Jezebel", "Rise", "Live And Never Die" | Rise |
Weezer | "What Happens After You" | SZNZ: Autumn | |
Jordan Smith | "Sparrow" "From the American Song Contest" | American Song Contest | |
Christian Pagán | "LOKO" "From the American Song Contest" | ||
Riker Lynch | "Feel the Love" "From the American Song Contest" | ||
Marcus King | "Blood on the Tracks" | Young Blood | |
Ceramic Animal | "Forever Song" | Sweet Unknown | |
Bacon Brothers | "In Memory Of When I Cared" | Erato-EP | |
Chris Willis | "If I Had Only" | single | |
2023 | Winger | "Proud Desperado" | Seven |
2024 | JoJo Siwa | "Karma" | Non-album single |
Brit Smith | "Karma's a Bitch" | Non-album single | |
Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
---|---|---|---|
2000 | "Livin' la Vida Loca" | Record of the Year | Nominated |
Song of the Year | Nominated | ||
Ricky Martin | Best Pop Vocal Album | Nominated | |
2001 | "Thong Song" | Best R&B Song | Nominated |
Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
---|---|---|---|
2000 | "Livin' la Vida Loca (Spanish Version)" | Record of the Year | Nominated |
2002 | Soy | Best Rock Solo Vocal Album | Won |
2004 | "Lipstick" | Best Rock Song | Nominated |
2011 | "Lo Mejor de Mi Vida Eres Tú" | Record of the Year | Nominated |
Song of the Year | Nominated | ||
Himself | Producer of the Year | Nominated |
Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result |
---|---|---|---|
2003 | "Everyone Matters" from the It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie | Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics | Nominated |
Bon Jovi is an American rock band formed in Sayreville, New Jersey in 1983. The band consists of singer Jon Bon Jovi, keyboardist David Bryan, drummer Tico Torres, guitarists John Shanks and Phil X, percussionist Everett Bradley, and bassist Hugh McDonald. Original bassist Alec John Such left the band in 1994, and longtime guitarist and co-songwriter Richie Sambora left in 2013. The band has been credited with "bridging the gap between heavy metal music, rock and pop with style and ease".
John Francis Bongiovi Jr., known professionally as Jon Bon Jovi, is an American singer, songwriter, guitarist, and actor. He is best known as the founder and frontman of the rock band Bon Jovi, which was formed in 1983. He has released 15 studio albums with his band as well as two solo albums.
Slippery When Wet is the third studio album by American rock band Bon Jovi, released on August 18, 1986, by Mercury Records in North America and Vertigo Records internationally. It was produced by Bruce Fairbairn, with recording sessions taking place between January and July 1986 at Little Mountain Sound Studios in Vancouver. The album features many of Bon Jovi's best-known songs, including "You Give Love a Bad Name", "Livin' on a Prayer", and "Wanted Dead or Alive".
Keep the Faith is the fifth studio album by American rock band Bon Jovi, released on November 3, 1992, by Mercury Records. It is Bon Jovi's last studio album to feature all five original band members as bass guitarist Alec John Such was dismissed from the band in 1994, though it was not his last release with the band. It is Bon Jovi's first album to not be produced by either Lance Quinn or Bruce Fairbairn. The album was produced by Bob Rock and was recorded at the Little Mountain Sound Studios in Vancouver, British Columbia. Keep the Faith marked a change to a "more serious interpretation of the band's pop-metal groove". It is also Bon Jovi's longest album to date, clocking in at 66 minutes.
Get a Grip is the eleventh studio album by American rock band Aerosmith, released in April 1993 by Geffen Records. Get a Grip was the band's last studio album to be released by Geffen before they returned to Columbia Records.
Diane Eve Warren is an American songwriter. She has won an Academy Honorary Award, Grammy Award, an Emmy Award, two Golden Globe Awards and three consecutive Billboard Music Awards for Songwriter of the Year from 1997 to 1999. She first gained recognition for her work on DeBarge's 1985 single "Rhythm of the Night". By the late 1980s, she joined the record label EMI, where she became the first songwriter in the history of Billboard magazine to have written seven hit songs, each recorded by different artists, prompting EMI's UK Chairman Peter Reichardt to call her "the most important songwriter in the world".
Bruce Earl Fairbairn was a Canadian record producer. He was active as a producer from 1976 to 1999, and is considered one of the best of his era. His most successful productions are Slippery When Wet and New Jersey by Bon Jovi, Permanent Vacation, Pump, and Get a Grip by Aerosmith, The Razors Edge by AC/DC, and Balance by Van Halen, each of which sold at least three million copies. He was originally a trumpet player, then started a career as a record producer for Canadian rock band Prism. Fairbairn won the Canadian music industry Producer of the Year Juno Award three times. He produced albums for many well-known international artists such as Loverboy, Blue Öyster Cult, Bon Jovi, Poison, Aerosmith, AC/DC, Scorpions, Van Halen, Chicago, The Cranberries, INXS, Kiss and Yes. His style was notable for introducing dynamic horn arrangements into rock music productions. Fairbairn died suddenly on May 17, 1999, due to unknown causes.
Hugh John McDonald is an American musician who is best known for his session work and for being the current bassist and backup singer of American rock band Bon Jovi, which he joined as an unofficial band member in November 1994, before becoming an official band member in 2016. Before joining Bon Jovi, he was the bass guitarist for the David Bromberg Band, touring extensively worldwide and playing on many Bromberg albums. He has played with many other artists, both live and in the studio, including Willie Nelson, Steve Goodman, Ringo Starr, Lita Ford, Michael Bolton, Cher, Alice Cooper, Ricky Martin, Gavin Whittaker, Michael Bublé, Poison, and did a few dates during Shania Twain's the Woman in Me TV tour.
"Livin' on a Prayer" is a song by the American rock band Bon Jovi from their third studio album, Slippery When Wet. Written by Jon Bon Jovi, Richie Sambora and Desmond Child, the single, released in late 1986, performed strongly on both rock and pop radio and its music video was given heavy rotation at MTV, giving the band their first song to reach No. 1 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart and their second consecutive No. 1 Billboard Hot 100 hit.
"Livin' la Vida Loca" is a song recorded by Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin for his fifth studio album and English-language debut, Ricky Martin (1999). The song was written by Draco Rosa and Desmond Child, while the production was handled by the latter. It was released to radio stations by Columbia Records as the lead single from the album on March 27, 1999. A Latin pop and dance song with elements of salsa, surf, and ska, it is about an irresistible, particularly sinister, wild woman who lives on the edge, seducing others into her crazy world. The song received acclaim from music critics, who complimented its lyrics and danceable rhythm. It was ranked as the best 1990s pop song by Elle, and was listed among the Best Latin Songs of All Time by Billboard.
Destination Anywhere is the second solo studio album by Jon Bon Jovi, released on June 16, 1997 and features music from the film Destination Anywhere released in the same year. It follows his successful 1990 soundtrack Blaze of Glory, from the film Young Guns II.
"You Give Love a Bad Name" is a song by American rock band Bon Jovi, released as the first single from their 1986 album Slippery When Wet. Written by Jon Bon Jovi, Richie Sambora, and Desmond Child about a woman who has jilted her lover, the song reached No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 on November 29, 1986, and became the band's first number-one hit. In 2007, the song re-entered the charts at No. 29 after Blake Lewis performed it on American Idol. Despite the lyrics of the chorus, the song should not be confused with "Shot Through the Heart", an unrelated song from Bon Jovi's 1984 self-titled debut album.
"Save Up All Your Tears" is a song written by Desmond Child and Diane Warren, and originally released by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler. The song was subsequently covered by other artists including Robin Beck, Cher, Freda Payne and Bonfire.
The Toxic Twins is a nickname given to lead singer Steven Tyler and lead guitarist Joe Perry of American hard rock band Aerosmith. They were given that name in the 1970s due to their rampant use of drugs both on and off stage.
"Livin' on the Edge" is a song by American hard rock band Aerosmith. The song was written by Steven Tyler, Joe Perry, and Mark Hudson. It was released in March 1993 by Geffen Records as the first single from the band's commercially successful eleventh album, Get a Grip (1993). The single reached number 18 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, number three on the Cash Box Top 100, and number one on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart, where it remained for nine weeks. In the UK, the song peaked at number 19 on the UK Singles Chart in April 1993.
Maria Elena Vidal is an American singer songwriter. She is known for her hit single "Body Rock", which reached No. 8 on the US Dance Charts, No. 48 on the Hot 100, No. 5 on the Springbok Charts in South Africa, and No. 11 in the UK, and charted on various international charts. It was the theme song to the film Body Rock in 1984.
Wayne Isham is an American film director and music video director who has directed films and music videos of many popular artists.
The fifth season of Swedish Idol premiered on 3 September 2008 and continued until its grand finale on 12 December, when 22-year-old Kevin Borg was crowned winner. It was the first season to feature new judges Laila Bagge, Anders Bagge and Andreas Carlsson, a move that made it the first Idol series in the world to completely replace its judging panel. The series took advantage of guest judges including Charlotte Perrelli, Desmond Child and Cyndi Lauper, and the final 3 results show featured a performance by Leona Lewis, who sang "Forgive Me". For the second year running, the grand finale was held in Stockholm's Globen Arena with a live audience of 16,000 people, where operatic group Il Divo also sang live. Season 5 of Swedish Idol marked only the second time in worldwide Idol history where neither of the final two contestants were born in the show's home country. Winner Kevin Borg was born in Malta and runner-up Alice Svensson was born in Vietnam. The only other Idol contest to have this occur was Greece's Super Idol in 2004.
Kevin James Borg, is a Maltese pop singer who lives and works in Sweden. Borg rose to fame as the winner of the fifth series of the Swedish television singing competition Idol in 2008. He was the third male winner and the first in the show's history to be born outside of Sweden, having moved there exactly one year before he was declared winner.
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