The Great Appalachian Storm of November 1950 was a large extratropical cyclone which moved through the Eastern United States,causing blizzard conditions along the western slopes of the Appalachian Mountains and significant winds and heavy rainfall east of the mountains. Hurricane-force winds,peaking at 110 miles per hour (180km/h) in Concord,New Hampshire,and 160mph (260km/h) in the highlands of New England,disrupted power to 1 million customers during the event.
In all,the storm impacted 22 states,killing 383[3][4][5] people,injuring over 160,and causing $66.7 million in damage (equivalent to $872,000,000in 2024).[5] U.S. insurance companies paid out more money to their policy holders for damage resulting from the cyclone than for any previous storm or hurricane at the time. The cyclone is also one of only twenty-six storms to rank as a Category 5 on the Regional Snowfall Index.[6]
The preceding atmospheric state was one of La Niña conditions,the cold phase of ENSO,which favors a storm track from the Ohio and Tennessee Valleys into the Appalachians.[7] The cyclone initially formed in southeast North Carolina near a cold front on the morning of November 24 as the main cyclone over the Great Lakes weakened.[1] Rapid development ensued as the surface center began to migrate back into a closed 500hPa-level (14.75inHg) (around 6,000m/20,000ft above sea level) cyclone,and the cyclone bombed while moving north through Washington D.C. the next morning. The former occluded front to its northwest became a warm front which moved back to the west around the strengthening,and now dominant,southern low pressure center. By the evening of November 25,the cyclone retrograded,or moved northwestward,into Ohio due to a blocking ridge up across eastern Canada. It was at this time that the pressure gradient was its most intense across southern New England and eastern New York. A wide area of +4 standard deviation 850mb winds occurred.[8] The cyclone moved west over Lake Erie to the north of the upper cyclone before looping over Ohio as the low-level and mid-level cyclone centers coupled. Significant convection within its comma head led to the development of a warm seclusion,or a pocket of low level warm air,near its center which aided in further development due to the increased lapse rates a warmer low level environment affords under a cold low. After the system became stacked with height,the storm slowly spun down as it drifted north and northeast into eastern Canada over the succeeding few days.[9]
United States effects
This extratropical cyclone rapidly deepened as it moved up the eastern side of the Appalachians during November 24 and 25 and continued into November 27. Coastal flooding was seen along the U.S. coastline from New Jersey northward.
Southeast
In Alabama,all-time record lows for November were set at Birmingham5°F (−15°C),[10]Mobile 22°F (−6°C),and Montgomery 13°F (−11°C). Across Florida,all-time record lows for November were set at Apalachicola (24°F (−4°C)),Pensacola (22°F (−6°C)),and Jacksonville (23°F (−5°C)). Within Georgia,all-time record lows for November were set at Atlanta (3°F (−16°C) ),Columbus (10°F (−12°C)),Augusta (11°F (−12°C)),and Savannah (15°F (−9°C).[citation needed]
Kentucky
An all-time record low for November was set at Louisville (−1°F (−18°C).[11]
New Hampshire
Concord recorded a wind gust of 110 miles per hour (180km/h) during the height of the storm.[citation needed] Winds at Mount Washington reached 160 miles per hour (260km/h).[12]
New York
Sustained winds of 50–60mph (80–97km/h) with gusts to 83 miles per hour (134km/h) were recorded at Albany,New York. A wind gust of 94 miles per hour (151km/h) was recorded in New York City. Extensive damage was caused by the wind across New York,including massive tree fall and power outages.[13] Coastal flooding breached dikes at LaGuardia Airport,flooding the runways.[14] Flooding extended to New York City's Office of Emergency Management on the Lower East Side,in Manhattan.[15]
Connecticut
Extensive wind damage with tidal flooding along the coast. On the coast structures and railroad tracks washed away. Plows were needed to remove sand from coastal roads. Roofs torn off on the coast and at the University of Connecticut. The tide at New London was 7.58ft (2.31m),third highest in the last 100 years. Hartford had sustained winds of 70mph (110km/h),the highest ever on record,with 100mph (160km/h) gusts also the highest on record were recorded on 3 separate occasions. The 62mph (100km/h) sustained wind recorded at Bridgeport is the 4th highest on record. Other gusts included 88mph (142km/h) at Bridgeport and 77mph (124km/h) at New Haven.[8]
New Jersey
A wind gust of 108mph (174km/h),the strongest ever recorded in New Jersey,occurred in Newark.[16]
On the storm's west side,nearly a foot of snow fell on Dayton,Ohio,which combined with the wind and cold temperatures to constitute their worst blizzard on record.[18] Nearly the entire state was blanketed with 10 inches (25cm) of snow,with 20–30 inches (51–76 centimetres) being measured in eastern sections of Ohio. The highest report was 44 inches (110cm) from Steubenville.[19] Snow drifts were up to 25 feet (7.6m) deep. Winds exceeded 40 miles per hour (64km/h) with gusts as high as 60 miles per hour (97km/h). Bulldozers were used to clear roads.[1] Despite the high winds and snow,the annual football game between the University of Michigan and Ohio State University went on as scheduled in Columbus and was nicknamed the Snow Bowl. When the snow melted during the first four days of December,river flooding occurred in Cincinnati.[citation needed]
Pennsylvania
During the height of the storm,record to near-record flooding occurred along the eastern side of the Appalachians across eastern and central sections of the state. The Schuylkill at Fairmount Dam reached its highest stage since 1902.[2] In Pittsburgh,30.5 inches (77cm) of snow accumulated from this cyclone. Tanks were used to clear the resultant snow.[20] When a warm spell visited the region during the first four days of December,river flooding struck Pittsburgh.
Parkersburg recorded 34.4 inches (87cm) of snowfall during the passage of this low,which exceeded its snowiest November on record by over 5 inches (13cm). Pickens reported the highest amount from anywhere within the cyclone,with 57 inches (140cm) measured. November 1950 became West Virginia's snowiest month on record.[22] This remarkably heavy snow led to 160 deaths.[23]
Effects in Canada
Ontario
This system was a major snowstorm for the area,with 12 inches (30cm) in Toronto on November 24. This set a record for single-day snowfall in November.[24]
Lasting impact
This cyclone was used as a test case for some of the first attempts at numerical modeling of the atmosphere,and is still used as a case study to run recent versions of forecast models. These studies helped create what is now known as the National Centers for Environmental Prediction.[25]
Other similar storms
Storms during the time frames November 8–10,1913,October 22–25,1923,and November 19–22,1952 were considered analogous to this cyclone.[26] Despite their similarities,there are some differences. For example,the 1913 event was much more destructive to Great Lakes shipping,while the 1950 storm caused greater snowfall amounts.
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