HMS Albion (L14)

Last updated

HMS Albion MOD 45151289.jpg
HMS Albion pictured operating with Dutch Royal Marines.
History
Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svgUnited Kingdom
NameHMS Albion
Ordered18 July 1996
Builder BAE Systems Marine
Laid down23 May 1998 Barrow-in-Furness, England
Launched9 March 2001
Sponsored by The Princess Royal
Commissioned19 June 2003
RefitMajor 2014–2017
Homeport HMNB Devonport, Plymouth
Identification
Motto
  • Fortiter, Fideliter, Feliciter
  • "Boldly, Faithfully, Successfully"
StatusExtended readiness (uncrewed reserve) as of early 2024 [1]
NotesRe-dedication service: 21 July 2017
Badge HMS Albion badge.jpg
General characteristics
Class and type Albion-class amphibious transport dock
Displacement19,560 t (19,250 long tons; 21,560 short tons)
Length176 m (577 ft 5 in)
Beam28.9 m (94 ft 10 in)
Draught7.1 m (23 ft 4 in)
Propulsion
  • 2 × Wärtsilä Vasa 16V 32E diesel generators
  • 2 × Wärtsilä Vasa 4R 32E diesel generators
  • GE Power Conversion Full Electric Propulsion System, 2x Electric Motors and Drives
  • bow thruster
Speed18 knots (21 mph; 33 km/h)
Range8,000 miles (7,000 nmi; 13,000 km)
Boats & landing
craft carried
  • 2 × Pacific 22 Mk2
  • 4 × LCU MK10
  • 4 × LCVP MK5
Capacity67 vehicles
Troops405 Royal Marines (710 overload) [2] [3]
Crew325
Sensors and
processing systems
  • 2 × Type 1007/8 I-band radars
  • 1 × Type 996 E/F band radar (until 2011)
  • 1 × Type 997 E/F-band radar (from 2017)
Armament
Aviation facilitiesTwo landing spots for helicopters up to the size of a Chinook.

HMS Albion is a landing platform dock of the Royal Navy, the first of the two-ship Albion class. Built by BAE Systems Marine in Barrow-in-Furness, Albion was launched in March 2001 by the Princess Royal. Her sister ship, Bulwark, was launched in November 2001, also from Barrow. Affiliated to the city of Chester and based in Plymouth, she is the ninth ship to carry the name Albion (after Albion, an ancient name of Great Britain), stretching back to the 74-gun 1763 warship, and last carried by an aircraft carrier decommissioned in 1973 after 19 years service. Designed as an amphibious warfare ship, Albion carries troops, normally Royal Marines, and vehicles up to the size of the Challenger 2 main battle tank. She can deploy these forces using four Landing Craft Utility (LCUs) and four Landing Craft Vehicle and Personnel (LCVPs). A flight deck supports helicopter operations.

Contents

Albion's future came under review as part of the 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review. She was the fleet flagship from December 2010 [5] until October 2011, [6] [7] and then again from March 2018 [8] until January 2021. [9]

Operational history

Ordered for the Royal Navy on 18 July 1996, Albion was constructed by BAE Systems Marine at its shipyard in Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria. The first steel was cut on 17 November 1997, and the ship's keel was laid down on 23 May 1998. The vessel was launched on 9 March 2001. She was commissioned into the Royal Navy on 19 June 2003 by her sponsor Anne, Princess Royal. Albion is the nameship of the Albion-class landing platform dock, which also includes Bulwark. The ship also carries a permanently embarked Royal Marines landing craft unit, 6 Assault Squadron, Royal Marines.

Along with sister ship Bulwark, Albion forms a key part of the Royal Navy's amphibious warfare capability. The ship can carry up to 256 soldiers in normal conditions, ordinarily Royal Marines. Albion can also carry their various associated armoured vehicles, up to the size of the Challenger 2 main battle tank. Vehicles can be deployed through an internal dock, using the ship's complement of four Landing Craft Utility (LCUs), while troops can be deployed from davits using four Landing Craft Vehicle and Personnel (LCVPs). Also equipped with a flight deck, the ship can operate two helicopters, with a third parked. [10] CH-47s can sling-load RM BvS 10 Viking light tracked, amphibious armoured vehicles and deliver them ashore if the sea states are too severe for them to swim ashore.

2003–2011

In 2003, Albion was granted the Freedom of the City of Chester and also had a prominent role in the Queen's Colour Parade for the Royal Navy in Plymouth Sound; the third time a Fleet Colour has been given in the Royal Navy's history. In early 2004 the ship deployed on a multinational exercise for the first time, taking part in Exercise Joint Winter 04 off Norway, during which she completed her cold weather sea trials and was declared fully operational. Her next deployment was the Aurora exercises on the eastern seaboard of the United States. On 11 November 2004, the ship was sent to Ivory Coast to support Operation Phillis. Albion underwent a refit in early 2006, which included the installation of a new command, control, and communications suite.

Albion attended the HMNB Devonport Navy Days, 26–28 August 2006. Also in attendance was her sister ship, Bulwark, recently returned from the Lebanon evacuation. Ocean was unable to attend due to three sailors contracting tuberculosis; she was moved to HMNB Portsmouth.

During the Vela Deployment to West Africa, [11] Albion acted as the Amphibious Task Group flagship. The deployment lasted from 11 September to 22 November 2006. Approximately 3,000 British personnel and 11 ships of the Royal Navy and Royal Fleet Auxiliary were involved. This deployment saw, for the first time, an Albion-class vessel taking part in amphibious operations with a Bay-class auxiliary landing ship dock, RFA Mounts Bay.

In late July and early August 2007, Albion was anchored off Sunderland during the city's air show.

In late 2008, Albion undertook her first refit, to upgrade various electronic and defence systems. During this docking period the Commanding Officer, Captain Wayne Keble, assumed command of Albion's sister ship, Bulwark.

In April 2010, during the air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption, Albion was sent to Santander, Spain as part of Operation Cunningham to bring back soldiers from the third battalion The Rifles battlegroup, Royal Air Force personnel and stranded British citizens. [12] [13] In May 2010, Albion together with HMS Ocean (L12) and other Royal Navy, French and US vessels, joined the multi-national AURIGA Task Group for amphibious exercises at Camp Lejeune in North Carolina. [14]

Royal Marines assault craft exiting the stern of HMS Albion during amphibious operations off North Carolina in 2010. HMS Albion Deploys Royal Marine Assault Craft MOD 45151652.jpg
Royal Marines assault craft exiting the stern of HMS Albion during amphibious operations off North Carolina in 2010.

In late 2010, despite having been in commission for only seven years, the ship's future was uncertain, with either Albion or her sister ship Bulwark due to be put into extended readiness as a result of the 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review. [15]

In December 2010, Albion was announced as the next Royal Navy flagship and flagship of the UK Responsive Force Task Group, following the early decommissioning of the aircraft carrier Ark Royal, which occurred in March 2011, also as a result of the 2010 review. [16] [17]

In March 2011, Albion took part in Exercise Green Alligator with HQ of 3 Commando Brigade, the Joint Helicopter Command, the Royal Netherlands Marines Corps and 539 Assault Squadron RM. [18] She was the main ship of the deployed Royal Navy Response Force Task Group. In May 2011, the Task Group took part in Exercise Cypriot Lion. [19] [20]

In June 2011, the ship had been redeployed along with the Response Force Task Group to the Gulf of Sidra off Libya to provide assistance to the ongoing NATO-led operation there. She subsequently continued on to the Indian Ocean, passing through the Suez Canal on 15 June, to assist with anti-piracy operations off the Horn of Africa. [21] [22]

On 20 September 2011, Albion docked at Liverpool Pier Head to celebrate her 10th anniversary with a six-day stay. She was open to the public on the following Saturday and Sunday (24 & 25 September 2011). This was her second visit to Liverpool, having previously visited in March 2010.[ citation needed ]

Extended readiness 2011–2017

In late 2011 Albion entered a state of "extended readiness" (joining the UK's equivalent to a Reserve Fleet), after Bulwark completed a major refit. [23]

In order to cut the running costs of the Royal Navy, the 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review concluded that one of the Royal Navy's two landing platform docks, Albion and Bulwark, should be placed into extended readiness while the other is held at high readiness for operations. Both vessels will alternate between extended readiness and high readiness throughout their service lives.

It was confirmed that Albion would be the first of the two vessels placed at extended readiness, for a cost of £2.5 million as Bulwark had recently finished a major refit. Running costs while in extended readiness were estimated to be £300,000 per annum in order to keep the vessel available for reactivation at short notice if needed.

In December 2014, Albion was moved into dry dock at Plymouth to allow her hull to be inspected and cleaned prior to the major work being undertaken to reactivate the ship. The major refit, plus the associated work up period, will take approximately 2.5 years, with Albion initially slated to assume the role of Fleet Flagship in April 2017. [24]

The running costs of one of the Albion-class vessels at high readiness ranged from £17.7 million – £38.6 million per annum from 2007 to 2011. [25] [26]

Albion's refit included the fitting of Phalanx CIWS in place of the Goalkeeper CIWS, a Type 997 radar and a new command system. [27]

2017–present

Ship's staff moved back onboard Albion at the end of January 2017, formally taking responsibility for the ship from Babcock with the aim of taking Albion to sea for the first time in six years in summer 2017. [28]

On 6 February 2018, Albion deployed for the first time since her refit to relieve Duncan as flagship of Standing NATO Maritime Group 2. [29]

According to the Ministry of Defence, the planned out-of-service date for Bulwark is 2033. [30] However, in October 2017, the BBC's Newsnight reported that the Ministry of Defence was considering decommissioning Albion and Bulwark, as part of a package of cost-cutting measures intended to mitigate the expense of the Royal Navy's two new aircraft carriers. [31] This action was reversed by then Secretary of State for Defence Gavin Williamson in September 2018. [32]

In April 2018, Albion was dispatched to the Asia-Pacific to assist in enforcing sanctions against North Korea. [33]

On 4–6 February 2020, Albion hosted the crew of Uma, a 36-foot sailing yacht that is featured on the YouTube channel Sailing Uma. The Uma crew produced two episodes about their experiences on Albion. [34] [35]

In September 2020, Albion embarked on a unique deployment named Littoral Response Group eXperimental (LRG(X)). This would see the ship enter the Mediterranean with embarked Royal Marine Commando forces and Royal Naval personnel testing and developing pilot projects such as experimental unmanned aerial drones and autonomous vehicles for logistical and intelligence gathering purposes, in the operational environment. The deployment was the first that Albion had carried out with the full ships company remaining on board without leave, due to the Covid-19 pandemic.

On 27 January 2021, Albion transferred Fleet Flagship duty to HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08). [9]

In July 2023, Albion returned to Devonport from her final deployment prior to going into a state of "reduced readiness" (skeleton crew on board for ship maintenance). It had been anticipated that HMS Bulwark would assume Albion's former frontline role in 2024 after completing a prolonged refit, though it was reported that she will also now remain in reserve. [36] Albion herself is expected to remain in "extended readiness" (uncrewed reserve) until at least 2029 with her return to active operations at that point dependent on her receiving a further refit to allow her to continue in service into the early 2030s. [37] [38]

Affiliations

HMS Albion is affiliated with the following: [39]

Related Research Articles

HMS <i>Ark Royal</i> (R07) 1985 Invincible-class light aircraft carrier

HMS Ark Royal was a light aircraft carrier and former flagship of the Royal Navy. She was the third and final vessel of the Invincible class. She was built by Swan Hunter on the River Tyne and launched by them in 1981. Ark Royal was christened by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. She followed sister ships HMS Invincible and HMS Illustrious into service in 1985.

HMS <i>Ocean</i> (L12) 1998 unique amphibious assault ship of the Royal Navy

HMS Ocean was a Landing Platform Helicopter, formerly the UK's helicopter carrier and the fleet flagship of the Royal Navy. She was designed to support amphibious landing operations and to support the staff of Commander UK Amphibious Force and Commander UK Landing Force. She was constructed in the mid-1990s by Kvaerner Govan on the River Clyde and fitted out by VSEL at Barrow-in-Furness prior to trials and subsequent acceptance in service. Ocean was commissioned in September 1998 at her home port HMNB Devonport, Plymouth.

HMS <i>Argyll</i> (F231) 1991 Type 23 or Duke-class frigate of the Royal Navy

The third and current HMS Argyll is a Type 23 Duke-class frigate. She is currently the oldest serving Type 23 frigate in the Royal Navy. Like all of her class she is named after a British dukedom, in this case that of Argyll. HMS Argyll was laid down in March 1987 by Yarrow Shipbuilders at Glasgow, and launched in 1989 by Lady Wendy Levene, sponsored by the Worshipful Company of Paviors. She was commissioned in May 1991. Argyll is currently based at HMNB Devonport.

HMS <i>Bulwark</i> (R08) 1954 Centaur-class light fleet carrier of the Royal Navy

The sixth HMS Bulwark of the Royal Navy was a 22,000 ton Centaur-class light fleet aircraft carrier. Initially commissioned as a light aircraft carrier in 1954, the ship was converted into a commando carrier in 1958 and recommissioned as such in 1960. Bulwark remained in this capacity until 1979 following failed efforts to sell the ship, Bulwark re-entered service as an anti-submarine warfare carrier and remained as such until being decommissioned in 1981. The ship was scrapped in 1984.

HMS <i>Richmond</i> (F239) 1995 Type 23 or Duke-class frigate of the Royal Navy

HMS Richmond is a Type 23 frigate of the Royal Navy. She was launched on 6 April 1993 by Lady Hill-Norton, wife of the late Admiral of the Fleet The Lord Hill-Norton, and was the last warship to be built by Swan Hunter Shipbuilders. She sailed from the builders on the River Tyne in November 1994. She is named for the Dukedom of Richmond.

RFA <i>Fort Austin</i> 1979 Fort Rosalie-class replenishment ship of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary

RFA Fort Austin is a retired British Fort Rosalie-class dry stores ship of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

<i>Albion</i>-class landing platform dock Type of amphibious warfare ship in service with the Royal Navy

The Albion-class landing platform dock is a class of amphibious warfare ship in service with the Royal Navy. The class consists of two vessels, HMS Albion and HMS Bulwark, ordered in 1996 to replace the ageing Fearless class. Both ships were built by BAE Systems Marine at the former Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering yard in Barrow-in-Furness. Albion was commissioned in 2003 and Bulwark in 2004. Each of the ships has a crew of 325 and can accommodate up to 405 troops. Thirty-one large trucks and thirty-six smaller vehicles and main battle tanks can be carried inside the vehicle deck. To disembark troops and vehicles, the vessels are equipped with eight landing craft. As of 2024, both vessels were in reserve.

HMS <i>Bulwark</i> (L15) 2005 Albion-class landing platform dock of the Royal Navy

HMS Bulwark is the second ship of the Royal Navy's Albion-class assault ships. She is one of the United Kingdom's two landing platform docks designed to put Royal Marines ashore by air and by sea.

RFA <i>Mounts Bay</i> Bay-class dock landing ship of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary

RFA Mounts Bay is a Bay-class auxiliary landing ship dock of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary. She is named after Mount's Bay in Cornwall.

RFA <i>Cardigan Bay</i> Bay-class dock landing ship of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary

RFA Cardigan Bay is a Bay-class landing ship dock of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA). Built by BAE Systems, the ship was dedicated into the RFA at the end of 2006.

HMS <i>Fearless</i> (L10) Royal Navy ship that served from 1965 until 2002

HMS Fearless (L10) was a Royal Navy amphibious assault ship that served from 1965 until 2002. One of two Fearless-class landing platform docks, she was based in HMNB Portsmouth and saw service around the world over her 37-year life. She was the last steam-powered surface ship in the Royal Navy.

HMS <i>Intrepid</i> (L11)

HMS Intrepid (L11) was one of two Fearless-class amphibious warfare ships of the Royal Navy. A landing platform dock (LPD), she served from 1967 until 1999. Based in HM Naval Base, Devonport, Plymouth, Devon and HM Naval Base Portsmouth, she saw service around the world over her 32-year life.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Landing platform helicopter</span> Hull classification used by a number of the worlds navies

Landing platform helicopter (LPH) is a term used by some navies to denote a type of amphibious warfare ship designed primarily to operate as a launch and recovery platform for helicopters and other VTOL aircraft. As such, they are considered a type of helicopter carrier.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Standing Royal Navy deployments</span>

Standing Royal Navy deployments is a list of operations and commitments undertaken by the United Kingdom's Royal Navy on a worldwide basis. The following list details these commitments and deployments sorted by region and in alphabetical order. Routine deployments made by the Navy's nuclear-powered submarines and their location of operations is classified.

HMS <i>Enterprise</i> (H88) Royal Navy multi-role survey vessel

HMS Enterprise, the tenth ship to bear this name, was a multi-role survey vessel - hydrographic oceanographic (SVHO) of the Royal Navy along with HMS Echo that made up the Echo class of survey vessels.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Commander United Kingdom Strike Force</span> Senior post in the Royal Navy

The Commander United Kingdom Strike Force is a senior post in the Royal Navy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HMNB Devonport</span> Operating base in the United Kingdom for the Royal Navy

His Majesty's Naval Base, Devonport is one of three operating bases in the United Kingdom for the Royal Navy and is the sole nuclear repair and refuelling facility for the Royal Navy. The largest naval base in Western Europe, HMNB Devonport is located in Devonport, in the west of the city of Plymouth, England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joint Expeditionary Force (Maritime)</span> Royal Navys contribution to the UK-led Joint Expeditionary Force

The Joint Expeditionary Force (Maritime) (or JEF(M)) (formerly the Response Force Task Group (RFTG), and prior to that the Joint Rapid Reaction Force (JRRF)), is the Royal Navy's contribution to the Joint Expeditionary Force (JEF) maintained at very high-readiness and available at short notice to respond to unexpected global events. In addition to the Royal Navy and the Royal Marines, the JEF(M) also includes elements of the British Army and the Royal Air Force. While it is primarily poised to conduct war-fighting or strike operations, the JEF(M) is capable of undertaking a diverse range of activities such as evacuation operations, disaster relief or humanitarian aid.

A Littoral Response Group (LRG) is a Royal Navy task group usually consisting of one or two amphibious warfare ships, a company of Royal Marines and supporting elements primarily tasked with amphibious warfare from the littoral areas. They were first deployed in 2020 and have been described by the Royal Navy as being more flexible and agile compared to previous amphibious task groups with an emphasis on forward-basing, precision strike capabilities, high mobility, modern command and control technology, networked autonomous systems and deception capabilities. Multiple LRGs can combine to form a more substantial Littoral Strike Group (LSG) and they can also join a UK Carrier Strike Group to form an Expeditionary Strike Force.

References

  1. ↑ West, Lisa (27 February 2024). "MOD confirm assault ships not to be 'scrapped or mothballed'". UK Defence Journal.
  2. ↑ "Albion class". Military Today.com. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  3. ↑ Beedall, Richard. "Albion class". Navy Matters. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013.
  4. ↑ "In focus: the 50 cal heavy machine gun in Royal Navy service". Navy Lookout. 5 May 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  5. ↑ "HMS Albion assumes role of fleet flagship". Ministry of Defence . 10 December 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  6. ↑ "HMS Bulwark becomes Royal Navy's new flagship". BBC News . 19 October 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  7. ↑ "Bulwark Takes Over as UK Flagship After Nine-Month Work-Out". Royal Navy. 18 October 2011. Archived from the original on 18 December 2011.
  8. ↑ "Future flagship Albion completes sea trials after £90m overhaul". Royal Navy. 13 September 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  9. 1 2 "HMS Queen Elizabeth becomes British flagship". ukdefencejournal.org.uk. 27 January 2021. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  10. ↑ "HMS Albion". Royal Navy. Archived from the original on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
  11. ↑ "Action Ahead For Royal Navy Amphibious Task Group". Royal Navy. 28 September 2006. Archived from the original on 9 January 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2008.
  12. ↑ "How can people stranded by the volcanic ash get home?". BBC News. 22 April 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  13. ↑ "Soldados británicos de Afganistán regresan a casa desde Santander" [British soldiers from Afghanistan return home from Santander]. El Diario Montañés (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  14. ↑ "In Pictures: Royal Navy's Amphibious Task Group heads for USA". Gov.uk . Ministry of Defence. 17 June 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  15. ↑ Powell, Michael (28 October 2010). "Royal Navy shows off its versatility as Solent is turned into 'warzone'". The News . Portsmouth. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  16. ↑ "Plymouth-based HMS Albion becomes Royal Navy flagship". BBC News. 3 December 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  17. ↑ "New Admiral Visits Fleet Flagship". 16 February 2011. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  18. ↑ "Bite sized exercise for Albion". Navy News .[ dead link ]
  19. ↑ "Royal Navy ships depart". Royal Navy.[ dead link ]
  20. ↑ "Royal Navy Task Group Begins Exercise Cypriot Lion". Royal Navy. 11 May 2011. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011.
  21. ↑ "Task force sent to Libya to ratchet up the pressure on Gaddafi". Navy News. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
  22. ↑ "Albion leads Cougar task force east of Suez". Navy News. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013.
  23. ↑ Glover, Julian (17 July 2011). "Mothballing ships makes little sense". The Guardian . London. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  24. ↑ "HMS Albion comes back to life". Royal Navy. 5 December 2014. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  25. ↑ Nick Harvey,  Minister of State for the Armed Forces (11 May 2011). "Written Answers to Questions: HMS Albion". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . House of Commons. col. 1207W.
  26. ↑ HM Government (October 2010). Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The Strategic Defence and Security Review (PDF). The Stationery Office. ISBN   978-0-10179-482-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
  27. ↑ "Massive refit of Plymouth-based HMS Albion is almost complete". Plymouth Herald . 11 July 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2016.[ permanent dead link ]
  28. ↑ "HMS Albion readies for sea". Royal Navy. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
  29. ↑ "Royal Navy's Assault Ship sails to lead NATO Task Group". Royal Navy. 6 February 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  30. ↑ Harriett Baldwin,  Minister for Defence Procurement (16 October 2017). "Navy: Written question - 106959". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . House of Commons.
  31. ↑ Urban, Mark (5 October 2017). "Navy could lose 'fight on beaches' ships in planned cuts". BBC News .
  32. ↑ "UK set for new Birmingham warship and will keep amphibious assault ships, Defence Secretary announces". UK Ministry of Defence. Birmingham UK. 30 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  33. ↑ Young, Charissa (12 April 2018). "British warship policing North Korea sanctions docks in Singapore". The Straits Times .
  34. ↑ "Home". sailinguma.com.
  35. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ryFpZfNEx5cM and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08rZipm76uQ
  36. ↑ Allison, George (19 March 2024). "HMS Bulwark unlikely to return to sea 'unless needed'". Navy Lookout.
  37. ↑ "Royal Navy workhorse HMS Albion comes home to Plymouth for possibly the final time". Forces Net. 28 July 2023.
  38. ↑ "Royal Navy LPD capability gapped as HMS Albion bows out before HMS Bulwark is available". Navy Lookout. 2 August 2023.
  39. ↑ "Affiliations: HMS Albion". Royal Navy. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.