Driving Emotion Type-S

Last updated

Driving Emotion Type-S
DrivingEmotionbox.JPG
European cover art featuring BMW 328ci (E46)
Developer(s) Escape
Publisher(s)
Director(s) Toru Ikebuchi
Producer(s) Shinji Hashimoto
Composer(s)
Platform(s) PlayStation 2
Release
  • JP: March 30, 2000
  • EU: January 19, 2001 [1]
  • NA: January 30, 2001 [2]
Genre(s) Racing
Mode(s) Single-player, multiplayer

Driving Emotion Type-S [lower-alpha 1] is a racing game developed by Escape and published by Square. It was published in Japan on March 30, 2000 and was Square's first release for the PlayStation 2 console. After criticisms of the game's handling, the international versions feature revised controls and additional contents, and were released in January 2001 by Square Electronic Arts in North America and Electronic Arts in Europe.

Contents

The game features officially licensed cars from international manufacturers. Several modes of playing are present, including a training mode and a two-player mode. The game's music, primarily composed by Shinji Hosoe, was published as a soundtrack in Japan. Sales for the game were low and professional reviews very mixed, with either praises or criticism of the game's graphics, controls and sounds.

Gameplay

The game's interface depicts information about the race, as well as a mini-map and speedometer. The player is here driving a Honda Civic Type R. Driving Emotion Type-S screenshot.jpg
The game's interface depicts information about the race, as well as a mini-map and speedometer. The player is here driving a Honda Civic Type R.

The gameplay of Driving Emotion Type-S follows general conventions of racing games. The game's physics and controls intend to be realistic and are based on vehicular weight. [3] The player competes in races with other computer-controlled cars in order to unlock new cars and tracks. Car settings can be customized, as well as their colors, before each course. [4] Driving Emotion Type-S includes 43 officially licensed cars with a variety range from Import scene cars, Luxury Cars and Exotic Car from Eight Japanese and Five European manufacturers, including BMW, Toyota, Honda, [lower-alpha 2] Nissan, [lower-alpha 3] Mazda, Porsche, Subaru, Mitsubishi, TVR, Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, and Lexus which was exclusive to the Western versions of the game. [5] [6] Fourteen courses are available in total, including two fictional circuit and three real circuit including Suzuka Circuit, [lower-alpha 4] and Tsukuba Circuit, [lower-alpha 5] and one exclusive to the Western versions of the game called West Coast. [7] [8]

There are four game modes. The "Arcade Type-S" mode is the main part of the game, and allows the player to immediately join a race. Only four cars (three in western release) are available at the beginning of the game, but as the player wins more races, more cars and tracks are unlocked. [8] The "Line Training" mode enables the player to try out any of the tracks and improve their driving techniques, without any computer-controlled car. An ideal racing line is shown in red on the track and becomes jagged when the suggested braking points are approached. [6] This mode features four autocross tracks that do not feature in the other modes. A "Time Attack" and split-screen two-player "Vs Mode" fill out the gameplay. [lower-alpha 6] [4]

Development

Announced in January 2000 under the working title of Type-S, Driving Emotion Type-S was developed by Escape, a subsidiary of Square. Its development team had previously worked with DreamFactory on Ehrgeiz and the Tobal series as well as Square's racing titles Racing Lagoon and Chocobo Racing for the PlayStation. [9] The announcement was later followed by a four-page advertisement in the Japanese gaming magazine Weekly Famitsu , which stated that the game would be Square's first release for the PlayStation 2. [10]

In Japan, a playable demo was showcased at Square's "Millennium Event", a show held in January 2000 at Yokohama Arena. [11] Teaser adverts of the game were among the first ones to air in Japan for the systems (the teaser featuring the Porsche 911 GT3 (996.1) and Ferrari 360 Modena). [12] The game was also showcased in the United States at the Electronic Entertainment Expo at Los Angeles Convention Center, from May 11–13 of the same year. [13] This demonstration was not playable however, as focus groups were revising the game to improve upon the Japanese version. [14] According to GameSpot , the level of body details and shading was also refined. [8] The international versions of the game were eventually released ten months after the Japanese version. [2]

Soundtrack

Driving Emotion Type-S Original Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by
Shinji Hosoe, Ayako Saso, and Takayuki Aihara
ReleasedDecember 29, 2001 [15]
Genre Video game music
Length59:52
Label Super Sweep
Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
Chudah's Corner(A+) [16]

The music of the game was primarily composed by Shinji Hosoe, with contributions by Ayako Saso and Takayuki Aihara. The soundtrack was published in Japan by Hosoe's label Super Sweep Records, on December 29, 2001, and was sold bundled with the soundtrack of the video game Bushido Blade . [17] The music is mostly techno-based, with rock and jazz elements. According to the game music website Chudah's Corner, one of the more varied track is the opener "Rush About", which features electronic beats, a duet of saxophone and electric guitar, and a piano. The site also mentions the synth-influenced "Best Tone" and its bass solo as Ayako Saso's most enjoyable contribution, while Takayuki Aihara's is the catchy 80s rock tune "F-Beat". Finally, the site cites the piano-based "Recollections of Sepia" as the calmest track of the album. [16]

Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg
"Rush About"
13-second sample from the game's opening theme.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

All tracks are written by Shinji Hosoe, except where noted

Track list [17]
No.TitleWriter(s)Length
1."Rush About" 2:11
2."Stray" 1:12
3."A Light Turn" 4:35
4."Best Tone"Ayako Saso5:17
5."F-Beat"Takayuki Aihara5:13
6."Shake Off"Ayako Saso2:46
7."Heavy Way" 4:46
8."Wild Feeling"Ayako Saso4:24
9."Pass Through" 5:24
10."Back Swing"Takayuki Aihara4:35
11."Power" 4:16
12."Insomnia Operation" 4:24
13."Challenge to a Limit"Ayako Saso4:51
14."Recollections of Sepia" 2:16
15."To the Whirlpool of Light" 2:25
16."Internal-Organs" 0:32
17."Complication" 0:45

Reception

Commercial

A week after its Japanese release, the game had sold 46,600 units. [18] It made a more mediocre start outside Japan, with only 2,500 units sold in the U.S. a week after its release. [19] AllGame noted that while the game sold poorly, it nevertheless benefited commercially from having been released before Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec , which received "universal acclaim" from critics, and became a best-selling PlayStation 2 title until Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas was released. [4] [7] [8] [20] [21]

Critical

The game received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. [22] In Japan, Weekly Famitsu gave the title a score of 28 out of 40, praising its graphics, usage of real cars and innovative driver's view perspective. Game Informer and GameZone also lauded the game's realistic car interiors and highly detailed environments, putting them on par with those of Ridge Racer V and Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec. [3] [4] Still, AllGame noted the presence of a subtle shimmering effect in the graphics, an effect typically seen on early PlayStation 2 titles, while GameRevolution found the graphics "severely jagged". [5] [20] The shimmering and jaggedness were also noted by GameSpot and IGN , which did not feel they were that irritating. [7] [8]

The game's car interior view was praised for its level of details. The player is here driving a Mitsubishi FTO GP Version R. Driving Emotion Type-S cockpit.jpg
The game's car interior view was praised for its level of details. The player is here driving a Mitsubishi FTO GP Version R.

Concerning the game's playability, the Japanese release was judged "impossible to play" by GameSpot and IGN, which both felt the game was an improvement, even though it was still "far more sensitive than it ought to be". [7] [8] Still, GameRevolution found the car default settings unbalanced and hard to re-adjust properly, and criticized the game's inconsistent AI, like AllGame and IGN. [5] [7] [20] Famitsu reported long load times and a high difficulty level, noting that the game was aimed more toward fans of sim racing than fans of arcade-style gameplay, due to the difficulty of steering. [26] Game Informer and GameZone echoed Famitsu's review, stating that the load times quickly become a "game-ending nightmare", and calling the game's handling "touchy", "intense" and "revolutionary", but acknowledging that most players would simply find it too challenging and frustrating to be fun. [3] [4] While Game Informer alleged that "there is a masterpiece for driving simulator buffs buried in here", AllGame was much more negative, stating that the cars "seem overly light on their tires" and that it "feels like you're driving on ice". [20]

Reviews for the game's audio were also mixed. The music was praised by Chudah's Corner, which called it the game's "saving grace" and "a marvel of its own", while Game Informer called it "decent" but felt Square should have enlisted big bands to match the music of the competitor series Gran Turismo . [3] [16] GameSpot called the music "solid, albeit imperfect" and also thought that it lacked impact compared to that of Gran Turismo 2 , R4: Ridge Racer Type 4 or Ridge Racer V. While the site praised the game's ambient sound effects as realistic and detailed, IGN and GameZone felt they were too muted and "nothing special". [4] [7] [8] GameZone, GameRevolution and GamePro felt the music was "intolerable" and "out-of-tune", "cheesy and annoying", and sounded like "a flock of seagulls being maimed and tortured". [4] [5] [21] [lower-alpha 9]

Randy Nelson of NextGen 's June 2000 issue called the Japanese import a pure concept racer with brief glimpses of technical brilliance, but was critical to its awkward controls and a dissatisfying lack of structure. [30] Nine issues later, however, he said that the U.S. version had some improvements, but noted a play balance and AI problems. [29]

Notes

  1. ↑ Japanese: ドライビング・エモーション・タイプエス, Hepburn: Doraibingu Emōshon Taipu Esu
  2. ↑ The Honda Integra and NSX were sold under the Acura nameplate in North America.
  3. ↑ The Nissan Primera was sold as Infiniti G20 in North America.
  4. ↑ In Grand Prix circuit and East circuit configuration.
  5. ↑ Including Tsukuba 2000 course configuration and four autocross tracks.
  6. ↑ Both Time Attack and Vs Mode features the Oval and Dragstrip configuration of the Japan Automobile Research Institute "Tsukuba Proving Grounds" that do not feature in both "Arcade Type-S" and "Line Training" modes.
  7. ↑ In Electronic Gaming Monthly 's review of the game, two critics gave it each a score of 6/10, and the other gave it 5/10.
  8. ↑ In GameFan 's viewpoint of the Japanese import, three critics gave it each a score of 65, 70, and 49.
  9. ↑ GamePro gave the game 4/5 for graphics, 1.5/5 for sound, 2/5 for control, and 2.5/5 for fun factor.

Related Research Articles

<i>Chocobo Racing</i> 1999 racing video game

Chocobo Racing is a racing game developed and published by Square for the PlayStation, A spin-off of the Final Fantasy series and part of the Chocobo spin-off series. It was released in Japan in March 1999, followed by North America and Europe in August and October, respectively. The game's star and namesake is the Chocobo, with other figures from the Final Fantasy series, such as Mog the Moogle, the Black Mage, and Cid being part of the cast. Most of the game's soundtrack is composed using songs from previous Final Fantasy titles. As a formulaic kart racer, Chocobo Racing is often compared to Mario Kart and Crash Team Racing.

<i>Bangai-O</i> 1999 video game

Bangai-O is a multidirectional shooter developed by Treasure and released in 1999 on the Nintendo 64 in Japan. It was ported to the Dreamcast worldwide shortly after with some gameplay changes and updated graphics and audio. The game places the player in control of a weaponized mech that can hover across large stages and fire at enemies all around them. The player must reach the end of each stage and defeat the boss, while avoiding hazards scattered across the map such as enemy mechs and gun turrets.

Armored Core is a third-person shooter mecha video game series developed by FromSoftware. The series centers on a silent protagonist who takes on work as a mercenary pilot in the far future, operating large robot combat units known as Armored Cores at the behest of corporate and private clients. As the player completes missions for these clients, they gain credits to improve their Armored Core and unlock further opportunities to make money. Some games include an "Arena" mode in which the player fights other Armored Core pilots in head-to-head battles, which can reward the player with further income or prestige.

<i>Smugglers Run</i> 2000 video game

Smuggler's Run is a video game developed by Angel Studios and published by Rockstar Games as a launch title for the PlayStation 2 on October 26, 2000. In the game, the player plays as a smuggler who has a number of different vehicles at his disposal including dune buggies, rally cars, and military vehicles. The vehicles are used to smuggle assorted cargo through three different large, open levels. The game, which was an early release for the Sony PlayStation 2, features career and 1- to 2-player arcade modes.

<i>Bushido Blade</i> (video game) 1997 video game

Bushido Blade is a 3D fighting video game developed by Lightweight and published by Square and Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation in 1997. The game features one-on-one armed combat. Its name refers to the Japanese warrior code of honor bushidō.

<i>Midnight Club: Street Racing</i> 2000 video game

Midnight Club: Street Racing is a 2000 racing video game developed by Angel Studios and published by Rockstar Games. The game focuses on competitive street racing and the import scene. Two distinct versions of the game were released for the PlayStation 2 and Game Boy Advance platforms, the former being a launch title for the platform. It is the first game in Midnight Club franchise, followed by Midnight Club II.

<i>Need for Speed: Porsche Unleashed</i> 2000 racing video game

Need for Speed: Porsche Unleashed, released as Need for Speed: Porsche 2000 in Europe and Need for Speed: Porsche in Latin America and Germany, is a 2000 racing video game. It is the fifth installment in the Need for Speed series. Unlike other NFS titles, Porsche Unleashed centers on racing Porsche sports cars, with models ranging from years 1950 to 2000.

<i>V-Rally 2</i> 1999 video game

V-Rally 2 is a racing video game developed by Eden Studios and published by Infogrames for PlayStation, Dreamcast and Microsoft Windows. It was originally planned for release as a Nintendo 64 title, but was cancelled during the early development phases of the game and was never officially announced.

<i>R4: Ridge Racer Type 4</i> 1998 video game

R4: Ridge Racer Type 4, released without the 'R4' prefix in PAL territories, is a 1998 racing video game developed and published by Namco for the PlayStation. It is the fourth home title in the Ridge Racer series after Rage Racer (1996) and was initially released on December 3, 1998 in Japan, with global releases following in 1999.

<i>Fantavision</i> (video game) 2000 video game

Fantavision, sometimes stylized as FantaVision, is a 2000 puzzle video game developed and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2 (PS2). The game's objective is to use a cursor to select three or more launched fireworks of the same color in a row and then to detonate them to increase the player's score. Used in conjunction with various power-ups, the resulting explosions can ignite and chain together even more flares for additional points.

<i>Ridge Racer V</i> 2000 video game

Ridge Racer V is a 2000 racing game developed and published by Namco for the PlayStation 2 as a launch game for that platform, and later followed by a home-to-arcade port subtitled Arcade Battle. Ridge Racer V is the fifth main title of the Ridge Racer series following R4: Ridge Racer Type 4 and the only one to be released on PlayStation 2.

<i>Silpheed: The Lost Planet</i> 2000 video game

Silpheed: The Lost Planet is a 2000 shooter video game. It is a direct sequel to Silpheed. It was developed by Treasure and Game Arts, and published in North America by Working Designs. The game is a vertical scrolling shooter in which the player controls 019, a Silpheed of the planet Solont's SA-77 Squadron, as it takes on countless alien enemies.

<i>Sega GT</i> 2000 video game

Sega GT, released in Japan as Sega GT: Homologation Special, is a sim racing video game co-developed by Wow Entertainment and TOSE, and published by Sega for their Dreamcast home console. The game was released in 2000. A Microsoft Windows version was published the following year—in Japan by Sega, in North America by Activision Value, and in Europe by Empire Interactive.

<i>Lego Racers</i> 1999 racing video game

Lego Racers is a 1999 Lego-themed kart racing video game developed by High Voltage Software and published by Lego Media for Microsoft Windows, followed by console ports to Nintendo 64 and PlayStation. Set in the fictional "Legoland" universe, the single-player mode follows various minifigure characters competing in a racing competition created by a fictional racing champion called Rocket Racer.

<i>GT Advance Championship Racing</i> 2001 video game

GT Advance Championship Racing, known in Japan as Advance GTA, is a racing game developed by MTO and published by THQ. It was a launch title for the Game Boy Advance. The game's sequel, GT Advance 2: Rally Racing, was released on June 30, 2002 in North America.

<i>Street Fighter EX3</i> 2000 video game

Street Fighter EX3 is a 2D head-to-head fighting game with 3D graphics, developed by Arika and published by Capcom. The game was first released on March 4, 2000 in Japan as a launch title exclusively for the PlayStation 2, making it the first game in the Street Fighter series to be released on the console. It is the third and final console installment in the Street Fighter EX series. Arika released a spiritual successor to the game and series in 2018, called Fighting EX Layer.

<i>F1 Championship Season 2000</i> 2000 video game

F1 Championship Season 2000 is a racing video game based on the 2000 Formula One season, and was released by EA Sports for PlayStation, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, Game Boy Color, and Mac OS X.

Shinji Hosoe, also known as Megaten and Sampling Masters MEGA, is a Japanese video game composer and musician most famous for scoring Ridge Racer, Street Fighter EX and many Namco arcade games between 1987 and 1996. He also runs the music production and publishing company SuperSweep, alongside long time collaborator Ayako Saso.

<i>EA Sports F1 2001</i> 2001 video game

F1 2001 is a racing video game developed by Image Space Incorporated for the Microsoft Windows version and EA UK for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox version and published by EA Sports for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2 and Xbox. It is based on the 2001 Formula One season. A port for GameCube was planned, but cancelled for unknown reasons, and eventually released with minor changes as F1 2002. A Game Boy Color version was also cancelled during development.

<i>Le Mans 24 Hours</i> (video game) 1999 video game

Le Mans 24 Hours is a video game released for the PlayStation, Game Boy Color, Dreamcast, PlayStation 2, and Microsoft Windows. The Dreamcast version was ported and published by Sega in Japan on 15 March 2001, while the PlayStation 2 version was ported and published by the same company on 13 June. Based on the famous 24 hours of Le Mans race in France, the player is invited to race the entire 24-hour endurance course or take part in a simpler arcade mode. The game also featured tracks such as Bugatti Circuit, Brno Circuit, Road Atlanta, Suzuka Circuit, Donington Park and Circuit de Catalunya, as well as a weather and night system.

References

  1. ↑ Bramwell, Tom (January 19, 2001). "Console Releases". Eurogamer . Gamer Network. Archived from the original on March 8, 2002. Retrieved April 26, 2024.
  2. 1 2 IGN staff (January 30, 2001). "Let's Driving Emotion". IGN . Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Reiner, Andrew (February 2001). "Driving Emotion Type-S". Game Informer . No. 94. FuncoLand. ISSN   1067-6392.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Krause, Kevin (February 20, 2001). "Driving Emotion Type-S". GameZone. Archived from the original on March 14, 2005. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Liu, Johnny (February 2001). "Driving Emotion Type-S Review". GameRevolution . CraveOnline. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
  6. 1 2 Human Tornado (December 19, 2000). "Driving Emotion Type-S First Look for PS2 on GamePro.com". GamePro . IDG. Archived from the original on December 28, 2004. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Smith, David (January 31, 2001). "Driving Emotion Type-S". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Provo, Frank (April 12, 2000). "Driving Emotion Type-S Review [JP Import][date mislabeled as "January 29, 2001"]". GameSpot . Fandom. Archived from the original on January 27, 2001. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
  9. ↑ IGN staff (January 7, 2000). "PS2 Type-S in the Flesh". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
  10. ↑ IGN staff (January 19, 2000). "Square Suplexes PlayStation2 [sic]". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  11. ↑ Horst, Timothy; Zdyrko, Dave (January 31, 2000). "Square Event: Impressions of Driving Emotion Type-S". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  12. ↑ Horst, Timothy (February 28, 2000). "PlayStation 2 Lifts Off in Japan". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  13. ↑ Zdyrko, Dave (May 2, 2000). "Pre-E3 2000: Square Reveals Lineup". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  14. ↑ Nix, Marc (May 11, 2000). "E3 2000: Square EA Shows PS2 Wares". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
  15. ↑ "Discography". Shinji Hosoe - Official English Website. p. 3. Archived from the original on April 29, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
  16. 1 2 3 Dragon God. "Driving Emotion Type-S / Bushido Blade Original Soundtrack Review". Chudah's Corner. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved May 21, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  17. 1 2 "Driving Emotion Type-S / Bushido Blade Original Soundtrack". Chudah's Corner. Archived from the original on October 19, 2007. Retrieved May 21, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  18. ↑ IGN staff (April 13, 2000). "Kirby Falls to PS2". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
  19. ↑ IGN staff (February 9, 2001). "TRST: Top Selling Games (01/28/01-02/03/01)". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 Carroll, Tom. "Driving Emotion Type-S - Review". AllGame . All Media Network. Archived from the original on November 14, 2014. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
  21. 1 2 Four-Eyed Dragon (March 2001). "Driving Emotion Type-S" (PDF). GamePro. No. 150. IDG. p. 83. Archived from the original on March 12, 2005. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  22. 1 2 "Driving Emotion Type-S critic reviews". Metacritic . Fandom. Archived from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  23. ↑ Edge staff (June 2000). "Driving Emotion Type-S [Import]" (PDF). Edge . No. 85. Future Publishing. pp. 74–75. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 11, 2023. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  24. ↑ Sewart, Greg; Davison, John; Rybicki, Joe (February 2001). "Driving Emotion Type-S" (PDF). Electronic Gaming Monthly . Ziff Davis. p. 142. Archived from the original on February 10, 2001. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  25. ↑ Walker, Mark H. (February 22, 2001). "Driving Emotion Type-S". The Electric Playground . Greedy Productions Ltd. Archived from the original on June 22, 2002. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  26. 1 2 Perry, Douglass C. (March 23, 2000). "Now Playing in Japan, Vol. 22". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  27. ↑ Van Stone, Matt "Kodomo" (July 2000). "Driving Emotion Type-S [Import]". GameFan . Vol. 8, no. 7. Shinno Media. p. 73. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
  28. ↑ Weitzner, Jason "Fury"; Ngo, George "Eggo"; Mylonas, Eric "ECM" (July 2000). "Driving Emotion Type-S [Import]". GameFan. Vol. 8, no. 7. Shinno Media. p. 13. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
  29. 1 2 Nelson, Randy (March 2001). "Driving Emotion Type-S". NextGen . No. 75. Imagine Media. p. 60. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
  30. 1 2 Nelson, Randy (June 2000). "Driving Emotion Type-S [Import]". NextGen. No. 66. Imagine Media. p. 94. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
  31. ↑ Rybicki, Joe (February 2001). "Driving Emotion Type-S". Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine . No. 41. Ziff Davis. p. 88. Archived from the original on April 18, 2001. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.