Haplogroup E-M132

Haplogroup E-M132
Haplogroup E-M132
Possible time of origin	49,800 years BP
Coalescence age	19,800 years BP
Possible place of origin	Africa
Ancestor	E-P147
Descendants	E-M44, E-Z958
Defining mutations	M132, L633, M33
Highest frequencies	Fulbe (Cameroon) 53%, Dogon (Mali) 45%, Felupe-Djola (Guinea-Bissau) 34%, Papel-Manjaco-Mancanha (Guinea-Bissau) 20%, Tali (Cameroon) 20%, Hausa (Sudan) 16%, Nalú (Guinea-Bissau) 12%, Wolof (Senegambia) 12%, Balanta (Guinea-Bissau) 12%, Fulani (Sudan) 12%, Fulbe (Burkina Faso) 10%

Last updated September 25, 2023

Haplogroup E-M132, formerly known as E-M33 (E1a), is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Along with E-P177, it is one of the two main branches of the older E-P147 paternal clade. E-M132 is divided into two primary sub-branches, E-M44 and E-Z958, with many descendant subclades.

Ancient DNA

E-M132/E1a has been found in the remains of one Guanche (1/30) from the Canary Islands, and one Bimbape (1/16) from El Hierro that has been dated to the 10th century CE.^[6]

A man from the Koban culture (1/15) of the North Caucasus, which has been dated between the 9th century BCE and the 7th century BCE, carried paternal haplogroup E1a2a1b1b, as well as maternal haplogroup J1b1 or J1c.^[7]

Distribution

E-M132 is found most often in West Africa, and today it is especially common in the region of Mali. One study has found haplogroup E-M132 Y-chromosomes in as much as 34% (15/44) of a sample of Malian men, including 2/44 E-M44 and 13/44 E-M33/M132(xE-M44).^[8] In particular, the Dogon people of Mali have been found to carry haplogroup E-M132 with a frequency as high as 45.5% (25/55). This makes it perhaps the most common Y-DNA haplogroup in this population, though haplogroup E-P1 appears to be almost equally frequent among the Dogon (24/55 = 43.6%).^[3] Another study has found haplogroup E-M132 in 15.6% (44/282) of a pool of seven samples of various ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau.^[4]

Haplogroup E-M132 also has been found in samples obtained from Moroccan Berbers, Sahrawis, Burkina Faso (including E-M33/M132(xE-M44) in 2/20 = 10% Fulbe and 2/37 = 5.4% Rimaibe ^[2]), northern Cameroon (including E-M44 in 9/17 = 53% Fulbe and E-M33/M132(xE-M44) in 3/15 = 20% Tali^[2]), Senegal (7/139 = 5.0%^[9]), Ghana (1/29 = 3% Ga, 1/32 = 3% Fante ^[3]), Sudan (including 5/32 = 15.6% Hausa and 3/26 = 11.5% Fulani ^[5]), Egypt (1%^[3]-1.4%^[10]), Calabria (including both Italian and Albanian inhabitants of the region), Shiite Muslims from Lebanon (3/193 = 1.55%),^[11] Syrians (2/202 = 1%),^[12] Druze from Lebanon (5/363 = 1.3%),^[13] Maronites from Lebanon (2/200 = 1%),^[14] an Italian (1/67 = 1.5%) from Trentino in northeastern Italy,^[15] and Romanians from Constanţa.^[16]

E-M132 has also been observed among private commercial DNA testers from Switzerland, France, Yemen, Spain, Saudi Arabia, Portugal, Mali, Italy, Ashkenazi Jews and African Americans.^[17]

Subclades

E-M44

Haplogroup E-M44 is a subclade of haplogroup E-M132.^[1]

E-Z958

Haplogroup E-Z958 is a subclade of haplogroup E-M132.^[1]

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being, above all, timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	(α)	(β)	(γ)	(δ)	(ε)	(ζ)	(η)	YCC 2002 (Longhand)	YCC 2005 (Longhand)	YCC 2008 (Longhand)	YCC 2010r (Longhand)	ISOGG 2006	ISOGG 2007	ISOGG 2008	ISOGG 2009	ISOGG 2010	ISOGG 2011	ISOGG 2012
E-P29	21	III	3A	13	Eu3	H2	B	E*	E	E	E	E	E	E	E	E	E	E
E-M33	21	III	3A	13	Eu3	H2	B	E1*	E1	E1a	E1a	E1	E1	E1a	E1a	E1a	E1a	E1a
E-M44	21	III	3A	13	Eu3	H2	B	E1a	E1a	E1a1	E1a1	E1a	E1a	E1a1	E1a1	E1a1	E1a1	E1a1
E-M75	21	III	3A	13	Eu3	H2	B	E2a	E2	E2	E2	E2	E2	E2	E2	E2	E2	E2
E-M54	21	III	3A	13	Eu3	H2	B	E2b	E2b	E2b	E2b1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
E-P2	25	III	4	14	Eu3	H2	B	E3*	E3	E1b	E1b1	E3	E3	E1b1	E1b1	E1b1	E1b1	E1b1
E-M2	8	III	5	15	Eu2	H2	B	E3a*	E3a	E1b1	E1b1a	E3a	E3a	E1b1a	E1b1a	E1b1a	E1b1a1	E1b1a1
E-M58	8	III	5	15	Eu2	H2	B	E3a1	E3a1	E1b1a1	E1b1a1	E3a1	E3a1	E1b1a1	E1b1a1	E1b1a1	E1b1a1a1a	E1b1a1a1a
E-M116.2	8	III	5	15	Eu2	H2	B	E3a2	E3a2	E1b1a2	E1b1a2	E3a2	E3a2	E1b1a2	E1b1a2	E1ba12	removed	removed
E-M149	8	III	5	15	Eu2	H2	B	E3a3	E3a3	E1b1a3	E1b1a3	E3a3	E3a3	E1b1a3	E1b1a3	E1b1a3	E1b1a1a1c	E1b1a1a1c
E-M154	8	III	5	15	Eu2	H2	B	E3a4	E3a4	E1b1a4	E1b1a4	E3a4	E3a4	E1b1a4	E1b1a4	E1b1a4	E1b1a1a1g1c	E1b1a1a1g1c
E-M155	8	III	5	15	Eu2	H2	B	E3a5	E3a5	E1b1a5	E1b1a5	E3a5	E3a5	E1b1a5	E1b1a5	E1b1a5	E1b1a1a1d	E1b1a1a1d
E-M10	8	III	5	15	Eu2	H2	B	E3a6	E3a6	E1b1a6	E1b1a6	E3a6	E3a6	E1b1a6	E1b1a6	E1b1a6	E1b1a1a1e	E1b1a1a1e
E-M35	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3b*	E3b	E1b1b1	E1b1b1	E3b1	E3b1	E1b1b1	E1b1b1	E1b1b1	removed	removed
E-M78	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3b1*	E3b1	E1b1b1a	E1b1b1a1	E3b1a	E3b1a	E1b1b1a	E1b1b1a	E1b1b1a	E1b1b1a1	E1b1b1a1
E-M148	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3b1a	E3b1a	E1b1b1a3a	E1b1b1a1c1	E3b1a3a	E3b1a3a	E1b1b1a3a	E1b1b1a3a	E1b1b1a3a	E1b1b1a1c1	E1b1b1a1c1
E-M81	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3b2*	E3b2	E1b1b1b	E1b1b1b1	E3b1b	E3b1b	E1b1b1b	E1b1b1b	E1b1b1b	E1b1b1b1	E1b1b1b1a
E-M107	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3b2a	E3b2a	E1b1b1b1	E1b1b1b1a	E3b1b1	E3b1b1	E1b1b1b1	E1b1b1b1	E1b1b1b1	E1b1b1b1a	E1b1b1b1a1
E-M165	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3b2b	E3b2b	E1b1b1b2	E1b1b1b1b1	E3b1b2	E3b1b2	E1b1b1b2a	E1b1b1b2a	E1b1b1b2a	E1b1b1b2a	E1b1b1b1a2a
E-M123	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3b3*	E3b3	E1b1b1c	E1b1b1c	E3b1c	E3b1c	E1b1b1c	E1b1b1c	E1b1b1c	E1b1b1c	E1b1b1b2a
E-M34	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3b3a*	E3b3a	E1b1b1c1	E1b1b1c1	E3b1c1	E3b1c1	E1b1b1c1	E1b1b1c1	E1b1b1c1	E1b1b1c1	E1b1b1b2a1
E-M136	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3ba1	E3b3a1	E1b1b1c1a	E1b1b1c1a1	E3b1c1a	E3b1c1a	E1b1b1c1a1	E1b1b1c1a1	E1b1b1c1a1	E1b1b1c1a1	E1b1b1b2a1a1

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001
β Underhill 2000
γ Hammer 2001
δ Karafet 2001
ε Semino 2000
ζ Su 1999
η Capelli 2001

Phylogenetic trees

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree^[18] and subsequent published research.

E-P147 (P147)
- E-M132 (M132, L633, M33)
  - E-M44 (M44)
  - E-L96 (L94)
  - E-L133 (L133)

Related Research Articles

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E-M215, also known as E1b1b-M215, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. E-M215 has two basal branches, E-M35 and E-M281. E-M35 is primarily distributed in North Africa and the Horn of Africa, and occurs at lower frequencies in the Middle East, Europe, and Southern Africa. E-M281 occurs at a low frequency in Ethiopia.

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Haplogroup E-V38, also known as E1b1a-V38, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. E-V38 is primarily distributed in sub-Saharan Africa. E-V38 has two basal branches, E-M329 and E-M2. E-M329 is a subclade mostly found in East Africa. E-M2 is the predominant subclade in West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, and the region of African Great Lakes; it also occurs at moderate frequencies in some parts of North Africa, West Asia, and Southern Europe.

Haplogroup L-M20 is a human Y-DNA haplogroup, which is defined by SNPs M11, M20, M61 and M185. As a secondary descendant of haplogroup K and a primary branch of haplogroup LT, haplogroup L currently has the alternative phylogenetic name of K1a, and is a sibling of haplogroup T.

Haplogroup M, also known as M-P256 and Haplogroup K2b1b is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. M-P256 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup K2b1, and is believed to have first appeared between 32,000 and 47,000 years ago.

In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome. Many people within a haplogroup share similar numbers of short tandem repeats (STRs) and types of mutations called single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

Haplogroup R, or R-M207, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is both numerous and widespread amongst modern populations.

In human genetics, Haplogroup O-M268, also known as O1b, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O-M268 is a primary subclade of haplogroup O-F265, itself a primary descendant branch of Haplogroup O-M175.

In human genetics, Haplogroup O-M119 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O-M119 is a descendant branch of haplogroup O-F265 also known as O1a, one of two extant primary subclades of Haplogroup O-M175. The same clade previously has been labeled as O-MSY2.2.

Its phylogenetically closest relatives are found among the peoples of Japan, Central Asia, and the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal. It is more distantly related to the Haplogroup D*, whose sub-clades are common throughout Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup S-M230</span> Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

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Haplogroup E-P177 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. E-P177 has two known subclades, which are haplogroup E-P2 and haplogroup E-P75.

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In human population genetics, Y-Chromosome haplogroups define the major lineages of direct paternal (male) lines back to a shared common ancestor in Africa. Men in the same haplogroup share a set of differences, or markers, on their Y-Chromosome, which distinguish them from men in other haplogroups. These UEPs, or markers used to define haplogroups, are SNP mutations. Y-Chromosome Haplogroups all form "family trees" or "phylogenies", with both branches or sub-clades diverging from a common haplogroup ancestor, and also with all haplogroups themselves linked into one family tree which traces back ultimately to the most recent shared male line ancestor of all men alive today, called in popular science Y Chromosome Adam.

Haplogroup E-M329, also known as E1b1a2, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. E-M329 is mostly found in East Africa.

References

1 2 3 4 "E-M132 YTree".
1 2 3 4 5 Cruciani Fulvio, Santolamazza Piero, Shen Peidong; et al. (2002). "A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (5): 1197–1214. doi:10.1086/340257. PMC 447595 . PMID 11910562.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
1 2 3 4 5 Wood, Elizabeth T.; et al. (2005). "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 13 (7): 867–876. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408 . PMID 15856073. S2CID 20279122 . Retrieved 5 June 2017. ; cf. Appendix A for population frequencies
1 2 3 4 5 Rosa Alexandra, Ornelas Carolina, Jobling Mark A; et al. (2007). "Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2007 (7): 124. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-124 . PMC 1976131 . PMID 17662131.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
1 2 3 Hassan, Hisham Y.; et al. (2008). "Y‐chromosome variation among Sudanese: Restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 137 (3): 316–323. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20876. PMID 18618658 . Retrieved 11 October 2017.
↑ Ordonez, Alejandra C.; et al. (2017). "Genetic studies on the prehispanic population buried in Punta Azul cave (El Hierro, Canary Islands)". Journal of Archaeological Science. 78: 24. Bibcode:2017JArSc..78...20O. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2016.11.004. ISSN 0305-4403. OCLC 6937282838. S2CID 132236368.
↑ Boulygina, Eugenia; et al. (June 2020). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the prehistoric Koban culture of the North Caucasus" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 31: 102357. Bibcode:2020JArSR..31j2357B. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102357. ISSN 2352-409X. OCLC 8579921843. S2CID 218789467.{{cite journal}}: Check |url= value (help)
↑ Peter A. Underhill, Peidong Shen, Alice A. Lin et al., "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations," Nature Genetics, Volume 26, November 2000
↑ Semino Ornella, Santachiara-Benerecetti A. Silvana, Falaschi Francesco; et al. (2002). "Ethiopians and Khoisan Share the Deepest Clades of the Human Y-Chromosome Phylogeny". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (1): 265–268. doi:10.1086/338306. PMC 384897 . PMID 11719903.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Luis, Javier R.; et al. (2004). "The Levant Versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (3): 532–544. doi:10.1086/382286. PMC 1182266 . PMID 14973781.
↑ Zalloua, Pierre (2008). "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events". Am J Hum Genet. 82 (4): 873–882. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020. PMC 2427286 . PMID 18374297.
↑ Zalloua, Pierre (2008). "Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean". Am J Hum Genet. 83 (5): 633–642. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012. PMC 2668035 . PMID 18976729.
↑ Druze Y-DNA Project
↑ Haber M, Platt DE, Badro DA, Xue Y, El-Sibai M, Bonab MA, Youhanna SC, Saade S, Soria-Hernanz DF, Royyuru A, Wells RS, Tyler-Smith C, Zalloua PA; Genographic Consortium. Influences of history, geography, and religion on genetic structure: the Maronites in Lebanon . Eur J Hum Genet. 2011 Mar;19(3):334-40. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.177. Epub 2010 Dec 1. PMID: 21119711; PMCID: PMC3062011.
↑ Vincenza Battaglia, Simona Fornarino, Nadia Al-Zahery et al., "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe," European Journal of Human Genetics (2008), 1 – 11
↑ Bosch E., Calafell F., González-Neira A.; et al. (2006). "Paternal and maternal lineages in the Balkans show a homogeneous landscape over linguistic barriers, except for the isolated Aromuns". Annals of Human Genetics. 70 (4): 459–487. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2005.00251.x. PMID 16759179. S2CID 23156886.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ E-M132
↑ Karafet et al. 2008

Sources for conversion tables

Capelli, Cristian; Wilson, James F.; Richards, Martin; Stumpf, Michael P.H.; et al. (February 2001). "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (2): 432–443. doi: 10.1086/318205 . PMC 1235276 . PMID 11170891.
Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Redd, Alan J.; Jarjanazi, Hamdi; et al. (1 July 2001). "Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (7): 1189–1203. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906 . PMID 11420360.
Jobling, Mark A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes", Trends in Genetics, 16 (8): 356–62, doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6, PMID 10904265
Kaladjieva, Luba; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A; Angelicheva, Dora; et al. (February 2001). "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics. 9 (2): 97–104. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597 . PMID 11313742. S2CID 21432405.
Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; et al. (September 2001). "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (3): 615–628. doi: 10.1086/323299 . PMC 1235490 . PMID 11481588.
Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; et al. (2000), "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective", Science, 290 (5494): 1155–9, Bibcode:2000Sci...290.1155S, doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155, PMID 11073453
Su, Bing; Xiao, Junhua; Underhill, Peter; Deka, Ranjan; et al. (December 1999). "Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 65 (6): 1718–1724. doi: 10.1086/302680 . PMC 1288383 . PMID 10577926.
Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 358–361. doi:10.1038/81685. PMID 11062480. S2CID 12893406.

External links

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[vanOven2014-19] Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809. S2CID 23291764.

[ISOGG2015-20] International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)

[A0-T-21] Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).

[A1-22] Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.

[LT-23] Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.

[K2-24] Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.

[K2a-25] Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. (This followed the publication of: Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, et al. (2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–9. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158 . PMID 27111036. In the past, other haplogroups, including NO (M214) and K2e had also been identified with the name "K2a".

[K2b-26] Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.

[K2e-27] Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a).

[K-M2313-28] K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)

[K2b1-29] Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.

[P-30] Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.

[S-31] Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)

[M-32] Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

[YFull-1] 1 2 3 4 "E-M132 YTree".

[Cruciani2002-2] 1 2 3 4 5 Cruciani Fulvio, Santolamazza Piero, Shen Peidong; et al. (2002). "A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (5): 1197–1214. doi:10.1086/340257. PMC 447595 . PMID 11910562.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Wood2005-3] 1 2 3 4 5 Wood, Elizabeth T.; et al. (2005). "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 13 (7): 867–876. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408 . PMID 15856073. S2CID 20279122 . Retrieved 5 June 2017. ; cf. Appendix A for population frequencies

[Rosa2007-4] 1 2 3 4 5 Rosa Alexandra, Ornelas Carolina, Jobling Mark A; et al. (2007). "Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2007 (7): 124. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-124 . PMC 1976131 . PMID 17662131.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Hassan2008-5] 1 2 3 Hassan, Hisham Y.; et al. (2008). "Y‐chromosome variation among Sudanese: Restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 137 (3): 316–323. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20876. PMID 18618658 . Retrieved 11 October 2017.

[6] Ordonez, Alejandra C.; et al. (2017). "Genetic studies on the prehispanic population buried in Punta Azul cave (El Hierro, Canary Islands)". Journal of Archaeological Science. 78: 24. Bibcode:2017JArSc..78...20O. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2016.11.004. ISSN 0305-4403. OCLC 6937282838. S2CID 132236368.

[Boulygina-7] Boulygina, Eugenia; et al. (June 2020). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the prehistoric Koban culture of the North Caucasus" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 31: 102357. Bibcode:2020JArSR..31j2357B. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102357. ISSN 2352-409X. OCLC 8579921843. S2CID 218789467.{{cite journal}}: Check |url= value (help)

[Underhill2000-8] Peter A. Underhill, Peidong Shen, Alice A. Lin et al., "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations," Nature Genetics, Volume 26, November 2000

[Semino2002-9] Semino Ornella, Santachiara-Benerecetti A. Silvana, Falaschi Francesco; et al. (2002). "Ethiopians and Khoisan Share the Deepest Clades of the Human Y-Chromosome Phylogeny". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (1): 265–268. doi:10.1086/338306. PMC 384897 . PMID 11719903.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Luis2004-10] Luis, Javier R.; et al. (2004). "The Levant Versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (3): 532–544. doi:10.1086/382286. PMC 1182266 . PMID 14973781.

[11] Zalloua, Pierre (2008). "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events". Am J Hum Genet. 82 (4): 873–882. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020. PMC 2427286 . PMID 18374297.

[12] Zalloua, Pierre (2008). "Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean". Am J Hum Genet. 83 (5): 633–642. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012. PMC 2668035 . PMID 18976729.

[13] Druze Y-DNA Project

[14] Haber M, Platt DE, Badro DA, Xue Y, El-Sibai M, Bonab MA, Youhanna SC, Saade S, Soria-Hernanz DF, Royyuru A, Wells RS, Tyler-Smith C, Zalloua PA; Genographic Consortium. Influences of history, geography, and religion on genetic structure: the Maronites in Lebanon . Eur J Hum Genet. 2011 Mar;19(3):334-40. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.177. Epub 2010 Dec 1. PMID: 21119711; PMCID: PMC3062011.

[Battaglia2008-15] Vincenza Battaglia, Simona Fornarino, Nadia Al-Zahery et al., "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe," European Journal of Human Genetics (2008), 1 – 11

[Bosch2006-16] Bosch E., Calafell F., González-Neira A.; et al. (2006). "Paternal and maternal lineages in the Balkans show a homogeneous landscape over linguistic barriers, except for the isolated Aromuns". Annals of Human Genetics. 70 (4): 459–487. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2005.00251.x. PMID 16759179. S2CID 23156886.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[17] E-M132

[18] Karafet et al. 2008

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