Douglas Wilder

Last updated

Eunice Montgomery
(m. 1958;div. 1978)
Douglas Wilder
Douglas Wilder 2003 NIH.jpg
Wilder in 2003
78th Mayor of Richmond
In office
January 2, 2005 January 1, 2009
Children3, including Larry
Education Virginia Union University (BS)
Howard University (JD)
Signature Doug Wilder signature.png
Military service
AllegianceFlag of the United States.svg United States
Branch/service United States Army
Years of service1951–1953
Rank Sergeant
Battles/wars Korean War
Awards Bronze Star Medal

Lawrence Douglas Wilder (born January 17, 1931) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 66th governor of Virginia from 1990 to 1994. He was the first African American to serve as governor of a U.S. state since the Reconstruction era, and the first African American ever elected as governor. [lower-alpha 1] He is currently a professor at the namesake Wilder School at Virginia Commonwealth University.

Contents

Born in Richmond, Virginia, Wilder graduated from Virginia Union University and served in the United States Army during the Korean War. He established a legal practice in Richmond after graduating from the Howard University School of Law. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilder won election to the Virginia Senate in 1969. He remained in that chamber until 1986, when he took office as the Lieutenant Governor of Virginia, becoming the first African American to hold statewide office in Virginia. In the 1989 Virginia gubernatorial election, Wilder narrowly defeated Republican Marshall Coleman.

Wilder left the gubernatorial office in 1994, as the Virginia constitution prohibits governors from immediately seeking re-election. He briefly sought the 1992 Democratic presidential nomination, but withdrew from the race before the first primaries. He also briefly ran as an independent in the 1994 Virginia Senate election before dropping out of the race. Wilder returned to elective office in 2005, when he became the first directly elected mayor of Richmond. After leaving office in 2009, he worked as an adjunct professor and founded the United States National Slavery Museum.

Early life

Wilder was born on January 17, 1931, in the segregated Church Hill neighborhood of Richmond. [1] He is the son of Beulah Olive (Richards) and Robert Judson Wilder. [2] He is the grandson of slaves, his paternal grandparents having been enslaved in Goochland County. [3] The seventh of eight brothers and sisters, Wilder was named for the African-American writers Paul Laurence Dunbar and Frederick Douglass. [4]

Wilder's father sold insurance and his mother worked as a maid. While the family was never completely destitute, Wilder recalled his early years during the Great Depression as a childhood of "gentle poverty". [5]

Wilder worked his way through Virginia Union University, a historically black university, by waiting tables at hotels and shining shoes, graduating in 1951 with a degree in chemistry. [6]

Drafted into the United States Army during the Korean War, he volunteered for combat duty. At the Battle of Pork Chop Hill, he and two other men found themselves cut off from their unit, but they bluffed nineteen North Korean soldiers into surrendering, for which Wilder was awarded the Bronze Star Medal. He was a sergeant when he was discharged in 1953. [7]

Following the war, Wilder worked in the state medical examiner's office and pursued a master's degree in chemistry. In 1956 he changed his career plans and entered Howard University Law School. After graduating in 1959, he established a law practice in Richmond, the Virginia capital. [8]

Wilder married Eunice Montgomery in 1958. The couple had three children before divorcing in 1978: Lynn Diana; Lawrence Douglas Jr.; and Loren Deane. [9]

Early political life

Douglas Wilder had joined the Democratic Party and began his career in public office by winning a 1969 special election for the Virginia State Senate from a Richmond-area district. He was the first African American elected to the Virginia Senate since Reconstruction. A 1970 redistricting gave Wilder a predominantly African-American district, and he became a liberal in a predominantly conservative, white-majority legislature.

Wilder briefly flirted with an independent bid for the United States Senate in 1982. He did so after the initial favorite for the Democratic nomination, State Delegate Owen Pickett of Virginia Beach, paid homage to the Byrd Organization in announcing his bid. Angered that Pickett would praise a political machine who obstinately resisted racial integration, Wilder threatened to make an independent bid for the seat if Pickett won the nomination. [10] Pickett not only realized that Wilder was serious, but that he would siphon off enough black votes in a three-way race to hand the seat to the Republican nominee, Congressman Paul Trible. Pickett pulled out of the race, and Wilder abandoned plans to run for the Senate.

In 1985 Wilder was narrowly elected as the 35th Lieutenant Governor of Virginia on a Democratic ticket headed by Attorney General Gerald L. Baliles, the party's candidate for governor. Wilder was the first African American to win a statewide election in Virginia. Aware that he needed to reach the swath of the state's majority-white electorate, Wilder had undertaken a two-month "back roads" campaign tour of the state, visiting Virginia's predominantly rural central and western regions and enhancing his name recognition across the state.

Campaign for governor

In the 1989 campaign for governor of Virginia, Wilder had a comfortable lead in the last polls before the election. The unexpected closeness of the election may have been due to the Republicans' strong get out the vote efforts. Wilder had been candid about his pro-choice position in relation to abortion. Some observers believed the close election was caused by the Bradley effect, and suggested that white voters were reluctant to tell pollsters that they did not intend to vote for Wilder. [lower-alpha 2] Wilder was elected governor on November 8, 1989, defeating Republican Marshall Coleman by a spread of less than half a percent. The narrow victory margin prompted a recount, which reaffirmed Wilder's election.

Wilder state senate campaign poster, 1969 D.Wilder S.Senate poster.jpg
Wilder state senate campaign poster, 1969

Tenure as Governor of Virginia

Douglas Wilder was sworn in on January 13, 1990, by former U.S. Supreme Court Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. In recognition of his landmark achievement as the first elected African-American governor, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People awarded Wilder the Spingarn Medal for 1990.

During his tenure as governor, Wilder worked on crime and gun control initiatives. He also worked to fund Virginia's transportation initiatives, effectively lobbying Congress to reallocate highway money to the states with the greatest needs. [12] Much residential and office development had taken place in Northern Virginia without its receiving sufficient federal money for infrastructure improvements to keep up. He also succeeded in passing state bond issues to support improving transportation. In May 1990 Wilder ordered state agencies and universities to divest themselves of any investments in South Africa because of its policy of apartheid, making Virginia the first Southern state to take such action.[ citation needed ]

Wilder made a failed attempt to enter into an agreement with the Washington Redskins to build a stadium at Potomac Yard in Alexandria. Wilder and Washington Redskins owner Jack Kent Cooke had made an agreement for the move which entailed a $130 million subsidy by the state of the Virginia. However, legislators revised the agreement to reduce the cost to taxpayers by $40 million (relative to the original plan by Cooke and Wilder), which led Cooke to pull out of the agreement. [13]

Capital punishment

During his term, Wilder carried out Virginia's law on capital punishment, although he had stated his personal opposition to the death penalty.[ citation needed ] There were 14 executions by the electric chair, including the controversial case of Roger Keith Coleman. In January 1994 Wilder commuted the sentence of Earl Washington Jr., an intellectually disabled man, to life in prison based on testing of DNA evidence that raised questions about his guilt. Virginia law has strict time limits on when such new evidence can be introduced post-conviction. But in 2000, under a new governor, an STR-based DNA test led to the exclusion of Washington as the perpetrator of the murder for which he had been sentenced. He was fully exonerated by Governor Jim Gilmore for the capital murder and he was released from prison.

As Virginia limits consecutive gubernatorial terms, Wilder was succeeded in 1994 by George Allen.

Campaigns for president and senate

Wilder declared himself a candidate for President in 1992, but withdrew before the primary season had ended. He briefly ran for the U.S. Senate as an independent in 1994.

In the mid-1990s Wilder was scrutinized for his attacks on fellow Democrat Chuck Robb and support of Republican Mark Earley.[ citation needed ]

Mayor of Richmond

On May 30, 2004, Wilder announced his intention to run for Mayor of Richmond. Until 2004, the Richmond City Council had chosen the mayor from among its 9 members. The move to change this policy succeeded in November 2003 when voters approved a mayor-at-large referendum, with roughly 80 percent voting in favor of the measure. Wilder was a leading proponent of the mayor-at-large proposal.

On November 2, 2004, Wilder received 79% of the vote (55,319 votes) to become the first directly elected mayor of the city in sixty years. Upon winning the election, Wilder communicated his intentions to take on corruption in the city government, issuing several ultimatums to the sitting city council before he took office. He was sworn in on January 2, 2005.

He was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition, [14] a bipartisan group with a stated goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets." The Coalition was co-chaired by former Boston Mayor Thomas Menino and former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg.

On May 16, 2008, Wilder announced that he would not seek reelection to another four-year term as mayor.

Post-political career

Wilder has continued as a professor in public policy at Virginia Commonwealth University within the L. Douglas Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs. [15] He writes occasional editorials for Virginia newspapers.

Douglas Wilder is the founder of the United States National Slavery Museum, a non-profit organization based in Fredericksburg, Virginia. The museum has been fundraising and campaigning since 2001 to establish a national museum of slavery in America. In June 2008 Wilder requested that the museum be granted tax exempt status, which was denied. [16] From that time, taxes on the land had not been paid and the property was at risk of being sold at auction by the city of Fredericksburg. [17]

Beset by financial problems the museum has been assessed delinquent property taxes for the years 2009, 2010, and 2011 amounting to just over $215,000. [18] The organization filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy protection on September 22, 2011. Early in 2011 Douglas Wilder was refusing to respond to or answer any questions from either news reporters or patrons who had donated artifacts. [19]

Wilder made news in 2012 when he refused to support Barack Obama, the nation's first black president, for another term. [20] He noted that he supported Obama in 2008, but said the president's tenure in the Oval Office thus far had been a disappointment. Wilder did not endorse Mitt Romney, the Republican challenger, and later said that he hoped for an Obama victory despite having gone to a Romney fundraiser. [20]

In 2015, Wilder published an autobiography, Son of Virginia: A Life in America's Political Arena. [21]

In March 2018, Wilder filed suit against John Accordino, who was serving as the Dean of his namesake college, for harassing Wilder's assistant. [22] This led to Accordino stepping down from his position and Susan Gooden being named as the interim dean of the college and then Wilder dropping the suit 4 months after filing. [23]

In March 2019, Sydney Black filed a complaint under Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 against Wilder for sexual harassment after she claims he made sexual advances to her, which she rebuffed, and then told her later that there was no funding for her position at the Virginia Commonwealth University. [24] In July 2019, the university's independent investigator concluded that Wilder did kiss the student without her consent. [25] In response, Wilder provided a detailed rebuttal, in which he denied "non-consensual sexual contact” between Black and him. [25] In addition, he denied retaliating against her by saying her position had been eliminated. [25] Wilder also claimed the investigator ignored contradictory evidence, including his claim that Black called him eight times after the night during which he supposedly kissed her, something she presumably would not have done if she felt harassed or threatened. [25] The university planned to consider the investigator's findings and Wilder's rebuttal before deciding what action to take, if any. [25] On October 24, 2019, Wilder announced that the university's internal review panel had cleared him of wrongdoing. [26]

In 2020, Wilder raised concerns that the state archives at the Library of Virginia had failed to provide access to the records of his gubernatorial administration. [27]

In 2021, following the gubernatorial election of Republican Glenn Youngkin, Wilder joined Governor Youngkin's transition team, alongside former Republican governors Jim Gilmore, Bob McDonnell, and George Allen. [28]

Political stances

Since the 1970s Wilder has supported the death penalty. He generally ran on "anti-crime" platforms. In response to a waning budget balance due to state economic problems, Wilder supported some of the most dramatic cuts in the United States in allocations for higher education.

Honors and awards

Personal papers

The L. Douglas Wilder Collection resides at the L. Douglas Wilder Library and Learning Resource Center at Wilder's alma mater, Virginia Union University. [31] The collection contains press office photographs from Wilder's time as governor, over 600 audio cassette tapes of Wilder's WRVA radio talk show as well as other speeches, and over 350 video cassettes of political events, campaign materials, and news appearances. A gallery located in the library also displays many of Wilder's political recognitions and awards.

See also

Notes

  1. The first African-American governor of a U.S. state was P. B. S. Pinchback, who was not elected to the office of governor. Pinchback became Governor of Louisiana upon the removal of his predecessor from office, and served as governor from December 1872 to January 1873.
  2. Such an observation is common enough that the Bradley effect is sometimes called the "Wilder effect". [11]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gerald Baliles</span> American politician and lawyer (1940–2019)

Gerald Lee Baliles was a Virginia lawyer and Democratic politician whose career spanned great social and technological changes in his native state. The 65th Governor of Virginia, the native of Patrick County previously served as the Commonwealth's attorney general (1982–85), and represented Richmond and Henrico County in the Virginia House of Delegates (1972-1982). After another stint in private legal practice, with Hunton & Williams (1991-2005), Baliles directed the nonpartisan Miller Center of Public Affairs associated with his alma mater, the University of Virginia (2006-2014).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Linwood Holton</span> American politician (1923–2021)

Abner Linwood Holton Jr. was an American politician and attorney. He served as the 61st governor of Virginia, from 1970 to 1974, and was the first elected Republican governor of Virginia of the 20th century. He was known for supporting civil rights, integration, and public investment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">J. Sargeant Reynolds</span> American politician

Julian Sargeant "Sarge" Reynolds of Richmond, Virginia, was an American educator, businessman, and Democratic politician. He served in both the House and Senate of the Virginia General Assembly and served as 30th Lieutenant Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia under Governor Linwood Holton. He died of an inoperable brain tumor at age 34 while in office as Virginia's Lieutenant Governor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Russ Potts</span> American politician (1939–2021)

Harry Russell Potts Jr. was an American businessman, journalist, and politician who served as a Republican state senator in Virginia, representing the 27th district from 1992 to 2008. An independent candidate for Governor of Virginia in 2005, Potts received 2.22 percent of the vote in a race won by Democrat Tim Kaine, far below the votes received by Republican Jerry Kilgore. Following backlash within the Republican Party from his 2005 independent candidacy, Potts retired from the state senate at the following election.

The Committee of Nine was a group of conservative political leaders in Virginia, led by Alexander H. H. Stuart, following the American Civil War, when Virginia was required to adopt a new Constitution acknowledging the abolition of slavery before its readmission into the Union. They engineered the federal and state political machinery so that separate votes would be taken on the constitution and provisions restricting voting and office-holding rights of former Confederates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James L. Kemper</span> Confederate general and American politician (1823–1895)

James Lawson Kemper was a lawyer, a Confederate general in the American Civil War, and the 37th Governor of Virginia. He was the youngest brigade commander and only non-professional general officer in the division that led Pickett's Charge, during which he was severely wounded.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marshall Coleman</span> American politician

John Marshall Coleman is an American lawyer and Republican politician who served in both houses of the Virginia General Assembly during the 1970s. He was the first Republican elected as Attorney General of Virginia since Reconstruction and served 1978–1982, although his later campaigns for Governor of Virginia and U.S. Senate proved unsuccessful.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry Howell</span> American politician

Henry Evans Howell, Jr., nicknamed "Howlin' Henry" Howell, was an American lawyer and politician from the Commonwealth of Virginia. A progressive populist and a member of the Democratic Party, he served in both houses of the Virginia General Assembly, was elected the 31st Lieutenant Governor of Virginia as an Independent Democrat, and made several runs for governor.

The United States National Slavery Museum was an unfunded proposal for a museum to commemorate American slavery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Owen B. Pickett</span> American politician (1930–2010)

Owen Bradford Pickett was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles F. Mercer</span> American politician (1778–1858)

Charles Fenton Mercer was a nineteenth-century politician and lawyer from Loudoun County, Virginia who served in the U.S. House of Representatives and the Virginia General Assembly.

The Democratic Party of Virginia is the Virginia affiliate of the Democratic Party based in Richmond, Virginia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 Virginia gubernatorial election</span> Election for the governorship of the U.S. state of Virginia

The 2009 Virginia gubernatorial election took place in Virginia on November 3, 2009. The incumbent Governor, Democrat Tim Kaine, was not eligible to run due to term limits established by the Virginia Constitution, though others in the state's executive branch were not restricted. Republican Bob McDonnell was elected as Governor as part of a Republican sweep. Republican Bill Bolling was reelected as lieutenant governor, and Republican Ken Cuccinelli was elected as attorney general. The winners were inaugurated on January 16, 2010, and served until January 11, 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of Virginia</span> Politics of a U.S. state

The politics of Virginia have followed major historical events and demographic changes in the commonwealth. In the 21st century, the northern region has become more liberal in attitudes and voting, constituting a reliable voting bloc for Democrats and joining with population centers in the Richmond Metropolitan and Hampton Roads areas to dominate the state. Political orientation varies by region, with the larger cities and suburban areas generally voting Democratic and the rural areas voting Republican. The southern, rural regions have remained rural and conservative. Until 2021 when the GOP swept all statewide offices, Virginia was shifting more Democratic and now is considered a swing state again by most pundits.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James Taylor Ellyson</span> American politician (1847–1919)

James Taylor Ellyson was a former Confederate soldier, as well as Virginia lawyer and Democratic politician, who served in several positions in his native Richmond, Virginia and statewide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1989 Virginia gubernatorial election</span> Election for the governorship of the U.S. state of Virginia

The 1989 Virginia gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1989. Incumbent Democratic Governor Jerry Baliles was unable to seek a second term due to term limits. Democratic nominee and Lieutenant Governor L. Douglas Wilder went against former Attorney General of Virginia J. Marshall Coleman in one of the closest elections in Virginia history. Upon taking the oath of office in January 1990, Governor Wilder became the first African-American governor of Virginia, and the first African-American governor of any state since Reconstruction more than one hundred years earlier.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tom Moss (politician)</span> American politician

Thomas Warren Moss, Jr. was an American politician, most recently serving as the City Treasurer of Norfolk, a post to which he was elected in 2001. Prior to that, he served 36 years as a Democratic member of the Virginia House of Delegates, and was its Speaker 1991–2000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John H. Hager</span> American businessman and politician (1936–2020)

John Henry Hager was an American politician who served as the 37th Lieutenant Governor of Virginia from 1998 to 2002. He was the first person with a disability to be elected to that office. He proceeded to act as an assistant secretary within the United States Department of Education from 2004 to 2007. He also served as the chairman of the Republican Party of Virginia from August 2007 until May 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1997 Virginia gubernatorial election</span> Election for the governorship of the U.S. state of Virginia

The 1997 Virginia gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1997. The incumbent Governor, George Allen, was barred from seeking a second term due to Virginia's unique term limits law. The Republican candidate, Jim Gilmore, the Attorney General of Virginia defeated the Democratic nominee, Don Beyer, the incumbent Lieutenant Governor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Justin Fairfax</span> Lieutenant Governor of Virginia from 2018 to 2022

Justin Edward Fairfax is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 41st lieutenant governor of Virginia from 2018 to 2022. A member of the Democratic Party, he is the second African-American elected statewide in Virginia, following Douglas Wilder. In 2019, he faced sexual assault allegations dating to 2000 and 2004, which he denied. In 2021, he was a Democratic candidate for Governor of Virginia. He finished fourth in the Democratic primary with 3.54% of the vote.

References

  1. Jessie Carney Smith, Notable Black American Men, Book 1, 1998, page 1218
  2. Untold Glory: African Americans in Pursuit of Freedom, Opportunity, and Achievement, Harlem Moon/Broadway Books. 2007. p. 372.
  3. Donald P. Baker, Wilder: Hold Fast to Dreams; A Biography of L. Douglas Wilder, 1989, page 3
  4. Associated Press, Spokane Spokesman-Review, "Virginia Gov. Wilder Running for President", September 14, 1991.
  5. Joe Taylor, Associated Press, "Wilder’s Roots in ‘Gentle Poverty’", Ocala Star-Banner , November 9, 1989.
  6. Virginia Union University, The Wilder Collection: Biographical Information Archived April 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine , Retrieved October 5, 2013.
  7. Associated Press, Fredericksburg Free Lance-Star, Wilder: Former Governor Now a Candidate for Richmond Mayor, September 26, 2005.
  8. CNN.com, "Then & Now: Douglas Wilder", June 19, 2005.
  9. B. Drummond Ayres, Jr., New York Times, "The 1989 Elections: The Virginia Contest; Man in the News; Lawrence Douglas Wilder; From Confrontation to Conciliation", The New York Times November 8, 1989.
  10. Barone, Michael; Ujifusa, Grant (1987). The Almanac of American Politics 1988 . p. 1227.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  11. Kevin Drum, "East Coast Bias Watch", washingtonmonthly.com, July 23, 2008. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  12. "Then & Now: Douglas Wilder", CNN, June 19, 2005. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
  13. "WashingtonPost.com: Cooke, Wilder Give Up on Stadium". www.washingtonpost.com. 1992.
  14. "Mayors Against Illegal Guns: Coalition Members". Archived from the original on March 6, 2007.
  15. "People — L. Douglas Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs". wilder.vcu.edu. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
  16. Gould, Pamela (February 21, 2009). "Slavery museum's future in doubt". The Free Lance-Star . Fredericksburg, VA. Archived from the original on February 24, 2009. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
  17. Hannon, Kelly (December 29, 2010). "Land Sale Looms for Museum Site". The Free Lance-Star. Fredericksburg, VA. Archived from the original on April 7, 2011. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
  18. "Slavery Museum Misses Tax Deadline". Richmond Times-Dispatch . August 14, 2011.
  19. Hannon, Kelly (February 13, 2011). "Slavery Museum Donors Ignored". The Free Lance-Star. Fredericksburg, VA. Archived from the original on February 15, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  20. 1 2 "Nation's first African American Governor decides not to endorse President Obama for President – But He is Voting for Pres Obama". Gretawire . November 5, 2012. Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
  21. Laura Vozella (November 28, 2015). "At 84, the Virginia maverick is still bucking". The Washington Post . Retrieved December 3, 2015.
  22. Mattingly, Justin; Oliver, Ned. "Former Gov. Douglas Wilder sues dean of school bearing his name claiming assistant was harassed". Roanoke Times. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
  23. Mattingly, Justin. "Wilder drops lawsuit against VCU, ousted dean of school bearing his name". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
  24. Washington Post, Jenna Portnoy Washington DC. "College student accuses former Virginia governor Douglas Wilder of Sexual Harassment". The Washington Post . Retrieved March 28, 2019.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 Suderman, Alan (July 23, 2019). "Ex-Virginia governor says harassment probe was unfair". Associated Press . New York, NY.
  26. "Ex-Gov. Wilder says panel clears him of kissing allegation". AP News.com. New York, NY: Associated Press. October 24, 2019.
  27. Library of Virginia apologizes for delay with Wilder papers, promises fix as 'highest priority' (July 9, 2020)
  28. Times-Dispatch, MEL LEONOR Richmond (November 10, 2021). "Wilder teams up with Youngkin, former GOP governors as transition begins". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  29. Division of University Relations, University Public Affairs (May 21, 2004). "VCU board approves naming of the L. Douglas Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs". Virginia Commonwealth University News. Virginia Commonwealth University.
  30. 1 2 "Past Phoenix Award Honorees (1996 – 2018)". https://s7.goeshow.com/cbcf/annual/2020/documents/CBCF_ALC_-_Phoenix_Awards_Dinner_Past_Winners.pdf
  31. "The L. Douglas Wilder Collection". Archived from the original on April 24, 2013. Retrieved October 6, 2013.

Further reading

Senate of Virginia
Preceded by Member of the Virginia Senate
from the 30th district

1970–1972
Succeeded by
Preceded by Member of the Virginia Senate
from the 9th district

1972–1986
Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Lieutenant Governor of Virginia
1986–1990
Succeeded by
Preceded by Governor of Virginia
1990–1994
Succeeded by
Preceded by Mayor of Richmond
2005–2009
Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Democratic nominee for Governor of Virginia
1989
Succeeded by
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded byas Former US Senator Order of precedence of the United States
Within Virginia
Succeeded byas Former Governor
Preceded byas Former Governor Order of precedence of the United States
Outside Virginia