Eriocapitella

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Eriocapitella
Anemone hupehensis, Jiuzhaigou 1.jpg
Eriocapitella hupehensis (Sichuan, China)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Subfamily: Ranunculoideae
Tribe: Anemoneae
Genus: Eriocapitella
Nakai

Eriocapitella is a genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. Plants of the genus are native to Asia. [1] The generic name Eriocapitella roughly translates to "growing in a small woolly head", which refers to the hairy ovary and fruit of some members of the genus. Cultivated plants are commonly known as fall-blooming anemones. [2] [3]

Contents

Taxonomy

Eriocapitella was named by the Japanese botanist Takenoshin Nakai in 1941. [4] It was proposed as a section of genus Anemone in 1991, [5] but later segregated into genus Eriocapitella.

Taxa

As of December 2020, Kew's Plants of the World Online (POWO) accepts 6  species in the genus Eriocapitella: [1]

An artificial hybrid is also recognized by POWO: [6]

The parents of the hybrid are E. japonica and E. vitifolia. Historically, the hybrid was developed in Europe after E. japonica was brought to England in 1843. [3]

Etymology

The Latin word capitellatus (or capitellata) means "growing in a small head". [7] Since the prefix erio- (from the Greek ἔριον) means "woolly" (or "wool"), [8] the generic name Eriocapitella translates to "growing in a small woolly head". Presumably this refers to the hairy ovary and fruit of some of the taxa in the genus.

Distribution

Plants of genus Eriocapitella are native to Asia. They are found throughout the Himalaya region, across much of East Asia and Southeast Asia, ranging as far south as Sumatra. [1]

Plants of the genus have been introduced to Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ecuador, Germany, Japan, Korea, and elsewhere. [1]

Cultivation

Plants of genus Eriocapitella have been cultivated since at least the 17th century, probably as far back as the Chinese Tang dynasty (618–907). During that time, a form of E. hupehensis with smaller, semi-double flowers and pink sepals escaped cultivation and spread across China to Japan and Korea. This form of E. hupehensis, brought to England from China by the plant explorer Robert Fortune in 1843, became known as the Japanese anemone (E. japonica). European horticulturists crossed the Japanese anemone with E. vitifolia, a wide-ranging Asian species with white sepals. Today we find a large number of Japanese anemone hybrids (E. × hybrida) with single, semi-double, or double flowers having white, pink, or purple sepals. [3] [2] [9]

Fall-blooming anemones usually have white or pink blossoms with a globe-shaped seed head. Newly opened blossoms mingle with the seed heads for several weeks between late July and October. The plants thrive in light to partial shade but will tolerate full sun as long as there’s sufficient moisture. Overly wet conditions should be avoided, and mulch should be applied in the fall, especially in northern climates. Japanese beetles, black blister beetles, and foliar nematodes can be a problem. [3]

At the Chicago Botanic Garden, Rudy experimented with 26  cultivars of fall-blooming anemones over a 5-year period beginning in 1998. The experiments evaluated various cultivars of E. hupehensis, E. × hybrida, E. japonica, and E. tomentosa. About 40% of the cultivars had a bloom length of 50 days or more. The longest bloom length recorded was 65 days. [2]

CultivarFlower colorFlower formHeightWidthBloom periodBloom lengthOrigin
E. hupehensis 'Hadspen Abundance' [10] pale purplesingle27 in.40 in.mid Sep-early Nov45.2 daysHadspen Garden, Sommerset, England
E. hupehensis 'Praecox' [11] pinksingle50 in.33 in.late Jul-early Oct51.8 daysGermany, 1935
E. hupehensis 'Superba' [12] lavender pinksemi-double26 in.29 in.early Sep-early Nov47.2 days
E. × hybrida 'Alba' [13] whitesinglemid Sep-late Oct24.0 days
E. × hybrida 'Alice' [14] pale pinksemi-double32 in.37 in.mid Sep-early Nov53.5 daysW. Pfitzer, Germany
E. × hybrida 'Andrea Atkinson' [15] whitesingle to semi-double35 in.20 in.late Aug-mid Nov64.7 days
E. × hybrida 'Avalanche'whitedoublemid Aug-late Oct37.0 days
E. × hybrida 'Honorine Jobert' [16] whitesingle to semi-double40 in.33 in.mid Sep-mid Nov45.8 daysFrance, 1858
E. × hybrida 'Königin Charlotte' [17] pale pinksemi-double36 in.31 in.late Sep-early Nov25.4 daysW. Pfitzer, Germany, 1898
E. × hybrida 'Kriemhilde' [18] pinksingle to semi-double30 in.19 in.late Aug-early Nov56.0 daysGermany, 1908
E. × hybrida 'Lady Gilmour' [19] pale pinksinglelate Sep-late Oct16.0 daysFrance
E. × hybrida 'Loreley' [20] pinksemi-double0.0 days
E. × hybrida 'Margarete' [21] deep pinksemi-double22 in.30 in.late Aug-early Nov49.3 daysGermany
E. × hybrida 'Max Vogel' [22] pinksemi-double43 in.35 in.mid Aug-early Nov62.5 days
E. × hybrida 'Montrose' [23] pale purpledouble27 in.30 in.mid Sep-early Nov43.5 daysFrance
E. × hybrida 'Richard Ahrens' [24] pinksingle to semi-double27 in.31 in.mid Sep-late Oct48.7 daysW. Pfitzer, Germany, 1921
E. × hybrida 'Robustissima' [25] pinksingle41 in.40 in.late Aug-mid Nov63.0 daysFrance, 1900
E. × hybrida 'September Charm' [26] pale purplesingle30 in.20 in.late Aug-early Nov48.2 daysEngland, 1932
E. × hybrida 'Serenade' [27] pinksemi-double23 in.40 in.mid Aug-late Oct64.5 days
E. × hybrida 'Victor Jones'pale pinksingle31 in.35 in.late Aug-mid Oct53.4 days
E. × hybrida 'Whirlwind' [28] whitesemi-double27 in.35 in.early Sep-early Nov41.1 daysRochester, NY 1887
E. japonica 'Bressingham Glow' [29] deep pinksemi-double to double20 in.32 in.early Sep-early Nov54.2 daysAlan Bloom, England
E. japonica 'Pamina' [30] deep pinksemi-double to double30 in.28 in.late Aug-late Oct46.8 daysGermany
E. japonica 'Prinz Heinrich' [31] rose pinksemi-double to double28 in.31 in.early Sep-early Nov64.8 daysGermany, 1902
E. japonica 'Splendens' [32] rose pinksingle to semi-double25 in.34 in.late Aug-early Nov61.2 days1920
E. tomentosa 'Alba'whitesinglelate Sep-early Nov22.0 days

As of March 2020, the following cultivars have gained the Award of Garden Merit (AGM) from the Royal Horticultural Society: [33]

The cultivars E. × hybrida 'Andrea Atkinson', E. × hybrida 'Lady Gilmour', E. japonica 'Prinz Heinrich', and E. × hybrida 'Robustissima' were removed from the AGM list in 2013.

Bibliography

Related Research Articles

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<i>Eriocapitella hupehensis</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

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Eriocapitella vitifolia, a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, is native to Asia. The specific epithet vitifolia means "vine-leaved, with leaves resembling those of Vitis", the genus of grapevines, and so the plant is commonly called the grape-leaved anemone or grape-leaved windflower. In Chinese, a common name is ye mian hua, which means "wild cotton".

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Eriocapitella rupicola, a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, is native to Asia. The specific epithet rupicola means "growing on rocks". In Chinese, a common name is yan sheng yin lian hua, which means "rock anemone".

<i>Eriocapitella japonica</i> Species of flowering plant

Eriocapitella japonica is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. The specific epithet japonica means "from Japan", which is a misnomer since the species is introduced in Japan. It is native to China, Taiwan, and Vietnam.

<i>Eriocapitella <span style="font-style:normal;">×</span> hybrida</i> Hybrid of flowering plant

Eriocapitella × hybrida is a hybrid of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. The parents of the hybrid are E. japonica and E. vitifolia. Cultivars of the hybrid are commonly known as Japanese anemone hybrids.

Japanese anemone is a common name for Eriocapitella japonica, a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae.

<i>Scabiosa japonica</i> Species of plant in the family Caprifoliaceae

Scabiosa japonica is a species of flowering plant in the pincushion flower genus Scabiosa, native to central and southern Japan, and introduced to the Dominican Republic. A biennial or short-lived perennial reaching 10 to 50 cm, the Royal Horticultural Society considers it a good plant to attract pollinators. A number of cultivars are commercially available, including 'Blue Note', 'Blue Star', 'Blue Diamonds', 'Ritz Blue', and 'Ritz Rose'.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Eriocapitella Nakai". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 Rudy (2004).
  3. 1 2 3 4 Herman, Robert (2004). "Fall-blooming anemones". Fine Gardening. 99: 48–52. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  4. "Eriocapitella Nakai". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  5. "Anemone sect. Eriocapitella (Nakai) Tamura". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens . Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  6. "Eriocapitella × hybrida (L.H.Bailey) Christenh. & Byng". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  7. Gledhill (2008), p. 90.
  8. Gledhill (2008), p. 156.
  9. Klingaman, Gerald (13 October 2006). "Japanese anemone". University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  10. "Anemone hupehensis 'Hadspen Abundance'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  11. "Anemone hupehensis 'Praecox'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  12. "Anemone hupehensis 'Superba'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  13. "Anemone × hybrida 'Alba'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  14. "Anemone × hybrida 'Alice'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  15. "Anemone × hybrida 'Andrea Atkinson'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  16. "Anemone × hybrida 'Honorine Jobert'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  17. "Anemone × hybrida 'Konigin Charlotte'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  18. "Anemone × hybrida 'Kriemhilde'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  19. "Anemone × hybrida 'Lady Gilmour'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  20. "Anemone × hybrida 'Loreley'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  21. "Anemone × hybrida 'Margarete'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  22. "Anemone × hybrida 'Max Vogel'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  23. "Anemone × hybrida 'Montrose'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  24. "Anemone × hybrida 'Richard Ahrens'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  25. "Anemone × hybrida 'Robustissima'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  26. "Anemone × hybrida 'September Charm'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  27. "Anemone × hybrida 'Serenade'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  28. "Anemone × hybrida 'Whirlwind'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  29. "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica 'Bressingham Glow'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  30. "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica 'Pamina'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  31. "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica 'Prinz Heinrich'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  32. "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica 'Splendens'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  33. "Ornamentals AGM Plants March 2020" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  34. "Anemone hupehensis 'Bowles's Pink'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  35. "Anemone × hybrida 'Elegans'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  36. "Anemone hupehensis var. japonica 'Rotkäppchen'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 18 December 2020.