Economy of Saint Martin (island)

Last updated
Economy of Saint Martin (island)
Currency Euro (EUR) in French part; Netherlands Antillean guilder (ANG) in Dutch part; US dollar available in both side
calendar year
Trade organisations
 Windward Islands Federation of Labour
Statistics
Population38,247 Dutch side - 36,992 French side
GDP $1.394 billion ($794.7 million Sint Maarten [1] /$599 million Saint Martin [2] )
(2008 est, nominal)
GDP growth
1.6% (2008 est.)
GDP per capita
$15,400 (2008 est.)
GDP by sector
agriculture: 1%; industry: 15%; services: 84% (2009 est.) [3]
1.2% (June 2015) [1]
Labour force
~45,000 (23,200 in St. Maarten)'08 [1]
Labour force by occupation
agriculture: 1.2%; industry: 16.9; services: 83.7% (2006)
Unemployment11.5% (Census 2011 Labour & Income) [4]
Main industries
 tourism, light industry, heavy industry [5]
External
Export goods
sugar
Main export partners
 China 23.49% United States 10.91% Japan 5.92% (2009 est.) [1]
Import goods
foods, manufactured goods,
Main import partners
 China 17.35% Japan 14.79% United States 8.96% Saudi Arabia 6.89% (2009 est.) [1]
Main data source: CIA World Fact Book
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.
Phillipsburg, Sint Maarten Philipsburg St Maarten.jpg
Phillipsburg, Sint Maarten

The economy of Saint Martin, divided between the French Collectivity of Saint Martin (north side) and the Dutch Sint Maarten (south side), is predominately dependent on tourism. For more than two centuries, the main commodity exports have generally been salt and locally grown commodities, like sugar.

Contents

Until the island was affected by Hurricane Irma in 2017 and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, which put a stop to cruising, tourism accounted for 80% of the economy and about four-fifths of the labor force was engaged in that sector. As an island in the Caribbean Sea, Saint Martin enjoys the kind of weather and natural geography that supports tourism. Its proximity to the rest of the Caribbean has also provided economic benefits with its largest airport, Princess Juliana International Airport on the Dutch Sint Maarten side, serving as the main gateway to the Leeward Islands. The larger post-Panamax cruise ships made regular stops to the island. The island offers duty-free shopping and there are few business restrictions to hinder growth. Though the French and Dutch parts differ slightly in terms of their economies and types of tourists, they share the Caribbean's largest lagoon, which is frequented by yachts.

In 2013, nearly 1.8 million visitors came to the island by cruise ship and roughly 500,000 visitors arrived through Princess Juliana International Airport. Cruise ships and yachts also call on Saint Martin's numerous ports and harbors. Limited agriculture and local fishing means that almost all food must be imported. Energy resources and manufactured goods are also imported. The Dutch part of the island has the highest per capita income among the five islands that formerly comprised the Netherlands Antilles. [6] [7]

Hurricane Irma (2017)

Extensive damage to buildings in Sint Maarten on 7 September 2017, hours after Hurricane Irma made landfall on the island Hurricane Irma on Sint Maarten (NL) 05.jpg
Extensive damage to buildings in Sint Maarten on 7 September 2017, hours after Hurricane Irma made landfall on the island

On 6 September 2017 the island was hit by Hurricane Irma (Category 5 at landfall), which caused widespread and significant damage, estimated at $3 billion, to buildings and infrastructure. [8] A total of 11 deaths had been reported as of 9 July 2018. [9] [10] [11] France's Minister of the Interior, Gérard Collomb, said on 8 September 2017 that most of the schools were destroyed on the French half of the island. In addition to damage caused by high winds, there were reports of serious flood damage to businesses in the village of Marigot. [12] The Washington Post reported that 95% of the structures on the French side and 75% of the structures on the Dutch side were damaged or destroyed. [13] [14]

Some days after the storm had abated, a survey by the Dutch Red Cross estimated that nearly a third of the buildings in Sint Maarten had been destroyed and that over 90% of structures on the island had been damaged. [15] Princess Juliana Airport was extensively damaged but reopened on a partial basis in two days to allow incoming relief flights and for flights that would take evacuees to other islands. [16] By March 2018 much of the territory's infrastructure was back up and running. [17]

History

In the 1630s just after colonization by the Dutch, the Dutch West India Company started major salt mining operations on the island which in turn made the island more attractive to the Spanish (who wanted to control the salt trade, a fifteen-year war ensued). When the Spanish left in 1648, the Dutch and the French re-established their presence. By the late 17th century cotton, tobacco and sugar were cultivated on the island. [18]

Until the 1950s, the economic activity of the island is based on two main activities, agriculture (sugar) and the exploitation of salt.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Saint Martin went through an economic slump because the salt works only provided a living for a limited population and the work was seasonal. The poorer segments of the population migrated to work on neighbouring islands.

The Second World War took the island out of its isolation. In 1939, the island became duty-free, making transactions inexpensive. During and after the war, the trade with the USA intensified to the point that they became the sole provider of the island because of the blockade of the Allied Forces. This period was prosperous for many traders of merchandise such as cigarettes, fabrics, and food.

When peace returned, the island took advantage of an American tourism market attracted by the Caribbean climate and environment. From 1950 to 1970, the hotel development was mainly in the Dutch part. Then, tax exemption laws allowed a real estate boom on the French side.

The main commercial centers are Philipsburg and Simpson Bay on Dutch/South side and Marigot and Grand Case on the French/North side of the island.

Currencies

The official currency and legal tender in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (French north) is the euro which replaced the French franc in 2002. Saint Martin is part of the eurozone, and is part of the European Union. [19] It is outside the Schengen Area and the EU VAT Area.

In Sint Maarten (Dutch south), the Netherlands Antillean guilder (ANG) has been the official currency since 1940. It is pegged to the United States dollar. Sint Maarten is not part of the EU or Eurozone.

The US dollar is also commonly used on both sides of the island.

Tourism

Both sides of the island largely depend on tourism, but the French part of the island is falling behind economically, as the main airport, casinos and facilities for larger cruise ships are located on the Dutch part of the island. St. Maarten is a major destination for large cruise ships in the Caribbean.

Most tourists come from the United States, which makes the island highly exposed to the US economic business cycle. In addition, its potential growth level is low, as it is hard to reach substantial productivity gains in the services sector. Tourism has been hit hard by Hurricane Irma in 2017 which destroyed most of the island’s infrastructure, and was slowly recovering when the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 put a stop, at least temporarily, to cruising as well as other tourism.

The Dutch south is known for its casinos, exotic drinks, jewelry and nightlife, while the French north is better known for its beaches, shopping and restaurants. It is known for having the best food culture in the Caribbean. [20]

In the Dutch south, there are 37 beaches, while in the French north topless sunbathing is permitted and Orient Bay has a clothing optional beach. [21] At the border between the French and Dutch territories is the Caribbean's largest lagoon, Simpson Bay, which attracts tourists with yachts.

Cruise tourism

During the 2014/2015 cruise season, cruise tourism generated nearly $US423 million in direct income. For the entire 2014/2015 cruise year, the estimated 1.85 million cruise passengers who visited St. Maarten spent a total of $US354.7 million and the estimated 377,390 crew who visited St. Maarten spent an estimated total of $US45.0 million.

Cruise tourism in St. Maarten generated direct employment for 4,897 residents who earned $101.6 million in annual wages. Adding the indirect contribution that results from the spending of those local businesses that are the direct recipients of passenger, crew and cruise line expenditures, the direct cruise tourism generated a total employment contribution of 9,259 jobs and $189.1 million in wage income in St. Maarten during the 2014/2015 cruise year.

This analyses called “Economic contribution of tourism to the destination economies” of cruise-related spending and its impact on the economies of the participating destinations was conducted by the Business Research and Economic Advisors (BREA) on behalf of the Florida-Caribbean Cruise Association (FCCA) and participating cruise destinations an analysis. [22]

The Port St. Maarten Group of Companies reported that the Y2Y comparison (2014-2015) shows that a 5% decline in cruise passengers visiting St. Maarten in 2015. [23]

According to the St. Maarten’s Government Department of Statistics, cruise ship arrivals in the first quarter of 2016 was down 15.2%. [24]

Airport Economic Impact

The Princess Juliana International Airport, which is located on the Dutch/South side of the island, is the main gateway by air to St. Maarten and other Leeward Islands. The airport is called 'SXM Airport' for short, handled 1,795,117 passengers in 2014. It is a crucial contributor to the economy of St. Maarten.

In 2014, SXM Airport and its users account for a total impact of 60% of St. Maarten’s GDP, 32.8% of GDP of the balance of payments/net, 7.5% of GDP of government revenues, 52.0% of total employment.

In 2014, the airport itself has Revenues of 106,954,353 ANG (USD 59,751,353) and Net Income 8,737,639 ANG (USD 4,881,362). It employed 268 people. [25]

Imports

Saint Martin is dependent on imports, and is especially vulnerable to price fluctuations of both oil and foodstuffs.

Companies

Winair (Windward Island Airways), a major regional airline in the Caribbean, is headquartered in Sint Maarten.

The entire island has over 300 restaurants and is considered an economic center for the NE Caribbean. [26]

Because of the Concordia Agreement (1648) and policies implemented by the Dutch in the 1980s, there is very little in the way of business restrictions. [27] [28]

Taxes

The St. Maarten (Dutch/South) tax system [29] consists of taxes on corporations and taxes on individuals. For tax purposes, corporations are classified as either resident or non-resident. The taxes on corporations are the income tax (inkomstenbelasting), profits tax (winstbelasting), dividend tax (dividendbelasting) and the company turnover tax (belasting op bedrijfsomzetten or BBO). The turnover tax (BBO) is levied on the delivery of goods and all services rendered ‘within the territory’ by resident or non-resident entrepreneurs within the scope of their business. The BBO rate is 5%. One of the taxes on individuals is payroll tax (loonbelasting). A 5% room tax (logeergastenbelasting) is levied from non-resident guests of hotels and other guesthouses, including rentals of vacation villa's and condos. Time-share guests pay a fixed fee of NAF 90 (USD 50) per week which is included in the annual maintenance fee. Gasoline and cigarettes are subject to an excise duty. A transfer tax (overdrachtsbelasting) of 4% is levied on the transfer of real estate. Furthermore, there is a Real Estate Property tax (grondbelasting). This annual tax is levied on the value of the real estate. The tax rate amounts to 0,3% of the value of both unimproved property and improved land with structure, and is charged to the owner of the properties. A person who inherits money or property on the estate of a person who has died has to pay inheritance tax (successiebelasting).

The Collectivité St. Martin (French/North) tax environment [30] The Collectivité is not authorized to vote in tax rules that are retroactive. Possibility for companies to obtain an official ruling (prise de position officielle) regarding their situation, which guarantees that the tax system applied to them will not be changed in the future. Existence of extensive jurisprudence rendered over a period of several decades by the French justice system, and which is nearly always transferable locally since local tax rules are, for the most part, based on concepts and definitions that are identical to those prescribed by tax laws in France. Company income tax: The tax base that is limited to profits made in Saint-Martin. Almost total exemption for dividends and capital gains on the sale of shareholdings. Rates of taxation: 10% or 20%. Carry-forward of losses that is unlimited in time and amount. A 10% tax rate for revenue from industrial property rights (patents, trademarks) and copyrights, as well as rights for the production of objects using 3D printing technology. A 10% tax rate for revenue from securities giving access to capital (convertible bonds, bonds with warrants). Tax-Free repatriation of profits: Absence of any withholding tax for payments to beneficiaries resident outside Saint-Martin, on dividends, interest, or royalties. Tax concessions for investment: “Tax exemption” scheme equivalent to a “tax holiday” system (exemption from corporate tax so long as the aggregate amount of taxable income is less than the amount of productive investments made). Exemption from property tax for five years for new commercial premises. Reduced transfer tax on the acquisition of land for the purposes of priority activities. No tax on imports: Apart from a specific tax on petrol products, there is no duty charged on the introduction of goods into Collectivité territory. Similarly, the TGCA tax (an indirect tax similar in some ways to VAT) is not levied on the imports of goods.

Debt

On November 2, 2006, the Dutch government set aside 65 million guilders (NAF) to pay off St. Maarten's debts. The Dutch portion of the island became a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 2010. While this was beneficial in some ways, the decision has shifted more responsibilities over to the island and with those, more debt. [31] Since St. Maarten became an autonomous country in 2010, it has never had a balanced budget and it has accumulated a debt of 200 million guilders (NAF) according to a statement by the Minister of Finance in December 2015. [32] [33]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">British Virgin Islands</span> British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean

The British Virgin Islands (BVI), officially the Virgin Islands, is a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean, to the east of Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands and north-west of Anguilla. The islands are geographically part of the Virgin Islands archipelago and are located in the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles and part of the West Indies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Netherlands Antilles</span> 1954–2010 Caribbean constituent country of the Netherlands

The Netherlands Antilles was a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The country consisted of several island territories located in the Caribbean Sea. The islands were also informally known as the Dutch Antilles. The country came into being in 1954 as the autonomous successor of the Dutch colony of Curaçao and Dependencies. The Antilles were dissolved in 2010. The Dutch colony of Surinam, although it was relatively close by on the continent of South America, did not become part of the Netherlands Antilles but became a separate autonomous country in 1954. All the island territories that belonged to the Netherlands Antilles remain part of the kingdom today, although the legal status of each differs. As a group they are still commonly called the Dutch Caribbean, regardless of their legal status. People from this former territory continue to be called Antilleans in the Netherlands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Saint Lucia</span>

Once a single-crop agricultural economy, Saint Lucia has shifted to a tourism and banking serviced-based economy. Tourism, the island's biggest industry and main source of jobs, income and foreign exchange, accounts for 65% of its GDP. Agriculture, which was once the biggest industry, now contributes to less than 3% of GDP, but still accounts for 20% of jobs. The banana industry is now on a decline due to strong competition from low-cost Latin American producers and reduced European trade preferences, but the government has helped revitalize the industry, with 13,734 tonnes exported in 2018. Agricultural crops grown for export are bananas, mangoes, and avocados. The island is considered to have the most diverse and well-developed manufacturing industry in the eastern Caribbean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis</span>

The economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis has traditionally depended on the growing and processing of sugar cane; decreasing world prices have hurt the industry in recent years. Tourism, export-oriented manufacturing, and offshore banking activity have assumed larger roles in Saint Kitts and Nevis. Most food is imported. The government has undertaken a program designed to revitalize the faltering sugar sector. It is also working to improve revenue collection in order to better fund social programs. In 1997, some leaders in Nevis were urging separation from Saint Kitts on the basis that Nevis was paying far more in taxes than it was receiving in government services, but the vote on cessation failed in August 1998. In late September 1998, Hurricane Georges caused approximately $445 million in damages and limited GDP growth for the year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saint Martin (island)</span> Small island in the Caribbean

Saint Martin is an island in the northeast Caribbean, approximately 300 km (190 mi) east of Puerto Rico. The 87 square kilometres (34 sq mi) island is divided roughly 60:40 between the French Republic and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, but the Dutch part is more populated than the French part. The division dates to 1648. The northern French part comprises the Collectivity of Saint Martin and is an overseas collectivity of the French Republic. The southern Dutch part comprises Sint Maarten and is one of four constituent countries that form the Kingdom of the Netherlands. As an overseas possession of two European Union member states, the island is itself part of the EU.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sint Eustatius</span> Special municipality of the Netherlands

Sint Eustatius, known locally as Statia, is an island in the Caribbean. It is a special municipality of the Netherlands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Princess Juliana International Airport</span> Airport on the Caribbean island of Saint Martin, Sint Maarten

Princess Juliana International Airport is the main airport on the Caribbean island of Saint Martin. The airport is located on the Dutch side of the island, in the country of Sint Maarten, close to the shore of Simpson Bay Lagoon. In 2015, the airport handled 1,829,543 passengers and around 60,000 aircraft movements. The airport serves as a hub for Winair and is the major gateway for the smaller Leeward Islands, including Anguilla, Saba, Saint Barthélemy and Sint Eustatius. It is named after Queen Juliana of the Netherlands, who landed there while she was heir presumptive in 1944, the year after the airport opened. The airport has very low-altitude flyover landing approaches because one end of its runway is extremely close to the shore and Maho Beach. While Princess Juliana International is the primary aviation gateway to the island, there is also a smaller public-use airport on the French side, in the French Collectivity of Saint Martin, called Grand Case-Espérance Airport.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Philipsburg, Sint Maarten</span> Place in Sint Maarten, Kingdom of the Netherlands

Philipsburg is the main town and capital of Sint Maarten, a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The town is on a narrow stretch of land between Great Bay and the Great Salt Pond. It functions as the commercial center of Saint Martin island, whereof Sint Maarten encompasses the southern half. As of 2017, it has 1,894 inhabitants.

St. Martin's history shares many commonalities with other Caribbean islands. Its earliest inhabitants were Amerindians, followed by Europeans who brought slavery to exploit commercial interests.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Collectivity of Saint Martin</span> French overseas collectivity, part of the island of Saint Martin in the Lesser Antilles

The Collectivity of Saint Martin, commonly known as simply Saint Martin, is an overseas collectivity of France in the West Indies in the Caribbean, on the northern half of the island of Saint Martin, as well as some smaller adjacent islands. Saint Martin is separated from the island of Anguilla by the Anguilla Channel. Its capital is Marigot.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sint Maarten</span> Country on the Caribbean island of Saint Martin, part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Sint Maarten is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean. With a population of 41,486 as of January 2019 on an area of 34 km2 (13 sq mi), it encompasses the southern 44% of the divided island of Saint Martin, while the northern 56% of the island constitutes the French overseas collectivity of Saint Martin. Sint Maarten's capital is Philipsburg. Collectively, Sint Maarten and the other Dutch islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Simpson Bay Lagoon</span> Lagoon on the island Saint Martin in the Caribbean

Simpson Bay Lagoon is one of the largest inland lagoons in the West Indies of the Caribbean. It is located on the island of Saint Martin. The border between the French and Dutch halves of the island runs across the centre of the lagoon. There are two small islands that lie in the lagoon: the larger, Grand Ilet to the north, is within the French region of Saint-Martin; the smaller, Little Key, to the south, is on the Dutch Sint Maarten side.

The Franco-Dutch treaty on Saint Martin border controls, sometimes shortened to the Franco-Dutch treaty and in full the Treaty between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the French Republic on the control of persons entering Saint Martin through the airports, is a treaty between France and the Netherlands aimed at improving border controls at the two airports on the divided island of Saint Martin. The island is divided into French Saint-Martin and Dutch Sint Maarten.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean</span> Policy on permits required to enter the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean

A common visa exists since the end of 2010 for the territories of Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten and the Caribbean Netherlands which form together the territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean. The visa is not valid for the European part of the Netherlands, which is part of the Schengen Area.

The economy of Curaçao is a high income economy, as defined by the World Bank. The island has a well-developed infrastructure with strong tourism and financial services sectors. Shipping, international trade, oil refining, and other activities related to the port of Willemstad also make a significant contribution to the economy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dutch Caribbean</span> Caribbean part, Kingdom of the Netherlands

The Dutch Caribbean are the territories, colonies, and countries, former and current, of the Dutch Empire and the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean Sea. They are in the north and south-west of the Lesser Antilles archipelago.

Sandy Ground is a coastal community on the French side of the Caribbean island of Saint Martin/Saint Maarten.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Irma</span> Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in 2017

Hurricane Irma was an extremely powerful Cape Verde hurricane that caused widespread destruction across its path in September 2017. Irma was the first Category 5 hurricane to strike the Leeward Islands on record, followed by Maria two weeks later. At the time, it was considered the most powerful hurricane on record in the open Atlantic region, outside of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, until it was surpassed by Hurricane Dorian two years later. It was also the third-strongest Atlantic hurricane at landfall ever recorded, just behind the 1935 Labor Day Hurricane and Dorian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red Cross Sint Maarten</span>

Red Cross Sint Maarten is the Red Cross national society of Sint Maarten. While technically it is an overseas branch of the Netherlands Red Cross it is registered as an independent entity under Sint Maarten law, auxiliary to the Government of Sint Maarten. Its mission is to prevent and alleviate human suffering wherever it occurs, increasing the self-sufficiency of the communities of Sint Maarten, and ensuring that there is respect and willingness to help in the society. In the aftermath of Hurricane Irma it played an important role in helping the affected people in the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 pandemic in Sint Maarten</span> Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in Sint Maarten

The COVID-19 pandemic in Sint Maarten, also known as the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Sint Maarten,was a part of the ongoing viral pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was confirmed to have reached the Dutch Caribbean island of Sint Maarten on 17 March 2020. By 15 June, all cases recovered. On 1 July, a new case had been discovered, which resolved on 3 July On 15 July, a 79th case was discovered.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "CIA World Factbook:Sint Maarten". Archived from the original on 2010-12-06. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  2. ↑ INSEE, CEROM. "Estimation du PIB de Saint-Barthélemy et de Saint-Martin" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 November 2007. Retrieved 13 November 2007.
  3. ↑ "CIA saint Martin" . Retrieved 24 April 2018.[ dead link ]
  4. ↑ "Department of Statistics - Sint Maarten". Archived from the original on 2015-10-29. Retrieved 2015-10-20.
  5. ↑ "CIA Factbook:Saint Martin" . Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  6. ↑ "CIA Factbook : Saint Martin" . Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  7. ↑ "CIA Factbook : Sint Martin". Archived from the original on 2010-12-06. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  8. ↑ Meade, Natalie (2 March 2018). "St. Maarten is still striving to recover from its worst hurricane in a century". The New Yorker. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  9. ↑ Davies, Caroline (8 September 2017). "Caribbean islanders fear another battering after Irma wreaks havoc". The Guardian.
  10. ↑ Robles, Frances; Semple, Kirk; Yee, Vivian (7 September 2017). "Caribbean Devastated as Irma Heads Toward Florida". The New York Times.
  11. ↑ "Revisited - Video: One year after Hurricane Irma, St Martin struggles to recover". France 24. 2018-09-07. Retrieved 2019-06-06.
  12. ↑ "ABC News". ABC News. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017.
  13. ↑ "Dutch officials: Irma damaged or destroyed 70 percent of St. Maarten homes, leaving island vulnerable to Jose’s approach", Washington Post, 9 September 2017. Accessed 9 September 2017.
  14. ↑ "Hurricane Irma destroys ‘95%’ of French part of St. Martin—official", Agence France-Presse, 7 September 2017. Accessed 9 September 2017.
  15. ↑ "Third of buildings on Dutch St. Martin destroyed". CBS News .
  16. ↑ "St. Martin's famous airport badly damaged by Hurricane Irma". ABC News. 7 September 2017.
  17. ↑ "Updated: Mapping what's open and closed in the Caribbean: Travel Weekly". www.travelweekly.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  18. ↑ "Destination of the Week#45". 2010.[ permanent dead link ]
  19. ↑ Outermost regions, Fact Sheets on the European Union, European Parliament. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
  20. ↑ 'Restaurants of Saint Martin' Archived 2016-01-04 at the Wayback Machine from "Grand Case Blog"
  21. ↑ "Facts and Information about St. Maarten, St. Martin and St. Barth Islands". Archived from the original on 2011-06-02. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  22. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-02-21. Retrieved 2015-10-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  23. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-01-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  24. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-08-29. Retrieved 2016-07-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  25. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-10-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  26. ↑ "Welcome to St Maarten". Archived from the original on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
  27. ↑ "Island Info". 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-06-28. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
  28. ↑ "treaty of Concordia". 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25.
  29. ↑ "General information - Guide to doing business". Archived from the original on 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2015-10-20.
  30. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-01-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  31. ↑ "Shigemoto requests 78 million in debt relief payment arrears funds". 2011-03-14. Archived from the original on 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2011-06-18.
  32. ↑ "Govt. Requests NAf. 5 million overdraft to meet payments". Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-19.
  33. ↑ "St. Martin News Network - St. Maarten is in a financial crisis --- Country has built up a debt of NAF 200M in five years". Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-19.

See also

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.