Echinognathus

Echinognathus; Temporal range: Katian, 453–445.2 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	The type material of E. clevelandi: a body segment (top; with zoomed-in detail of the integument) and an endognathary appendage (bottom)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Chelicerata
Order:	† Eurypterida
Superfamily:	† Carcinosomatoidea
Family:	† Megalograptidae
Genus:	† Echinognathus ; Walcott, 1882
Species:	†E. clevelandi
Binomial name
	†Echinognathus clevelandi; Walcott, 1882

Last updated September 09, 2023

Echinognathus is a genus of eurypterid, an extinct group of aquatic arthropods. The type and only species of Echinognathus, E. clevelandi, is known from deposits of Late Ordovician age in the United States. The generic name is derived from the Neo-Latin echino- ("spiny") and the Greek gnáthos ("jaw"), in reference to a spiny endognathary (used to handle food) appendage part of the fossil type material.

Echinognathus is only known from fragmentary fossil material, consisting of body segments, an appendage used to handle food and possibly other body segments. The genus is distinguished from other eurypterids by the large number of elongated and curved spines, blade-like in life, on its limbs. Initially assumed to represent a species of Eurypterus , these distinguishing features were quickly noticed and deemed important enough to designate Echinognathus as its own genus. With some additional fossil assigned to Echinognathus in the early 20th century, the genus was noted to be similar to Megalograptus , another eurypterid with spiny limbs. In 1955, Echinognathus and Megalograptus were placed into their own taxonomic family of eurypterids, the Megalograptidae.

Based on the proportions of other eurypterids, Echinognathus would have been a medium-sized predator, reaching approximately 45 centimeters (17.7 in) in length. The spines on its limbs were presumably used for active prey capture, securing food and carrying it to the mouth. The fossils of Echinognathus are known from what was once marine environments, and it lived alongside a fauna including graptolites, brachiopods, cephalopods and trilobites.

Description

Restoration of the endognathary appendage of E. clevelandi

Fossil of the endognathary appendage

Echinognathus is only known from fragmentary fossil remains.^[1]^[2] It was a medium-sized megalograptid eurypterid,^[1] reaching approximately 45 centimeters (17.7 in) in length.^[3] On account of being known from such fragmentary remains, most of the body of Echinognathus is unknown. Based on the related Megalograptus , it is possible that the head was subquadrate (vaguely quadratic) in shape.^[1]Echinognathus was probably robustly built.^[2]

The most distinguishing feature apparent in the fossil material was the spines of the known endognathary (used to handle food) appendage. The limb was formed by eight or nine joints,^[4] most probably eight,^[2] six of which were equipped with large, curved and elongated spines.^[4] The spines, similar to but also distinct from those of the related Megalograptus, were flattened, had a subtriangular intersection and were distinctly striated (had grooves) longitudinally. In life, they would have had a distinct blade-like appearance.^[2]

The body segments of Echinognathus were ornamented with prominent oblong scales, similar in shape to "raindrops running down a windowpane".^[2] The metastoma (a large plate located on the underside of the body) of Echinognathus was broad and cordate (heart-shaped) in shape, a feature similar to most eurypterids but differentiating it from Megalograptus, which had a more unique metastoma.^[1]

History of research

Fragment of a body segment of E. clevelandi, as illustrated by Charles Doolittle Walcott in 1882

Fossil of the body segment

The type material of Echinognathus clevelandi was first reported in February 1882 by Charles Doolittle Walcott.^[5] The fossils were recovered in deposits of Katian (Late Ordovician) age^[3] north of Utica, New York by William N. Cleveland, a friend of Walcott. At first, Walcott provisionally referred the fossils to the genus Eurypterus, proposing the species name Eurypterus? clevelandi, the name honoring Cleveland.^[5]^[4] The fossils consisted of the remains of a large endognathary appendage equipped with intact fossil spines, and part of a body segment.^[5] Later that same year, Walcott formally described the fossils. Because comparisons with other known eurypterids yielded few similarities, Walcott named Echinognathus clevelandi as a new genus and species, the genus name referring to the spiny endognathary appendage.^[4] Etymologically, the name derives from the Neo-Latin echino- ("spiny")^[6] and the Greek gnáthos ("jaw").^[7] The main distinguishing feature of the Echinognathus fossils, as noted by Walcott, was the long and curved spines of the appendage.^[4]

Further fossils from the type locality^[8] of E. clevelandi were referred to Echinognathus in the early 20th century by John Mason Clarke and Rudolf Ruedemann (and later Ruedemann alone), who described several fragments of body segments, and mentioned a larger collection of unpublished fragments, in 1912 and 1926.^[9] Fragments of a spine, or possibly the telson (the final body segment, often in the shape of a spike), were referred to Echinognathus by Ruedemann in 1916.^[9] Ruedemann's spine/telson fragments were covered in scales and not striations (as the spines of the type specimen were), and as such he noted that they might either belong to a new, second species of Echinognathus, or that the striations of the spines broke up into scales as Echinognathus matured.^[8] The spine was suggested by Kenneth E. Caster and Erik N. Kjellesvig-Waering in 1964 to instead belong to Megalograptus.^[1]

Classification

In his original description of Echinognathus, Walcott made no assessment of the relationship between the genus and other eurypterids.^[4] In Clarke's and Ruedemann's 1912 The Eurypterida of New York, Echinognathus was tentatively associated with the genus Stylonurus , particularly the subgenus Ctenopterus (later raised to a full, distinct, genus). The association was made since Echinognathus had so many paired spines on its appendage, most known eurypterids at the time, with the exception of Stylonurus and some others, only having one pair per segment. The continuous series of spines was noted to specifically be characteristic of Ctenopterus. The blade-like spines and the striations on the spines were also noted to be characteristics also seen in Ctenopterus.^[2] In The Eurypterida of New York, August Foerste compared the Echinognathus fossils to those of Megalograptus , also fragmentarily known at the time, and concluded that the two were likely closely related, if not congeneric.^[10] The discovery of more Megalograptus fossils, and more fragmentary fossils of Echinognathus, later in the 20th century allowed for the two to be firmly established as distinct, but closely related genera.^[1]^[8]^[9]

In 1934, Leif Størmer classified Megalograptus and Echinognathus, together with the genera Mixopterus and Carcinosoma , into the family Carcinosomatidae. The taxonomy was amended by Erik N. Kjellesvig-Waering in Størmer's 1955 Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology , wherein Mixopterus was transferred to its own family, the Mixopteridae, and Megalograptus and Echinognathus were also placed within their own family, the Megalograptidae.^[11] Though the taxonomic position of this family has been contested historically, phylogenetic analyses support the Megalograptidae as grouped with the Carcinosomatidae and Mixopteridae in the superfamily Carcinosomatoidea.^[12] The cladogram below is simplified from the results of a 2015 phylogenetic analysis by James Lamsdell and colleagues, collapsed to only display the Carcinosomatoidea.^[12]

Carcinosomatoidea

Megalograptidae

Pentecopterus decorahensis

Echinognathus clevelandi

Megalograptus williamsae

	Megalograptus ohioensis

	Megalograptus welchi

Mixopteridae

Lanarkopterus dolichoschelus

	Mixopterus kiaeri

	Mixopterus multispinosus

Carcinosomatidae

Holmipterus suecicus

Rhinocarcinosoma vaningeni

	Carcinosoma newlini

	Carcinosoma libertyi

	Eusarcana acrocephalus

	Eusarcana scorpionis

Paleoecology

Echinognathus is known from marine deposits.^[13] The spines on the appendages were initially hypothesized by Walcott to have been related to the branchial (i. e. respiratory) system. Walcott noted that it was "not apparent" that they were used to secure food or carry it to the mouth of the animal, the only other viable hypothesis.^[4] Based on the related Megalograptus, the second hypothesis, that the spines of Echinognathus were used for active prey capture and to move food to the mouth, is more likely.^[1]^[14] There were numerous other organisms present at the fossil site where the Echinognathus fossils were found, including graptolites Mastigograptus , Geniculograptus , Orthograptus and Climacograptus , orthocerid cephalopod Geisonoceras , lingulid brachiopod Leptolobus , rhynchonellatan brachiopod Camarotoechia and trilobite Triarthrus .^[13]

Related Research Articles

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Eurypterus is an extinct genus of eurypterid, a group of organisms commonly called "sea scorpions". The genus lived during the Silurian period, from around 432 to 418 million years ago. Eurypterus is by far the most well-studied and well-known eurypterid. Eurypterus fossil specimens probably represent more than 95% of all known eurypterid specimens.

Megalograptus is a genus of eurypterid, an extinct group of aquatic arthropods. Fossils of Megalograptus have been recovered in deposits of Katian age in North America. The genus contains five species: M. alveolatus, M. ohioensis, M. shideleri, M. welchi and M. williamsae, all based on fossil material found in the United States. Fossils unassigned to any particular species have also been found in Canada. The generic name translates to "great writing" and originates from the mistaken original belief that Megalograptus was a type of graptolite, often given names ending with -graptus.

Hibbertopterus is a genus of eurypterid, a group of extinct aquatic arthropods. Fossils of Hibbertopterus have been discovered in deposits ranging from the Devonian period in Belgium, Scotland and the United States to the Carboniferous period in Scotland, Ireland, the Czech Republic and South Africa. The type species, H. scouleri, was first named as a species of the significantly different Eurypterus by Samuel Hibbert in 1836. The generic name Hibbertopterus, coined more than a century later, combines his name and the Greek word πτερόν (pteron) meaning "wing".

Carcinosoma is a genus of eurypterid, an extinct group of aquatic arthropods. Fossils of Carcinosoma are restricted to deposits of late Silurian age. Classified as part of the family Carcinosomatidae, which the genus lends its name to, Carcinosoma contains seven species from North America and Great Britain.

<i>Nanahughmilleria</i> Extinct genus of arthropods

Nanahughmilleria is a genus of eurypterid, an extinct group of aquatic arthropods. Fossils of Nanahughmilleria have been discovered in deposits of Devonian and Silurian age in the United States, Norway, Russia, England and Scotland, and have been referred to several different species.

Onychopterella is a genus of predatory eurypterid, an extinct group of aquatic arthropods. Fossils of Onychopterella have been discovered in deposits from the Late Ordovician to the Late Silurian. The genus contains three species: O. kokomoensis, the type species, from the Early Pridoli epoch of Indiana; O. pumilus, from the Early Llandovery epoch of Illinois, both from the United States; and O. augusti, from the Late Hirnantian to Early Rhuddanian stages of South Africa.

Pittsfordipterus is a genus of eurypterid, an extinct group of aquatic arthropods. Pittsfordipterus is classified as part of the family Adelophthalmidae, the only clade in the derived ("advanced") Adelophthalmoidea superfamily of eurypterids. Fossils of the single and type species, P. phelpsae, have been discovered in deposits of Silurian age in Pittsford, New York state. The genus is named after Pittsford, where the two only known specimens have been found.

Salteropterus is a genus of eurypterid, an extinct group of aquatic arthropods. Fossils of Salteropterus have been discovered in deposits of Late Silurian age in Britain. Classified as part of the family Slimonidae, the genus contains one known valid species, S. abbreviatus, which is known from fossils discovered in Herefordshire, England, and a dubious species, S. longilabium, with fossils discovered in Leintwardine, also in Herefordshire. The generic name honours John William Salter, who originally described S. abbreviatus as a species of Eurypterus in 1859.

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References

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Caster, Kenneth E.; Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1964). "Upper Ordovician eurypterids of Ohio". Paleontological Research Institution. 4.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Clarke, John M.; Ruedemann, Rudolf (1912). The Eurypterida of New York. University of California Libraries. ISBN 978-1125460221.
1 2 Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009). "Cope's rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates". Biology Letters. 6 (2): 265–9. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0700. PMC 2865068 . PMID 19828493. Supplementary information.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Walcott, C.D. (1882). "Description of a New Genus of the Order Eurypterida from the Utica Slate". The American Journal of Science . 23 (135): 213–216. Bibcode:1882AmJS...23..213W. doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-23.135.213. S2CID 130884427.
1 2 3 Walcott, C.D. (1882). "Notice of the discovery of a Pœcilopod in the Utica slate formation". The American Journal of Science . 23 (134): 151–152.
↑ "Definition of echino- | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
↑ "Definition of -gnathous | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 2021-07-29.
1 2 3 Ruedemann, Rudolf (1916). Paleontologic Contributions from the New York State Museum. University of the State of New York. pp. 109–111.
1 2 3 Tollerton, Victor P. (2003). "Summary of a revision of New York State Ordovician eurypterids: implications for eurypterid palaeoecology, diversity and evolution". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 94 (3): 235–242. doi:10.1017/S026359330000064X. ISSN 1473-7116. S2CID 83873103.
↑ Foerste, August (1912). "Megalograpturs welchi, S. A. Miller". In Clarke, John M.; Ruedemann, Rudolf (eds.). The Eurypterida of New York. University of California Libraries. ISBN 978-1125460221.
↑ Dunlop, Jason A.; Lamsdell, James C. (2012). "Nomenclatural notes on the eurypterid family Carcinosomatidae". Zoosystematics and Evolution. 88 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1002/zoos.201200003. ISSN 1860-0743.
1 2 Lamsdell, James C.; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Liu, Huaibao P.; Witzke, Brian J.; McKay, Robert M. (2015-09-01). "The oldest described eurypterid: a giant Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) megalograptid from the Winneshiek Lagerstätte of Iowa". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 15: 169. doi: 10.1186/s12862-015-0443-9 . ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4556007 . PMID 26324341.
1 2 "Holland Patent NY North (Ordovician of the United States)". The Paleobiology Database. Archived from the original on 2021-07-29. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
↑ Hughes, Emily S.; Lamsdell, James C. (2021). "Discerning the diets of sweep-feeding eurypterids: assessing the importance of prey size to survivorship across the Late Devonian mass extinction in a phylogenetic context". Paleobiology. 47 (2): 271–283. doi:10.1017/pab.2020.18. ISSN 0094-8373. S2CID 219499643.

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[:0-1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Caster, Kenneth E.; Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1964). "Upper Ordovician eurypterids of Ohio". Paleontological Research Institution. 4.

[:111-2] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Clarke, John M.; Ruedemann, Rudolf (1912). The Eurypterida of New York. University of California Libraries. ISBN 978-1125460221.

[:32-3] 1 2 Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009). "Cope's rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates". Biology Letters. 6 (2): 265–9. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0700. PMC 2865068 . PMID 19828493. Supplementary information.

[ech2-4] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Walcott, C.D. (1882). "Description of a New Genus of the Order Eurypterida from the Utica Slate". The American Journal of Science . 23 (135): 213–216. Bibcode:1882AmJS...23..213W. doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-23.135.213. S2CID 130884427.

[ech-5] 1 2 3 Walcott, C.D. (1882). "Notice of the discovery of a Pœcilopod in the Utica slate formation". The American Journal of Science . 23 (134): 151–152.

[6] "Definition of echino- | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 2021-07-29.

[7] "Definition of -gnathous | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 2021-07-29.

[:1-8] 1 2 3 Ruedemann, Rudolf (1916). Paleontologic Contributions from the New York State Museum. University of the State of New York. pp. 109–111.

[:2-9] 1 2 3 Tollerton, Victor P. (2003). "Summary of a revision of New York State Ordovician eurypterids: implications for eurypterid palaeoecology, diversity and evolution". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 94 (3): 235–242. doi:10.1017/S026359330000064X. ISSN 1473-7116. S2CID 83873103.

[:1112-10] Foerste, August (1912). "Megalograpturs welchi, S. A. Miller". In Clarke, John M.; Ruedemann, Rudolf (eds.). The Eurypterida of New York. University of California Libraries. ISBN 978-1125460221.

[:22-11] Dunlop, Jason A.; Lamsdell, James C. (2012). "Nomenclatural notes on the eurypterid family Carcinosomatidae". Zoosystematics and Evolution. 88 (1): 19–24. doi:10.1002/zoos.201200003. ISSN 1860-0743.

[:13-12] 1 2 Lamsdell, James C.; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Liu, Huaibao P.; Witzke, Brian J.; McKay, Robert M. (2015-09-01). "The oldest described eurypterid: a giant Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) megalograptid from the Winneshiek Lagerstätte of Iowa". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 15: 169. doi: 10.1186/s12862-015-0443-9 . ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4556007 . PMID 26324341.

[:3-13] 1 2 "Holland Patent NY North (Ordovician of the United States)". The Paleobiology Database. Archived from the original on 2021-07-29. Retrieved 30 July 2021.

[14] Hughes, Emily S.; Lamsdell, James C. (2021). "Discerning the diets of sweep-feeding eurypterids: assessing the importance of prey size to survivorship across the Late Devonian mass extinction in a phylogenetic context". Paleobiology. 47 (2): 271–283. doi:10.1017/pab.2020.18. ISSN 0094-8373. S2CID 219499643.

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