Elcanidae

Elcanidae Temporal range: Norian–Paleocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Unidentified female elcanid included in Burmese amber, showing metatibial spurs
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Orthoptera
Superfamily:	† Elcanoidea
Family:	† Elcanidae Handlirsch, 1906
Type genus
Elcana Giebel, 1856 [synonym of Panorpidium ]
Subfamilies and genera
See text

Elcanidae are an extinct family of Mesozoic and early Cenozoic orthopterans. Members of the family are distinguished by the presence of spurs on the distal part of the metatibia, unique among orthopterans, these have been suggested to have been used for controlling gliding, ^[1] swimming aids, ^[2] or for jumping on water. ^[3] The group combines characteristics from both major groups of orthopterans, with long antennae and nymphal morphology similar to Ensifera, but with wing venation and adult morphology more similar to Caelifera. ^[4] Elcanidae is part of Elcanoidea, which is thought to have diverged from living orthopterans by the beginning of the Permian, around 300 million years ago. ^[5] The family also includes Permelcanidae, known from the Early-Late Permian. The relationship of Elcanoidea to Ensifera and Caelifera is currently unresolved. ^[4] Elcanids are known from the Late Triassic to Paleocene of Eurasia, North and South America. Some members of the group exhibited aposematic coloration. ^[6] They are thought to have been herbivorous. ^[7]

Sinoelcana minuta
Jurassic, China

Elcanonympha diana nymph

Wings of Parelcana pulchmacula

Taxonomy

• subfamily Archelcaninae Gorochov, 2011 ^[8]
  • Archelcana Sharov, 1968 ^[9]
    • Archelcana durnovariaWhalley, 1985 ^[10] – Charmouth Mudstone Formation, England, Early Jurassic (Sinemurian)
    • Archelcana ornataZherikhin, 1985 ^[11] – Cheremkhovskaya Formation, Russia, Early Jurassic (Toarcian)
    • Archelcana shurabicaSharov, 1968 – Sagul Formation, Kyrgyzstan, Toarcian
    • Indeterminate remains attributed to the genus are also known from the latest Triassic of Germany ^[12]
  • Jeholelcana Fang et al. 2018b ^[13]
    • Jeholelcana yanensisFang et al. 2018b – Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
  • Parelcana Handlirsch, 1906 ^[14]
    • Parelcana anglicanaHandlirsch, 1939 ^[15] – Blue Lias, United Kingdom, Early Jurassic (Hettangian)
    • Parelcana dubiaHandlirsch, 1939 – United Kingdom, Late Triassic (Rhaetian)
    • Parelcana pulchmaculaTian et al., 2019 ^[16] – Daohugou, China, Middle Jurassic (Callovian)
    • Parelcana tenuisHandlirsch, 1906 – Green Series, Germany, Toarcian
  • Sibelcana Gorochov, 1990 ^[17]
    • Sibelcana rossicaGorochov, 1990 – Glushkovo Formation, Russia, Late Jurassic (Tithonian)
    • Sibelcana transbaicalicaGorochov, 1990 – Ukurei Formation, Russia, Tithonian
  • Synelcana Zessin, 1988 ^[18]
    • Synelcana muelleriZessin, 1988 – Green Series, Germany, Toarcian
• subfamily Elcaninae Handlirsch, 1906
  • Cratoelcana Martins-Neto, 1991 ^[19] – Crato Formation, Brazil, Aptian
    • Cratoelcana damianiiMartins-Neto, 1991
    • Cratoelcana zessiniMartins-Neto, 1991
  • Ellca Kočárek, 2020 ^[1]
    • Ellca nevelkaKočárek, 2020 – Burmese amber, Myanmar, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)
  • Eubaisselcana Gorochov, 1986 ^[20] – Gurvan-Eren Formation, Mongolia, Aptian
    • Eubaisselcana mongolicaGorochov, 1986
    • Eubaisselcana sharoviGorochov, 1986
  • Minelcana Gorochov et al., 2006 ^[21]
    • Minelcana dubia (Giebel 1856) ^[22] – Lulworth Formation, United Kingdom, Early Cretaceous (Berriasian)
    • Minelcana membranaceaGorochov et al., 2006 – Durlston Formation, United Kingdom, Berriasian
  • Panorpidium Westwood, 1854 ^[23]
    • Panorpidium bimaculatumGorochov et al., 2006 ^[21] – Weald Clay, United Kingdom, Early Cretaceous (Barremian)
    • Panorpidium maculosumZhou et al. 2022 ^[24] Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
    • Panorpidium proximumGorochov et al., 2006 – Durlston Formation, United Kingdom, Berriasian
    • Panorpidium parvumGorochov et al., 2006 – Weald Clay, United Kingdom, Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian)
    • Panorpidium sibiricaSharov, 1968 ^[9] – Zaza Formation, Russia, Aptian
    • Panorpidium spicaKim et al., 2021 ^[3] – Jinju Formation, South Korea, Early Cretaceous (Albian)
    • Panorpidium tessellatumWestwood, 1854 – Durlston Formation, United Kingdom, Berriasian
    • Panorpidium yixianensisFang et al., 2015 ^[25] – Yixian Formation, China, Aptian
  • Probaisselcana Gorochov, 1989 ^[26]
    • Probaisselcana cretaceaGorochov et al., 2006 ^[21] – Weald Clay, United Kingdom, Hauterivian
    • Probaisselcana eurypteraTian et al., 2019 ^[2] – Yixian Formation, China, Aptian
    • Probaisselcana karatavicaSharov, 1968 ^[9] – Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)
    • Probaisselcana oculataHu & He, 2023 ^[27] - Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
• Incertae sedis
  • Burmelcana Peñalver & Grimaldi, 2010 ^[28]
    • Burmelcana longirostrisPeñalver & Grimaldi, 2010 – Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
  • Cascadelcana Fang et al., 2018a ^[4]
    • Cascadelcana virginianaFang et al., 2018a – Cow Branch Formation, North Carolina, Late Triassic (Norian)
  • Cenoelcanus Schubnel et al., 2020 ^[29]
    • Cenoelcanus menatensisSchubnel et al., 2020 – Menat Formation, France, Paleocene
  • Elcanonympha Heads et al., 2018 ^[30]
    • Elcanonympha dianaHeads et al., 2018 – Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
  • Hispanelcana Peñalver & Grimaldi, 2010 – Álava amber, Escucha Formation, Spain, Albian
    • Hispanelcana alavensisPeñalver & Grimaldi, 2010
    • Hispanelcana arilloiPeñalver & Grimaldi, 2010
    • Hispanelcana lopezvalleiPeñalver & Grimaldi, 2010
  • Longioculus Poinar et al., 2007 ^[31]
    • Longioculus burmensisPoinar et al., 2007 – Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
  • Hukawnelca Uchida, 2021 ^[32]
    • Hukawnelca gracileUchida, 2021 – Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
  • Caelielca Uchida, 2021 ^[32]
    • Caelielca spinocrusUchida, 2021 – Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
  • Monitelcana Xu et al., 2022 ^[6]
    • Monitelcana penalveriXu et al., 2022 – Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian

References

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