Fiji parrotfinch

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Fiji parrotfinch
Fijiparrotfinch savusavu jun08.JPG
Adult
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Estrildidae
Genus: Erythrura
Species:
E. pealii
Binomial name
Erythrura pealii
Hartlaub, 1852
Erythrura pealii map.png
   = resident year-round

Pale blue lines (mostly around islands) = coral reefs

Contents

Synonyms

Geospiza prasina

juvenile Fiji parrotfinch (Erythrura pealii) juvenile Viti Levu.jpg
juvenile

The Fiji parrotfinch (Erythrura pealii) is a species of estrildid finch endemic to Fiji that was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the red-headed parrotfinch. This parrotfinch is a small, mainly green bird with a red head and tail and a stubby dark grey bill. It is found in both forested and open habitats, and has adapted well to man-made environments such as grasslands, pasture and gardens. Pairs have a courtship display in which they fly above the trees in an undulating flight, calling constantly. Breeding birds build a domed grass nest with a side entrance, and lay a clutch normally of four white eggs. Newly hatched chicks are naked and pink, with blue balls at the upper and lower corners of the gape, and black markings inside the mouth; older fledglings resemble the adults, but lack the red head colouring. The Fiji parrotfinch eats seeds, especially of grasses, and also readily feeds on insects and nectar. It forms small flocks of up to six birds after the breeding season.

Parrotfinches may be preyed upon by indigenous birds of prey such as the endemic Fiji goshawk, or by introduced mammals such as the small Asian mongoose, rats, and mice, and they may be susceptible to disease. The Fiji species, despite being both uncommon and endemic to one island group, appears to be stable in numbers. It is therefore classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, and it is protected under Fijian law.

Taxonomy

The parrotfinches are a genus of estrildid finches found in Southeast Asia and Australasia. They are small birds with short rounded wings and tails. Most species have green bodies, and all but one have the red tail that gives the genus its scientific name Erythrura, [2] which is derived from the Ancient Greek ερυθρός erythros, "red", [3] and ουρά oura, "tail". [4] The English name of Fijian Fire-tail Finch was used in early writings. [5]

The Fiji parrotfinch was initially described by American naturalist and entomologist Titian Peale. As chief naturalist for the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842 led by Charles Wilkes, Peale collected and preserved many specimens, including the red-throated parrotfinch from Samoa and the Fiji parrotfinch from Vanua Levu. Peale named the latter species as Geospiza prasina. [6] Peale's birds were reviewed by German physician and ornithologist Gustav Hartlaub. Hartlaub moved the Fiji species to the genus Erythrura, and then had to change the specific name, since another bird, the pin-tailed parrotfinch already had the binomial E. prasina. He renamed the Fiji bird as E. pealii in honour of its finder. [7] [8] The Fijian common names kulakula and qiqikula are derived from "kula", red. [9]

The Fiji parrotfinch and the royal parrotfinch of northern Vanuatu are now again usually considered to be distinct species, [10] [11] but they were formerly frequently treated as subspecies of the Samoan red-headed parrotfinch, E. cyaneovirens. [12]

Description

ErythruraPealeiGoodchild.jpg
The use of carpet grass for lawns has helped the Fiji parrotfinch to use human-modified habitats like gardens. HideawayFiji.JPG
The use of carpet grass for lawns has helped the Fiji parrotfinch to use human-modified habitats like gardens.

The Fiji parrotfinch is a small finch, 10 cm (4 in) in length. The adult male has a bright green body and wings, red head, and scarlet rump and tail. The blackish feathering of the chin becomes dark blue on the lower throat and turquoise on the upper breast before fading into the green of the underparts. The stubby bill is blackish-grey, the eyes are reddish-brown and the legs and feet are pinkish-brown. The female is very similar to the male, but possibly slightly duller and with paler flanks. Young birds have a dark-tipped yellow bill and sometimes a bluish face which gradually turns red, but the rest of the plumage is like the adult. Full mature plumage is achieved at about 20 months. Some rare individuals of this parrotfinch have the entire head and face blue, apparently due to a natural mutation. [11] [12] [13]

The flight of the Fiji parrotfinch is fast and undulating with rapid wingbeats, and frequent calling. [11] It tends to fly fairly high, landing in the tree tops, then descending to seek food. [12] Its call is a high, thin seep or peep, similar to those of other parrotfinches such as blue-faced and red-throated, [12] and is often repeated in bursts of varying length. [14] The song is a long whistled double note similar to, but less urgent, than that of the orange-breasted myzomela, [11] a Fijian endemic honeyeater. [15]

Fiji has another Erythrura species, the rare and endangered pink-billed parrotfinch. [16] This is a larger bird with a green head, blue crown and black face, and a very large pink bill. The Fiji parrotfinch resembles the closely related royal and red-headed parrotfinches, and the rare blue-headed variant is very like the blue-faced parrotfinch, but these three species do not occur in Fiji. [12]

Distribution and habitat

The Fiji parrotfinch is endemic to Fiji, where it is found on the four largest islands (Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, Taveuni and Kadavu) and also in the smaller western islands of the Mamanuca and the Yasawa groups. [13] It is uncommon but widespread, found in both forested and open habitats, [11] from sea level to at least 1,200 m (3,900 ft) on Viti Levu. It appears to be less common on Taveuni than the larger islands. [14] It has adapted well to man-made habitats, [11] and is seen in grasslands, pasture, rice paddies, parks and gardens. [12] Many parrotfinch species are mainly forest birds, but American ornithologist Jared Diamond has suggested that in the central Pacific, where there are no seed-eating munias occupying the open habitats, species such as Vanuatu's blue-faced parrotfinch and its Fijian relative have expanded into grassy areas of their islands to exploit the supply of seeds. [17]

Behaviour

Parrotfinch chicks have blue papillae at the corners of the gape, and distinctive mouth markings. Erythrura chick mouth.jpg
Parrotfinch chicks have blue papillae at the corners of the gape, and distinctive mouth markings.

This species has a courtship flight conducted above the trees. The pair fly on a strongly oscillating path with one bird ascending while the other is descending, both calling constantly. [11] After display, the birds land on a branch for a mating ritual which starts with locking bills, followed by the female hanging upside-down for a variable period of time, and then copulation while the male holds the female's neck. The flight and mating rituals have been recorded for three-coloured and red-throated parrotfinches, and may be typical for the genus. [18] The nest is built with fresh grass blades, and is domed with a side entrance. It is always hidden in thick foliage, but can be at any height from the ground. The normal clutch is four spherical whitish eggs. [11] Chicks are naked and have pinkish skin; the distinctive gape has blue nodular spots technically termed as papillae or tubercles at the upper and lower corners, and the yellow palate has a ring of five black spots. Most young estrildid finches beg for food with their wings held against the side, but juvenile parrotfinches lift the wing on the side away from the feeding parent. This behaviour may restrict competition for food from other nestlings. [19]

When not breeding, the Fiji parrotfinch is gregarious, and is usually found in small flocks of up to six birds. [14] It feeds on seeds, usually at the "milk" (watery ripe) stage. A favourite is the Guinea grass, Megathyrsus maximus . The finch will also take seed from rice ears, and its spread into gardens has been aided by another preferred food plant, carpet grass, Axonopus compressus , which is a common lawn grass in Fiji. This finch readily takes insects, often extracted from under loose bark or tree crevices. It also feeds on nectar and small berries. [11] In some areas, this finch's diet may bring it into conflict with rice growers, [11] but there is no evidence that this protected species is seen as a serious agricultural threat either in Fiji, or in Australia, where it is kept in captivity in small numbers. [20] [21]

Predators and parasites

The endemic Fiji goshawk is a specialist predator of small birds. Fiji goshawk savusavu june 2008.JPG
The endemic Fiji goshawk is a specialist predator of small birds.

The common endemic Fiji goshawk is a specialist predator of small and medium-sized birds, and the swamp harrier is also a widespread predator, often taking fledglings. The local subspecies of the peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus nesiotes will hunt finches, but is itself rare and declining. [22] Barn owls eat mainly rats, but sometimes take small birds. [23] Rats and mice use Fiji parrotfinch nests, and may be significant predators of the species, [11] and the small Asian mongoose will prey on birds feeding on the ground. [24] The fan-tailed cuckoo, which has an endemic Fijian subspecies, is a brood parasite, but the parrotfinch does not appear to be a host of this large cuckoo. [25]

No specific parasites of Fiji parrotfinch have been recorded, but microsporidiosis and avian malaria, both spread by parasites, have been found in captive populations of other parrotfinch species. [26] [27]

Status

The Fijian parrotfinch is endemic to a single country; although its population is unknown, it is described as uncommon or locally common. In the absence of evidence for any decline in numbers, its population is believed to be stable, and it is therefore classed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. [1] It is protected under Schedule 2 of Fiji's Endangered and Protected Species Act 2002, which regulates the import and trade of species that are not thought to be at a high risk of extinction, but may be threatened if trade in those species is not regulated. [28] In the early 20th century, Europeans in Fiji kept these finches as cagebirds, calling them croton finches because of their liking for the croton bush, [29] but the pet trade appears not to be a significant factor at present. [11]

Fiji's native birdlife has been badly affected by agriculture, deforestation and introduced pests like rats and mongooses. Although Important Bird Areas have been established on Taveuni and the forest east of Vanua Levu, conservation problems persist. The Fiji parrotfinch has adapted well to man-made landscapes; [30] it is neither a ground nor hole nester, so it avoids predation from the mongoose and competition for nest sites with introduced common and jungle mynas. Introduced rodents are able to access the nests and may affect breeding productivity. The potential introduction of other species, such as snakes, or diseases like avian malaria could lead to major losses among bird species. [24]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taveuni</span> Island in Fiji

Taveuni is the third-largest island in Fiji, after Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, with a total land area of 434 square kilometres. The cigar-shaped island, a massive shield volcano which rises from the floor of the Pacific Ocean, is situated 6.5 kilometres east of Vanua Levu, across the Somosomo Strait. It belongs to the Vanua Levu Group of islands and is part of Fiji's Cakaudrove Province within the Northern Division.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-throated lorikeet</span> Species of bird

The red-throated lorikeet is a critically endangered lorikeet endemic to Fiji. It is 18 cm long and is bright green overall, with red cheeks, throat and thighs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crimson shining parrot</span> Species of bird

The crimson shining parrot is a parrot from Fiji. The species is endemic to the islands of Kadavu and Ono in the Kadavu Group. The species was once considered conspecific with the red shining parrot of Vanua Levu and Taveuni, but is now considered its own species. The species is sometimes known as the Kadavu musk parrot.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orange dove</span> Species of bird endemic to Fiji

The orange dove or orange fruit dove is a species of bird in the pigeon family Columbidae. One of the most colorful doves, the male has a golden olive head and elongated bright orange "hair-like" body feathers. The golden-olive remiges are typically covered by the long orange wing coverts when perched. The legs, bill and orbital skin are bluish-green and the iris is whitish. The female is a dark green bird with blackish tail and orange-yellow undertail coverts. The young resemble females.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pin-tailed parrotfinch</span> Species of bird

The pin-tailed parrotfinch is a common species of estrildid finch found in Southeast Asia: Malaysia, Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam, Thailand and China. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 10,000,000 km2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Green-faced parrotfinch</span> Species of bird

The green-faced parrotfinch is a rare species of estrildid finch found in northern Philippines, on Luzon, Mindoro, Panay, Negros and Cebu islands. It is an elusive and nomadic bird with mostly green plummage with a bright red vent and tail, rarely seen but large flocks of up to 1,000 birds have been reported feeding on bamboo flowers. Its local name is mayang-kawayan in Tagalog which roughly translates to bamboo sparrow due to its association with bamboo flowering. It is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN and is threatened by habitat loss, deforestation and the illegal cage bird trade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue-faced parrotfinch</span> Species of bird

The blue-faced parrotfinch is a locally common species of estrildid finch found in north-eastern Australia, Japan, Indonesia, Federated States of Micronesia, France (introduced), New Caledonia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 10,000,000 km2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-eared parrotfinch</span> Species of bird

The red-eared parrotfinch is a species of estrildid finch endemic to Mindanao in the Philippines. It's known for its striking plumage of a green body, a blue face and the eponymous red-ear. It is found in tropical montane forest above 1,000 meters above sea level.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Papuan parrotfinch</span> Species of bird

The Papuan parrotfinch is a common species of estrildid finch found in New Guinea. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 50,000 to 100,000 km2. There is some doubt as to whether this species and the blue-faced parrotfinch are conspecific.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-throated parrotfinch</span> Species of bird

The red-throated parrotfinch is a species of estrildid finch found in New Caledonia. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 20,000 to 50,000 km2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal parrotfinch</span> Species of bird

The royal parrotfinch is a species of estrildid finch endemic to Vanuatu in the South Pacific Ocean. It is found commonly at mid-altitudes on the larger islands such as Espiritu Santo, above 300 m., but it also can be found at small sea-level islands in fruiting figs in forest edge in Emae and Tongoa. This species is usually found in singles, pairs or small groups feeding on figs in the forest canopy. Clements has lumped this bird into the red-headed parrotfinch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pink-billed parrotfinch</span> Species of bird

The pink-billed parrotfinch is a species of estrildid finch found on the island of Viti Levu, Fiji. Commonly found at undisturbed mature forest in the centre and east of Viti Levu, e.g. Joske's Thumb near Suva. This species is found at mid-height along tree-trunks and branches, usually alone or in pairs but also joining mixed-species flocks, feeding primarily on insects, but also on flower buds and fruits.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fiji goshawk</span> Species of bird

The Fiji goshawk is a species of bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. It was once considered to be the same species (conspecific) as the brown goshawk of Australia and New Caledonia. It is endemic to Fiji, where it occurs on the larger islands of Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, Taveuni, Kadavu, Gau and Ovalau. It occupies a range of wooded habitats in Fiji, from natural rainforest to coconut plantations and urban gardens and parks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fiji woodswallow</span> Species of bird

The Fiji woodswallow is a species of woodswallow in the family Artamidae. It is endemic to most of the islands of Fiji, although it is absent from Kadavu Archipelago and the Lau Archipelago. The species was once considered a race of the white-breasted woodswallow, which breeds from Australia, New Caledonia and Vanuatu through to Borneo and the Philippines. Some authors retain it in that species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fiji shrikebill</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fiji white-eye</span> Species of bird

The Fiji white-eye is a species of passerine bird in the white-eye family Zosteropidae. The species is also known as Layard's white-eye.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parrotfinch</span> Genus of birds

Parrotfinches are small, colourful passerine birds belonging to the genus Erythrura in the family Estrildidae, the estrildid finches. They occur from South-east Asia to New Guinea, and many Pacific Islands. They inhabit forest, bamboo thickets and grassland and some can be found in man-made habitats such as farmland, parks and gardens. Several species are commonly kept as cagebirds.

The Natewa silktail is a species of bird endemic to Fiji. This beautiful bird looks superficially like a diminutive bird-of-paradise but it is actually closely related to the fantails.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fiji tropical moist forests</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellow-throated Fiji whistler</span> Species of bird

The yellow-throated Fiji whistler is a species of passerine bird in the family Pachycephalidae, endemic to central Fiji. It was formerly considered to be conspecific with the white-throated Fiji whistler. Before the split the combined species were known as the "Fiji whistler".

References

  1. 1 2 BirdLife International (2016). "Erythrura pealii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T22719729A94641554. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22719729A94641554.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ↑ Clements (1993) p. 397
  3. ↑ Brookes (2006) p. 306
  4. ↑ Brookes (2006) p. 1058
  5. ↑ Bahr, P H (1911). "[Notes from the hundred and sixty-ninth meeting of the club]". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 27: 102–103.
  6. ↑ Peale, Titian Ramsay (1848). Mammalia and ornithology (PDF). Vol. VIII. Philapdelphia: G Sherman. p. 116.
  7. ↑ Clements (1993) pp. 207–208
  8. ↑ Hartlaub, Gustav (1852). "Titian Peale's Vögel der "United States Exploring Expedition"". Archiv für Naturgeschichte (in German). 18: 104.
  9. ↑ Swinnerton, Kirsty; Maljkovic, Aleksandra. "The Red-throated Lorikeet Charmosyna amabilis in the Fiji Islands" (PDF). World Parrot Trust, National Trust for Fiji, Environment Consultants (Fiji) Ltd. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
  10. ↑ "BirdLife International species factsheet: Erythrura pealii". BirdLife International. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Watling (2003) pp. 166–167
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Clements (1993) pp. 403–405
  13. 1 2 Clunie, Fergus (1984), Birds of the Fiji Bush, Fiji Museum, Suva.
  14. 1 2 3 Holyoak, D T (1979). "Notes on the birds of Viti Levu and Taveuni, Fiji". Emu. 79 (1): 7–13. doi:10.1071/MU9790007.
  15. ↑ Watling (2003) pp. 170–171
  16. ↑ "BirdLife International species factsheet: Erythrura kleinschmidti ". BirdLife International. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  17. ↑ Diamond, Jared M (1970). "Ecological consequences of island colonization by southwest Pacific birds, I. Types of niche shifts" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 67 (2): 529–536. Bibcode:1970PNAS...67..529D. doi: 10.1073/pnas.67.2.529 . PMC   283240 . PMID   16591871.
  18. ↑ Clunie, Fergus (1979). "Red-headed Parrot Finch" (PDF). Notornis. 26 (1): 62. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-18.
  19. ↑ Payne, Robert B (2005). "Nestling mouth markings and colors of Old World finches Estrildidae: mimicry and coevolution of nesting finches and their Vidua brood parasites". Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. 194: 10, 29. hdl:2027.42/56437.
  20. ↑ "2007 Inventory of exotic (non-native) bird species known to be in Australia" (PDF). Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-03-17. Retrieved 15 March 2011
  21. ↑ "Aviary visits archive". Queensland Finch Society. Archived from the original on 19 February 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  22. ↑ Watling (2003) pp. 108–110
  23. ↑ Watling (2003) p. 133
  24. 1 2 Watling (2003) pp. 52–59
  25. ↑ Watling (2003) pp. 131–132
  26. ↑ Rose, Karrie (2005). "Common diseases of urban wildlife: birds" (PDF). The Australian Registry of Wildlife Health: 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-02-20.
  27. ↑ Gelis, S; Raidal, S R (2006). "Microsporidiosis in a flock of tricolor parrot finches (Erythrura tricolor)". Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practice. 9 (3): 481–486. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2006.05.032. PMID   16931363.
  28. ↑ Fiji Islands Endangered and Protected Species Act 2002 Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine , Parliament of the Fiji Islands, Schedule 2
  29. ↑ Bahr, Philip H (1911). "Notes on some Fijian birds in captivity". The Avicultural Magazine. 3 (2): 49–56.
  30. ↑ "From prioritisation to conservation action: community-based conservation groups at Fiji's key conservation sites". Important Bird Areas in the Pacific project. BirdLife International. Archived from the original on 2010-12-13. Retrieved 13 March 2011

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