Eucalyptus cornuta

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Yate
Eucalyptus cornuta habit(2).jpg
Eucalyptus cornuta near Walpole
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Myrtaceae
Genus: Eucalyptus
Species:
E. cornuta
Binomial name
Eucalyptus cornuta
Synonyms [1]

Eucalyptus macroceraTurcz.

Eucalyptus cornuta, commonly known as yate, [2] is a tree species, sometimes a mallee and is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It has rough, fibrous bark on all or most of its trunk, smooth bark above, mostly lance-shaped adult leaves, elongated flower buds in groups of eleven or more, yellowish flowers and cylindrical to cup-shaped fruit. It is widely cultivated and produces one of the hardest and strongest timbers in the world.

Contents

flower buds Eucalyptus cornuta buds(2).jpg
flower buds
fruit Eucalyptus cornuta fruit(2).jpg
fruit
trunk bark Eucalyptus cornuta trunk.jpg
trunk bark

Description

Eucalyptus cornuta is a tree that typically grows to a height of 25 m (82 ft) with a crown 8–12 m (26–39 ft) wide, sometimes a mallee to 10 m (33 ft), and forms a lignotuber. New stems may fork out from the trunk or the lignotuber or multiple main stems may replace a single trunk in older specimens. It has rough, fibrous, brown to almost black bark on all or part of its trunk, smooth greyish bark above. Young plants and coppice regrowth have egg-shaped to more or less round leaves 40–70 mm (1.6–2.8 in) long, 20–70 mm (0.79–2.76 in) wide and paler on the lower surface. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, the same glossy green on both sides, usually lance-shaped, mostly 60–135 mm (2.4–5.3 in) long and 10–33 mm (0.39–1.30 in) wide on a petiole 5–20 mm (0.20–0.79 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in groups of eleven or more on a rounded to flattened, unbranched peduncle 12–32 mm (0.47–1.26 in) long, the individual buds usually sessile. Mature buds are elongated, 23–42 mm (0.91–1.65 in) long and 5–8 mm (0.20–0.31 in) wide with a horn-shaped operculum between four and seven times as long as the floral cup. Flowering occurs between January and May or from July to November and the flowers are yellowish green. The fruit is a woody cylindrical to cup-shaped capsule 5–12 mm (0.20–0.47 in) long and 6–13 mm (0.24–0.51 in) wide with the seeds released through slits between the valves. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]

Taxonomy and naming

Eucalyptus cornuta was first formally described in 1800 by Jacques Labillardière. Labillardière collected the type specimen from granite outcrops on Observatory Island west of Esperance on 13 December 1792 during the Bruni d'Entrecasteaux expedition. The description was published in his book Relation du Voyage à la Recherche de la Pérouse . [10] [11] [12] The specific epithet (cornuta) is a Latin word meaning "horned" or "bearing horns", [13] referring to the operculum of the buds. [4] [6]

The names in the Nyungar language of southwest Australia are mo, yandil, yeit or yate. [14]

Yate is well established as a common name for this widely grown tree, and several other western species of eucalypt are so named: bushy yate E. lehmannii , flat topped yate E. occidentalis , river yate E. macrandra , and warty yate E. megacornuta . [15]

Distribution and habitat

Yate occurs in an area southeast of Busselton to Cape Arid and the islands of the Recherche Archipelago. [8] The species often occurs in isolated stands. [6] In more arid regions near Esperance, it is often at granite outcrops, on deeper and wetter soil at cavities on the rock or the apron beneath the rockface. [11] The species is found in a large mallee form at coastal areas, or as tall stands in areas of high rainfall and fertile soil of valleys, especially the inland region from Manjimup to the Porongurups. Vigorous early growth and the potential in its lignotuber allow it to generate new stems after fire or as new opportunities emerge in the canopy or surroundings. The form is similar to the mallee habit of smaller eucalypts in drier regions and its habit is comparable to limestone marlock, E. decipiens , which occurs to the north and east. In favourable habitat a single trunk may attain great height and it is able to compete in tall forests of jarrah ( Eucalyptus marginata ) and marri ( Corymbia calophylla ) or any other species except the karri giants in Eucalyptus diversicolor forest. [9]

Uses

Use in horticulture

The tree is sold commercially for use as an ornamental, shade or wildlife habitat. It will tolerate drought, moderate frost, a range of soils and in coastal areas. [3] While it may obtain great height in its natural habitat, the species is successfully planted as a medium or small tree for shade and windbreaks, and as street trees or for highway verges. Well known as a cultivated tree throughout Australia, E. cornuta has also been introduced to California. [7] Ferdinand von Mueller sent seed of the species to Lucknow, where the sapling grew to a height of eight to ten feet within a year and, unlike eucalypts tested, tolerated tropical rain; his 1879 report also noted the successful introduction to Melbourne. [16]

Other uses

This eucalypt produces one of the hardest and strongest timbers in the world and was formerly used for wheel spokes and the shafts of horse-drawn vehicles but most trees of commercial value were logged a long time ago. [4] [5] [17]

Related Research Articles

<i>Eucalyptus grossa</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus grossa, commonly known as coarse-leaved mallee, is a species of mallee or rarely a straggly tree, that is endemic to Western Australia. It has rough, fibrous bark on the trunk and all but the thinnest branches, broadly lance-shaped to egg-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, yellowish green flowers and cup-shaped to cylindrical fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus todtiana</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus todtiana, commonly known as coastal blackbuttpricklybark or dwutta, is a species of tree or a mallee that is endemic to the west coast of Western Australia. It has rough, fibrous and flaky bark on the trunk, smooth bark on the branches, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between seven and eleven, white flowers and cup-shaped to hemispherical fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus loxophleba</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus loxophleba, commonly known as York gum, daarwet, goatta, twotta or yandee is a species of tree or mallee that is endemic to Western Australia. It has rough bark on the trunk, smooth olive to brownish bark above, lance-shaped adult leaves, flowers buds in groups of between seven and eleven, white flowers and conical fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus behriana</i> Species of plant

Eucalyptus behriana, commonly known as bull mallee and broad-leaved box, is a species of mallee or small tree that is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has rough, fibrous bark on the lower part of the trunk and smooth bark above, broadly lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, white flowers and cup-shaped or barrel-shaped fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus foecunda</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus foecunda, commonly known as narrow-leaved red mallee, Fremantle mallee or coastal dune mallee, is a species of plant in the myrtle family that is endemic to Western Australia. It has rough bark on the trunk, smooth bark above, narrow lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of nine or eleven, creamy white flowers and cup-shaped fruit. It was previously included with the more widespread Eucalyptus leptophylla.

<i>Eucalyptus leptophylla</i> Species of plant

Eucalyptus leptophylla, commonly known as the March mallee, slender-leaved red mallee or narrow-leaved red mallee, is a species of mallee that is endemic to inland Australia. It has smooth greyish bark, linear to narrow lance-shaped, oblong or curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between seven and thirteen, creamy white flowers and cup-shaped, barrel-shaped or hemispherical fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus aspratilis</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus aspratilis, commonly known as the soak yate or inland mallee-yate, is a mallee that is endemic to Western Australia. It has rough bark near its base, smooth silvery greyish bark above, lance-shaped adult leaves, pendulous buds in groups of seven, pale yellow or cream-coloured flowers and cylindrical fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus cooperiana</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus cooperiana, commonly known as the many-flowered mallee, is a species of mallee that is endemic to an area along the south coast of Western Australia. It is described as being "of striking appearance by reason of its smooth, white bark and acutely angled branchlets". It has lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between nine and thirteen or more, creamy yellow flowers and urn-shaped fruit.

Eucalyptus histophylla is a species of mallee or small tree that is endemic to southern Western Australia. It has smooth bark, often with ribbons of shed bark, linear to narrow lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds arranged in groups in leaf axils, white flowers and cylindrical to barrel-shaped or conical fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus incrassata</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus incrassata, commonly known as the lerp mallee, yellow mallee, ridge fruited mallee or rib fruited mallee, is a species of mallee that is endemic to southern Australia. It has smooth bark, sometimes with rough, ribbony bark near the base, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, creamy white, pale yellow, sometimes pink or red flowers, and cylindrical, barrel-shaped or bell-shaped fruit.

Eucalyptus laevis is a species of mallee or tree that is endemic to Western Australia. It has thin, rough, fibrous or flaky bark on the trunk, smooth bark above. Its adult leaves are linear to narrow lance-shaped, the flower buds are arranged in groups of between seven and eleven, the flowers are white and the fruit is cylindrical to barrel-shaped.

Eucalyptus semota, commonly known as marymia mallee, is a species of mallee or small tree that is endemic to a small area in central Western Australia. It has rough, flaky to fibrous bark on the trunk, smooth grey or brown bark above, linear to narrow lance-shaped leaves, flower buds in groups of seven or nine, white flowers and conical to cup-shaped fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus suberea</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus suberea, commonly known as Mount Lesueur mallee or cork mallee, is a species of mallee or a small tree that is endemic to a small area on the west coast of Western Australia. It has rough bark on some or all of the trunk, smooth white bark above, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of eleven to twenty or more, white flowers and shortened spherical fruit.

Eucalyptus remota, commonly known as the Kangaroo Island ash, Kangaroo Island mallee ash, or Mount Taylor mallee, is a species of tree or mallee that is endemic to Kangaroo Island in South Australia. It has smooth bark, often with rough, fibrous bark on the trunk, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in group of between nine and twenty one, white flowers and hemispherical or shortened spherical fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus lane-poolei</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus lane-poolei, commonly known as salmon white gum, is a species of tree or mallee that is endemic to Western Australia. It has smooth but scaly-looking bark, narrow lance-shaped or curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, creamy white flowers and hemispherical fruit.

Eucalyptus tephrodes is a species of small tree or mallee that is endemic to Western Australia. It has rough bark on the trunk and larger branches, smooth bark above, egg-shaped to lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of three on the ends of branchlets and cup-shaped to hemispherical fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus × brachyphylla</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus × brachyphylla is a mallee or small tree that is endemic to a small area in Western Australia. It has rough bark near the base of the trunk, smooth greyish bark above, egg-shaped to elliptic adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven in leaf axils, white flowers and conical fruit.

Eucalyptus hypolaena is a species of tree or mallee that is endemic to Western Australia. It has hard, dark grey bark near the base of the trunk, smooth bark above, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds arranged in groups of seven, pale yellow flowers and shortened spherical to barrel-shaped fruit.

Eucalyptus longissima is a species of mallee or small tree that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has rough, fibrous or stringy bark on the trunk, smooth greyish brown bark above, glossy green, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in group of between seven and thirteen, white flowers and shortened spherical fruit.

Eucalyptus × missilis, commonly known as bullet bush, is a species of mallee that is endemic to a small area on the south coast of Western Australia. It has smooth bark, egg-shaped to lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between seven and fifteen, pale yellow flowers and cup-shaped to cylindrical fruit. It is thought to be a hybrid between E. cornuta and E. angulosa that occur in the same area.

References

  1. 1 2 "Eucalyptus cornuta". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  2. 1 2 "Eucalyptus cornuta". FloraBase . Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.
  3. 1 2 "Eucalyptus cornuta Yate". Plant Selector. Botanic Gardens of South Australia. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  4. 1 2 3 "Eucalyptus cornuta". Euclid: Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  5. 1 2 Chippendale, George M. "Eucalyptus cornuta". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of the Environment and Energy, Canberra. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  6. 1 2 3 Scott, Jane; Negus, Patricia (illustrator) (2013). Wildflowers of Southwest Australia: Augusta-Margaret River Region. Fremantle: Cape to Cape Publishing. p. 149. ISBN   9780980333770.
  7. 1 2 Lord, Ernest E. (1970). "3. The Eucalypts (Eucalyptus)". Shrubs and trees for Australian gardens (4th ed.). Melbourne: Lothian. p. 34. ISBN   0850911044.
  8. 1 2 Boland, Douglas J.; McDonald, Maurice William (2006). "Yate". Forest Trees of Australia. CSIRO Publishing. p. 334. ISBN   0643069690 . Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  9. 1 2 "Yate (Eucalyptus cornuta)". Robert Powell Tree Pictures. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  10. ↑ "Eucalyptus cornuta". APNI. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  11. 1 2 Hopper, Stephen D.; Brown, Andrew P.; Marchant, Neville G. (1997). "Plants of Western Australian granite outcrops" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia. 80: 142. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  12. ↑ Hopper, Stephen (2003). "South-western Australia, Cinderella of the world's temperate floristic regions 1". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 20 (2): 101–126. doi:10.1111/1467-8748.00379.
  13. ↑ Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 421.
  14. ↑ "Noongar names for plants". kippleonline.net. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  15. ↑ Wrigley, John W.; Fagg, Murray (2003). Australian native plants : cultivation, use in landscaping and propagation (fifth ed.). Sydney: New Holland. pp. 540–42, 696. ISBN   1-876334-90-8.
  16. ↑ Mueller, Ferdinand (1879). Report on the forest resources of Western Australia. London: Reeve. p. 8.
  17. ↑ Gardner, Charles A. (1961). "Trees of Western Australia". Journal of the Department of Agriculture. Series 4. 2 (1): 93. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
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