Eriocapitella japonica

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Eriocapitella japonica
Anemone japonica - GBA Viote 39.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Genus: Eriocapitella
Species:
E. japonica
Binomial name
Eriocapitella japonica
Synonyms [1]
List
    • Anemone hupehensis var. japonica(Thunb.) Bowles & Stearn
    • Anemone hupehensis var. simplicifoliaW.T.Wang
    • Anemone japonica(Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc.
    • Anemone nipponicaMerr.
    • Anemone scabiosaH.Lév. & Vaniot
    • Atragene japonicaThunb.
    • Atragene polypetalaThunb.
    • Clematis polypetalaDC.

Eriocapitella japonica is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. The specific epithet japonica means "from Japan", [2] which is a misnomer since the species is introduced in Japan. It is native to China, Taiwan, and Vietnam. [1]

Contents

Description

Eriocapitella japonica is a perennial herbaceous plant that stands 60 to 90 cm (2 to 3 ft) high. Plant parts are soft and downy, with short hairs. The basal leaves are ternate, lobed, and toothed. The inflorescence is a cyme with flower stalks rising from a whorl of leaves wrapped around the top of the stem. Each flower is approximately 5 to 7.5 cm (2.0 to 3.0 in) across, with 13 whorls of sepals (but no petals) and yellow stamens. The sepals are rosy purple or carmine in color. The fruits are silky achenes. [3]

Taxonomy

Eriocapitella japonica was described by Takenoshin Nakai in 1941. [4] Like other members of genus Eriocapitella, E. japonica was formerly a member of genus Anemone . The historically important synonym Anemone hupehensis var. japonica(Thunb.) Bowles & Stearn was described in 1947. [5]

E. japonica has the longest taxonomic history of any member of genus Eriocapitella. The basionym Atragene japonicaThunb. was described by Carl Thunberg in 1784. [6] Thunberg, one of the Apostles of Linnaeus, had collected dried specimens while working as a doctor for the Dutch East Indies Company. [7]

E. japonica was previously known as Anemone japonica(Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc. The latter had at least three named varieties: A. j. var. hupehensis, A. j. var. hybrida, and A. j. var. tomentosa, [8] now known as E. hupehensis, E. × hybrida, and E. tomentosa, respectively. Along with E. vitifolia, E. japonica is a parent of the hybrid E. × hybrida. [9]

Distribution

Eriocapitella japonica is native to Central China, East China, South China, Taiwan, and Vietnam. [1] It has been cultivated and naturalized in the following Chinese provinces: [10]

E. japonica was introduced to Japan and Korea. [1] It has been naturalized in Japan for hundreds of years. [11]

Ecology

Eriocapitella japonica along with four other taxa (E. hupehensis, E.  vitifolia, E. tomentosa, and E. × hybrida) are known as fall-blooming anemones. [12] Like E. hupehensis, E. japonica flowers from July to October in its native habitat. [10]

Cultivation

Varieties of Eriocapitella japonica are cultivated worldwide, especially in China, Japan, and Korea, where naturalized populations are known to exist. Hundreds of years ago, a form of E. hupehensis with smaller, semi-double flowers and pink sepals escaped cultivation and spread across China to Japan and Korea. After finding this form in a Shanghai graveyard in 1843, the plant explorer Robert Fortune sent it home to England where it became known as E. japonica, the Japanese anemone. European horticulturists crossed the Japanese anemone with E. vitifolia to produce cultivars of the artificial hybrid E. × hybrida. [11]

At the Chicago Botanic Garden, Rudy experimented with 26 cultivars of fall-blooming anemones over a 5-year period beginning in 1998. His experiments included 4 cultivars of E. japonica, one of which (E. japonica 'Prinz Heinrich') had the longest bloom length (65 days) of any cultivar. [12]

CultivarFlower colorFlower formHeightWidthBloom periodBloom length
E. japonica 'Bressingham Glow' [13] deep pinksemi-double to double20 in.32 in.early Sep-early Nov54.2 days
E. japonica 'Pamina' [14] deep pinksemi-double to double30 in.28 in.late Aug-late Oct46.8 days
E. japonica 'Prinz Heinrich' [15] rose pinksemi-double to double28 in.31 in.early Sep-early Nov64.8 days
E. japonica 'Splendens' [16] rose pinksingle to semi-double25 in.34 in.late Aug-early Nov61.2 days

As of March 2020, the following cultivars have gained the Award of Garden Merit (AGM) from the Royal Horticultural Society: [17]

The cultivar E. japonica 'Prinz Heinrich' was removed from the AGM list in 2013.

Bibliography

Related Research Articles

<i>Anemone</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae

Anemone is a genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. Plants of the genus are commonly called windflowers. They are native to the temperate and subtropical regions of all continents except Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica and the Middle East. The genus is closely related to several other genera including Anemonoides, Anemonastrum, Hepatica, and Pulsatilla. Some botanists include these genera within Anemone.

<i>Lonicera japonica</i> Flowering shrub known as Japanese honeysuckle

Lonicera japonica, known as Japanese honeysuckle and golden-and-silver honeysuckle, is a species of honeysuckle native to East Asia, including many parts of China. It is often grown as an ornamental plant, but has become an invasive species in a number of countries. Japanese honeysuckle is used in traditional Chinese medicine.

<i>Hepatica</i> Genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Hepatica is a genus of herbaceous perennials in the buttercup family, native to central and northern Europe, Asia and eastern North America. Some botanists include Hepatica within a wider interpretation of Anemone.

<i>Elaeagnus</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Elaeagnaceae

Elaeagnus, silverberry or oleaster, is a genus of about 50–70 species of flowering plants in the family Elaeagnaceae.

<i>Weigela</i> Genus of flowering plants in the honeysuckle family Caprifoliaceae

Weigela is a genus of between six and 38 species of deciduous shrubs in the family Caprifoliaceae, growing to 1–5 m (3–15′) tall. All are natives of eastern Asia. The genus is named after the German scientist Christian Ehrenfried Weigel.

<i>Astilbe</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Saxifragaceae

Astilbe is a genus of 18 species of rhizomatous flowering plants within the family Saxifragaceae, native to mountain ravines and woodlands in Asia and North America. Some species are known by the common names false goat's beard and false spirea.

<i>Ulmus davidiana <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> japonica</i> Variety of tree

Ulmus davidiana var. japonica, the Japanese elm, is one of the larger and more graceful Asiatic elms, endemic to much of continental northeast Asia and Japan, where it grows in swamp forest on young alluvial soils, although much of this habitat has now been lost to intensive rice cultivation.

<i>Anemone hepatica</i> Species of flowering plant

Anemone hepatica, the common hepatica, liverwort, liverleaf, kidneywort, or pennywort, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to woodland in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. This herbaceous perennial grows from a rhizome.

<i>Eriocapitella hupehensis</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Eriocapitella hupehensis, a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, is native to Asia. The specific epithet hupehensis, which means "from Hupeh province, China", refers to a region where the species is known to occur. In Chinese, it is called dǎ pò wǎn huā huā (打破碗花花), which means "broken bowl flower".

<i>Berberis japonica</i> Species of flowering plant

Berberis japonica is a species of flowering plant in the family Berberidaceae, native to Taiwan. Despite the name, it is not native to Japan, though it has been known in cultivation there for centuries. The wild origins of this species have long puzzled botanists, but wild plants in Taiwan, previously known under the name Mahonia tikushiensis, appear most similar to the cultivated forms of B. japonica.

<i>Eriocapitella rivularis</i> Species of flowering plant

Eriocapitella rivularis, a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, is native to Asia. The specific epithet rivularis means "waterside, of the rivers", which evidently refers to one of its preferred habitats. It is commonly called the riverside windflower. In Chinese, it is called cao yu mei, which means "grass jade plum".

<i>Eriocapitella</i> Genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Eriocapitella is a genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. Plants of the genus are native to Asia. The generic name Eriocapitella roughly translates to "growing in a small woolly head", which refers to the hairy ovary and fruit of some members of the genus. Cultivated plants are commonly known as fall-blooming anemones.

<i>Eriocapitella vitifolia</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae

Eriocapitella vitifolia, a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, is native to Asia. The specific epithet vitifolia means "vine-leaved, with leaves resembling those of Vitis", the genus of grapevines, and so the plant is commonly called the grape-leaved anemone or grape-leaved windflower. In Chinese, a common name is ye mian hua, which means "wild cotton".

<i>Eriocapitella tomentosa</i> Species of flowering plant

Eriocapitella tomentosa, a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, is native to Asia. The specific epithet tomentosa means "thickly matted with hairs, tomentum (padding)". In Chinese, a common name is da huo cao (大火草), which means "big fire grass" or "great fireweed".

Eriocapitella rupicola, a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, is native to Asia. The specific epithet rupicola means "growing on rocks". In Chinese, a common name is yan sheng yin lian hua, which means "rock anemone".

<i>Eriocapitella <span style="font-style:normal;">×</span> hybrida</i> Hybrid of flowering plant

Eriocapitella × hybrida is a hybrid of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. The parents of the hybrid are E. japonica and E. vitifolia. Cultivars of the hybrid are commonly known as Japanese anemone hybrids.

<i>Gleditsia japonica</i> Species of plant in the family Fabaceae

Gleditsia japonica, the Japanese locust, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to the eastern Himalayas, central and southern China, Manchuria, Korea, and central and southern Japan. It is used as a street tree in a number of cities in China and Europe.

<i>Clematis florida</i> Species of plant

Clematis florida, the Asian virginsbower, or passion flower clematis, is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae. It is native to southern China, and has been introduced to Korea and Japan. A perennial vine, in the wild it is typically found in shrublands and thickets, and alongside streams, at elevations around 1,700 m (5,600 ft). There are a number of cultivars commercially available, including 'Sieboldiana', Pistachio 'Evirida'PBR, and 'Plena'.

<i>Actaea japonica</i> Species of plant

Actaea japonica, the Japanese bugbane, is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae. It is native to central and southern China including Hainan, Jeju Island in South Korea, and central and southern Japan. A perennial, the Royal Horticultural Society considers it to be a good plant to attract pollinators.

References

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  2. Gledhill (2008), p. 220.
  3. Bailey, L. H., ed. (1919). The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture (Volume 1). Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Macmillan. pp. 205, 206. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  4. "Eriocapitella japonica (Thunb.) Nakai". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 2020-12-22.
  5. "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica(Thunb.) Bowles & Stearn". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  6. "Atragene japonicaThunb.". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  7. Klingaman, Gerald (13 October 2006). "Japanese anemone". University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  8. "Search for 'Anemone japonica'". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 2020-12-28.
  9. Rudy (2004), p. 1.
  10. 1 2 Wang, Wencai; Ziman, Svetlana N.; Dutton, Bryan E. "Anemone hupehensis". Flora of China. Vol. 6 via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  11. 1 2 Herman (2004).
  12. 1 2 Rudy (2004).
  13. "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica 'Bressingham Glow'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  14. "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica 'Pamina'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  15. "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica 'Prinz Heinrich'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  16. "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica 'Splendens'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  17. "Ornamentals AGM Plants March 2020" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  18. "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica 'Rotkäppchen'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.