Haplogroup E-M123 | |
---|---|
Possible time of origin | 15,000-20,000 ybp [1] |
Possible place of origin | Middle East [2] |
Ancestor | E-Z830 |
Descendants | E-M34 |
Defining mutations | M123, L798.1, L799, L857 |
In human genetics, Y Haplogroup E-M123 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup, and defined by the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation M123. Like its closest relatives within the larger E-M215 haplogroup, E-M123 is found in Asia, Europe and Africa.
The Middle East has been proposed as the most likely origin for this lineage rather than East Africa or North Africa. In fact E-M34 seems to be restricted to Semitic speakers in Ethiopia, as it has not been detected in other populations in the region such as Somalia, Kenya ( Cruciani et al. 2004 ).
E-M123 is best known for its major sub-clade E-M34, which dominates this clade. [Note 1] However, earlier studies did not test for E-M34. Looking beyond its geographical patterns, E-M123 is also quite common in many Semitic language communities, including among Ashkenazi, and Sephardic Jews, accounting for over 10% of all male lines ( Semino et al. 2004 ).
Region and Population | N | E-M34 | Study |
---|---|---|---|
Natufians (Northern Israel, 10,000 ybp) | 5 | 40-100 (incomplete data) | Lazaridis et al. 2016 |
Jordanians (Dead sea) | 45 | 31.1 | Flores et al. 2005 |
Ethiopian Amhara | 34 | 23.5 | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Maronite Cypriot | 57 | 21.05 | Comparative Y-chromosome analysis among Cypriots in the context of historical events and migrations. 2021 |
Libyan Jews | 20 | 20.0 | Shen et al. 2004 |
Greek Cypriot | 344 | 13.10 | Y-chromosomal analysis of Greek Cypriots reveals a primarily common pre-Ottoman paternal ancestry with Turkish Cypriots. 2017 |
Ethiopian Jews | 22 | 13.6 | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Kurd | 59 | 13.6 | Grugni et al. 2012 |
Italian Calabria | 68 | 13.2 | Semino et al. 2004 |
Jordanians | 146 | 13.01 | Floris et al. 2005 |
Beja Portugal | 8 | 12.5 | Beleza et al. 2006 |
Oman | 121 | 12.0 | Abu-amero et al. 2009 |
Sahara/Mauritania | 189 | 11.1 | Bekada et al. 2013 |
Assyrian Tehran Iran | 9 | 11.1 | Grugni et al. 2012 |
Mazara del Vallo Sicily Italy | 18 | 11.1 | Di Gaetano et al. 2009 |
Piazza Armerina Sicily Italy | 28 | 10.71 | Di Gaetano et al. 2009 |
Troina Sicily Italy | 30 | 10.0 | Di Gaetano et al. 2009 |
Algerian Kabyles | 19 | 10.5 | Arredi et al. 2004 |
Northern Egyptians | 49 | 10.2 | Trombetta et al. 2015 |
Hazara (Bamiyan) | 69 | 10.1 | Di Cristofaro et al. 2013 |
Yemeni Jews | 20 | 10.0 | Shen et al. 2004 |
Sephardim Jewish | 40 | 10.0 | Semino et al. 2004 |
Ashkenazi Jews non-Levite, non-Cohanim | 74 | 10.0 | Hammer et al. 2009 [3] |
Palestinians | 367 | 9.5 | Zalloua et al. 2008 |
Azeri Iran | 63 | 9.5 | Grugni et al. 2012 |
Ethiopian Wolayta | 12 | 8.3 | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Yemen | 62 | 8.1 | Cadenas et al. 2007 |
Ethiopian Oromo | 25 | 8 | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Erzurum Turkish | 25 | 8 | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Omanite | 13 | 7.7 | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Bedouins | 28 | 7.1 | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Sicilians | 136 | 6.6 | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Sephardi Turkish | 19 | 5.3 | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
United Arab Emirates | 41 | 4.9 | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Northern Egyptians | 21 | 4.8 | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Southeastern Turkish | 24 | 4.2 | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Armenians | 413 | 4.1 | Herrera et al. 2011 |
Druze Arabs | 28 | 3.6 | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Sardinians | 367 | 3.5 | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Marrakesh Berbers | 29 | 3.4 | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Palestinians | 29 | 3.4 | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Central Anatolian | 61 | 3.3 | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Istanbul Turkish | 35 | 2.9 | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Southwestern Turkish | 40 | 2.5 | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Southern Italians | 87 | 2.3 | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Turkish Cypriots | 46 | 2.2 | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Azeri | 97 | 2.1 | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Northern Italians | 67 | 1.5 | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Corsicans | 140 | 1.4 | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Asturians | 90 | 1.1 | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Caucasus | 1952 | 0.4 | Yunusbayev et al. 2011 |
Northern Portuguese | 50 | ... | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Southern Portuguese | 49 | ... | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Pasiegos from Cantabria | 56 | ... | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Southern Spaniards | 62 | ... | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Spanish Basques | 55 | ... | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
French | 85 | ... | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
French Basques | 16 | ... | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Orkney Islanders | 7 | ... | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Danish | 35 | ... | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Central Italians | 89 | ... | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Polish | 38 | ... | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Estonians | 74 | ... | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Russians | 42 | ... | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Romanians | 14 | ... | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Bulgarians | 808 | 1.9 | Karachanak et al. 2013 |
Albanians | 19 | ... | Cruciani et al. 2004 |
Such cases are relatively rare, but the following have been reported.
E-M123 has sometimes been reported without checking for the M-34 SNP, for example:
And E-M34 has sometimes been tested without testing for M123:
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) | (α) | (β) | (γ) | (δ) | (ε) | (ζ) | (η) | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | ISOGG 2006 | ISOGG 2007 | ISOGG 2008 | ISOGG 2009 | ISOGG 2010 | ISOGG 2011 | ISOGG 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E-P29 | 21 | III | 3A | 13 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E* | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E | E |
E-M33 | 21 | III | 3A | 13 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E1* | E1 | E1a | E1a | E1 | E1 | E1a | E1a | E1a | E1a | E1a |
E-M44 | 21 | III | 3A | 13 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E1a | E1a | E1a1 | E1a1 | E1a | E1a | E1a1 | E1a1 | E1a1 | E1a1 | E1a1 |
E-M75 | 21 | III | 3A | 13 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E2a | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 |
E-M54 | 21 | III | 3A | 13 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E2b | E2b | E2b | E2b1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
E-P2 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu3 | H2 | B | E3* | E3 | E1b | E1b1 | E3 | E3 | E1b1 | E1b1 | E1b1 | E1b1 | E1b1 |
E-M2 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a* | E3a | E1b1 | E1b1a | E3a | E3a | E1b1a | E1b1a | E1b1a | E1b1a1 | E1b1a1 |
E-M58 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a1 | E3a1 | E1b1a1 | E1b1a1 | E3a1 | E3a1 | E1b1a1 | E1b1a1 | E1b1a1 | E1b1a1a1a | E1b1a1a1a |
E-M116.2 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a2 | E3a2 | E1b1a2 | E1b1a2 | E3a2 | E3a2 | E1b1a2 | E1b1a2 | E1ba12 | removed | removed |
E-M149 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a3 | E3a3 | E1b1a3 | E1b1a3 | E3a3 | E3a3 | E1b1a3 | E1b1a3 | E1b1a3 | E1b1a1a1c | E1b1a1a1c |
E-M154 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a4 | E3a4 | E1b1a4 | E1b1a4 | E3a4 | E3a4 | E1b1a4 | E1b1a4 | E1b1a4 | E1b1a1a1g1c | E1b1a1a1g1c |
E-M155 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a5 | E3a5 | E1b1a5 | E1b1a5 | E3a5 | E3a5 | E1b1a5 | E1b1a5 | E1b1a5 | E1b1a1a1d | E1b1a1a1d |
E-M10 | 8 | III | 5 | 15 | Eu2 | H2 | B | E3a6 | E3a6 | E1b1a6 | E1b1a6 | E3a6 | E3a6 | E1b1a6 | E1b1a6 | E1b1a6 | E1b1a1a1e | E1b1a1a1e |
E-M35 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b* | E3b | E1b1b1 | E1b1b1 | E3b1 | E3b1 | E1b1b1 | E1b1b1 | E1b1b1 | removed | removed |
E-M78 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b1* | E3b1 | E1b1b1a | E1b1b1a1 | E3b1a | E3b1a | E1b1b1a | E1b1b1a | E1b1b1a | E1b1b1a1 | E1b1b1a1 |
E-M148 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b1a | E3b1a | E1b1b1a3a | E1b1b1a1c1 | E3b1a3a | E3b1a3a | E1b1b1a3a | E1b1b1a3a | E1b1b1a3a | E1b1b1a1c1 | E1b1b1a1c1 |
E-M81 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b2* | E3b2 | E1b1b1b | E1b1b1b1 | E3b1b | E3b1b | E1b1b1b | E1b1b1b | E1b1b1b | E1b1b1b1 | E1b1b1b1a |
E-M107 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b2a | E3b2a | E1b1b1b1 | E1b1b1b1a | E3b1b1 | E3b1b1 | E1b1b1b1 | E1b1b1b1 | E1b1b1b1 | E1b1b1b1a | E1b1b1b1a1 |
E-M165 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b2b | E3b2b | E1b1b1b2 | E1b1b1b1b1 | E3b1b2 | E3b1b2 | E1b1b1b2a | E1b1b1b2a | E1b1b1b2a | E1b1b1b2a | E1b1b1b1a2a |
E-M123 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b3* | E3b3 | E1b1b1c | E1b1b1c | E3b1c | E3b1c | E1b1b1c | E1b1b1c | E1b1b1c | E1b1b1c | E1b1b1b2a |
E-M34 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3b3a* | E3b3a | E1b1b1c1 | E1b1b1c1 | E3b1c1 | E3b1c1 | E1b1b1c1 | E1b1b1c1 | E1b1b1c1 | E1b1b1c1 | E1b1b1b2a1 |
E-M136 | 25 | III | 4 | 14 | Eu4 | H2 | B | E3ba1 | E3b3a1 | E1b1b1c1a | E1b1b1c1a1 | E3b1c1a | E3b1c1a | E1b1b1c1a1 | E1b1b1c1a1 | E1b1b1c1a1 | E1b1b1c1a1 | E1b1b1b2a1a1 |
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.