Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa

The proportions of various human Y-DNA haplogroups vary significantly from one ethnic or language group to another in Africa .

Data in the table below are based on genetic research. The second column designates linguistic affiliation of the sampled population (Semitic, Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo, etc.), the third column gives the total sample size studied, and the other columns indicate the percentage observed of particular haplogroups.

Population	Language group	n	A	B	E1a	E1b1a	E1b1b	E2	J	R1b	T	Reference
Alur	Nilo-Saharan	9	22	0	0	11	0	67	0	0	0	Wood 2005 [1]
Amhara (Ethiopia)	Semitic	48	14.6	2.1	0		45.8	0	33.3	0	4.2	Hassan 2008 [2]
Bamileke	Niger-Congo	85	0	0	0	100	0	0	0	0	0	Luis 2004 [3]
Bantus (Gabon)	Niger-Congo	795	0.5	6.7	0.2	79.4	0.1	6.2	0	5.5	0	Berniell 2009 [4]
Bantus (Kenya)	Niger-Congo	29	13.8	3.4	0	51.7	13.7	17.2	0	0	0	Hurles 2005 [5]
Bantus (Tanzania) [nb 1]	Niger-Congo	110	2.7	9.1		48.2	21.8	16.4	0	0	1.8	[3] [6]
Bantus (South Africa) [nb 2]	Niger-Congo	137	5.1	10.9	0	54.7	4.4	21.2	0	0	0	Wood 2005 [1]
Bantus (South-Eastern)	Niger-Congo	343	5.0	16.3		66.2	1.5	10.2		0		Naidoo 2010 [7]
Beja	Cushitic	42	4.8	0	0	0	52.4	0	38.1	4.8	0	Hassan 2008 [2]
Benin (Fon)	Niger-Congo	100	0	0	0	95	0	5	0	0	0	Luis 2004 [3]
Berbers	Berber	64	3	0	2	5	80	0	6	0	0	Cruciani2002 [8]
Bissagos Islands	Niger–Congo	21				76.2	14.3					Rosa 2007 [9]
Burkina Faso [nb 3]	Niger–Congo	106	0	0.9	3.8	81.1	2.8	11.3	0	0	0	Cruciani2002 [8]
Burunge	Cushitic	24	0	25		4	33					Tishkoff 2007 [6]
Cameroon (North) [nb 4]	Niger-Congo	72	1.4	12.5	4.2	54.2	0	0	0	27.8	0	Cruciani2002 [8]
Cameroon (North) [nb 5]	Chadic	54	1.8	3.7	0	13.0	3.7	7.4	0	70.4	0	Cruciani2002 [8]
Cameroon (South) [nb 6]	Niger-Congo	89	0	5.6	0	93.3	0	0	0	1.1	0	Cruciani2002 [8]
R.D. Congo (East) [nb 7]	Niger-Congo	36	2.8	0	0	63.9	13.9	19.4	0	0	0	Wood 2005 [1]
Copts (Sudan)	Egyptian	33	0	15.2	0	0	21.2	0	45.5	15.2		Hassan 2008 [2]
Cross River (Nigeria)	Niger-Congo	1113	0			87			0	0	0	Veeramah2010 [10]
Datog	Nilo-Saharan	35	3	3		11	54					Tishkoff 2007 [6]
Daza (Chad)	Nilo-Saharan						11.1		5.6	33.3	44.4	Shriner 2018 [11]
Dinka	Nilo-Saharan	26	62	23	0	0	15	0	0	0	0	Hassan 2008 [2]
Dogon	Dogon	55	1.8	7.3	45.5	43.6	0	1.8	0	0	0	Wood 2005 [1]
Ethiopians	Semitic	242	17.8	0.8	0		48.8	0.4	26.9	0	3.7	Moran 2004 [12]
Ethiopian Jews	Semitic	22	41	0	0	0	50	0	5	0	5	Cruciani2002 [8]
Fulbe (Burkina Faso & Cameroon)	Niger-Congo	37	5.4	0	29.7	48.6		0	0		8.1	Cruciani2002 [8]
Fulbe (Guinea-Bissau)	Niger-Congo	59				13.6				1.7		Rosa 2007 [9]
Fulbe (Sudan)	Niger-Congo	26	0	0	0	0	34.6	0	0	53.8	0	Hassan 2008 [2]
Fulbe (Niger)	Niger-Congo	7								14.3		Cruciani2010 [13]
Fur	Nilo-Saharan	32	31.3	3.1	0	0	59.4	0	6.3	0	0	Hassan 2008 [2]
Ghana [nb 8]	Niger-Congo	91	0	0	2.2	92.3	1.1	0	0	1.1	0	Wood 2005 [1]
Guinea-Bissau	Niger-Congo	282	3.2	0.4	15.6	72.0	6.0	0.7	0	0.7	0	Rosa 2007 [9]
Hadza	Hadza (Isolate)	80	0	57.5		26.2	15.0					Tishkoff 2007 [6]
Hausa (Sudan)	Chadic	32	12.5	15.6	0	12.5	3.1	0	0	40.6	0	Hassan 2008 [2]
Hausa (Nigeria)	Chadic	81	9	5	6	43				32		Nguidi 2024 [14]
Hema	Niger-Congo	18	6	0	2.2	28	28	39	0	0	0	Wood 2005 [1]
Herero	Niger-Congo	24			4.2	70.8				12.5		I = 4.2%; R1a = 4.2%. (Wood 2005) [1]
Hutu (Rwanda)	Niger-Congo	69	0	4	0	83	3	8	0	1	0	Luis 2004 [3]
Igbo [nb 9]	Niger-Congo	209	A3b2=0			89.3			0		0	Veeramah 2010 [10]
Iraqw	Cushitic	9	0	22	0	11	56	0	0	0	0	Wood 2005 [1]
Kanembu	Nilo-Saharan		0	50	0	0	0	0	0	50	0	Shriner 2018 [11]
Khoisan [nb 10]	Khoisan	90	47.7	14.4	0	24.4	6.7	2.2	1.1	0	0	Wood 2005 [1]
Khoisan	Khoisan	183	44.3	11.5	0	23.0	16.4	1.6	0	1.6	0	Naidoo 2010 [7]
Khoisan (South Africa) [nb 11]	Khoisan	129	33.3	12.4	0	35.7	14.7	3.9	0	0	0	Tishkoff 2007 [6]
Kikuyu & Kamba	Niger-Congo	42	2	2	0	73	19	0	0	0	0	Wood 2005 [1] [ dead link ]
ǃKung	Khoisan	64	36	8	0	39	11	6	0	0	0	Cruciani2002 [8]
Luo	Nilo-Saharan	9	11	22	0	66	0	0	0	0	0	Wood 2005 [1]
Maasai	Nilo-Saharan	26	27	8	0	16	50	0	0	0	0	Wood 2005 [1]
Malagasy	Austronesian	35	0	8.6	0	34.3	0	8.6	5.7		0	O = 34.3% (Hurles 2005) [5]
Mandinka	Niger-Congo	39	5	3	3	79	8	3	0	0	0	Wood 2005 [1]
Mandinka (Guinea-Bissau)	Niger-Congo	45				86.7	4.4					Rosa 2007 [9]
Masalit	Nilo-Saharan	32	18.8	3.1	0	0	71.9	0	6.3	0	0	Hassan 2008 [2]
Mossi	Niger-Congo	49	0	2		90	2					Tishkoff 2007 [6]
Namibia (Nama)	Khoisan	11	64	0	0	18	9	0	0		0	Wood 2005 [1]
Nande	Niger-Congo	18	0	0	0	100	0	0	0	0	0	Wood 2005 [1]
Niger–Congo [nb 12]	Niger-Congo	705	2.7	9.6	4.5	68.2	3.9	6.9	0.1	1.4	0	Wood 2005 [1]
Nilo-Saharan [nb 13]	Nilo-Saharan	91	12.1	35.2	0	29.7	14.3	8.8	0	0	0	Wood 2005 [1]
Nilo-Saharan [nb 14]	Nilo-Saharan	345	23.2	17.4		9.9	33.9	2.6	6.1			Wood 2005, [1] Hassan 2008, [2] Tishkoff 2007, [6] Cruciani 2002 [8]
Nubians (Egypt)	Nilo-Saharan	46	0	0	0	0	86.9	0	4.4	0	0	Lucotte and Mercier 2003 [15]
Nubians (Sudan)	Nilo-Saharan, Semitic	39	0	7.7	0	0	23.1	0	43.6	10.3	0	Hassan 2008 [2]
Nuba	Nilo-Saharan	28	46.4	14.3	0	0	39.3	0	0	0	0	Hassan 2008 [2]
Nuer	Nilo-Saharan	12	33.3	50	0	0	16.7	0	0	0	0	Hassan 2008 [2]
Oromo (Ethiopia)	Cushitic	78	10.3	1.3	0		62.8	1.3	3.8	0	5.1	Hassan 2008 [2]
Ouldeme	Chadic	13								95.5		Cruciani2010 [13]
Pygmy (Mbuti)	Nilo-Saharan	47	2	59	0	34	0	4	0	0	0	Wood 2005 [1]
Pygmy (Western) [nb 15]	Niger-Congo	60	5	53.3		28.3	0		0	3.3	0	Berniell 2009 [4]
São Tomé and Príncipe	Indo-European	150	1.3	0	0	84.0	0		0	8.7	0	Gonçalves 2008 [16]
Sandawe	Sandawe (Isolate)	68	4	14		43	34					Tishkoff 2007 [6]
Senegalese	Niger-Congo	139	0	0	5.0	81.3	6.5	2.9	0	0	0	Hassan 2008 [2]
Shilluk	Nilo-Saharan	15	53.3	26.7	0	0	20	0	0	0	0	Hassan 2008 [2]
Shuwa Arabs	Semitic	5								40		Cruciani2010 [13]
Somalis	Cushitic	201	0.5	1.0	0	1.5	81.1	0.5	3.0	0	10.4	R1a=1, Sanchez2005 [17]
South African Whites	Indo-European	157	0	0	0.6	0.6	9.6	0	3.8	51.6		Others=33.8 [7]
Sudanese Arabs [nb 16]	Semitic	102	2.9	0	0	0	16.7	0	47.1	15.7	0	Hassan 2008 [2]
South Sudan (Nilotic) [nb 17]	Nilo-Saharan	81	50.6	24.7	0	0	24.7	0	0		0	Hassan 2008 [2]
West Sudan (Darfur) [nb 18]	Nilo-Saharan	90	27.8	2.2	0	0	62.2	0	4.4		0	Hassan 2008 [2]
Tuareg (Burkina Faso) [nb 19]	Berber	38			0	16.7	77.8	0		0		Pereira 2010 [18]
Tuareg (Mali) [nb 20]	Berber	21			0	9.1	90.9	0		0		Pereira 2010 [18]
Tuareg (Niger) [nb 21]	Berber	31			0	44.4	16.7	0		33.3		Pereira 2010 [18]
Tutsi (Rwanda)	Niger-Congo	94	0	15	0	80	1	4	0	0	0	Luis 2004 [3]
Wolof	Niger-Congo	34	0	0	12.0	68.0	12.0	3.0	0	0		Wood 2005 [1]
Yoruba	Niger-Congo	13	0	8	0	92	0	0	0	0	0	Tishkoff 2007 [6]
Yoruba	Niger-Congo	28				93.1						IHC 2005 [19]
Yoruba	Niger-Congo	21								4.8		Cruciani 2010 [13]
Xhosa	Niger-Congo	80	5	5	0	54	5	28	0	0	0	Wood 2005 [1]
Zulu	Niger-Congo	29	3	20	0	55	0	21	0	0	0	Wood 2005 [1]

See also

• Africa
  • African empires
  • Ethnic groups in Africa
  • African people
  • Languages of Africa
• Y-DNA haplogroups by population
  • Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Near East
  • Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of North Africa
  • Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe
  • Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus
  • Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia
  • Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia
  • Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Oceania
  • Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Central and North Asia
  • Y-DNA haplogroups in indigenous peoples of the Americas

Notes

1. Tanzania: Turu, Mbugwe, Wairak, Sukuma.
2. South Africa: Sotho–Tswana, Xhosa, Zulu.
3. Burkina Faso ethnic groups: Mossi, Rimaibe, Fulbe.
4. Adamawa Cameroon: Fali, Tali, mixed.
5. Chadic Cameroon: Ouldeme, Daba, mixed.
6. Southern Cameroon: Bamileke, Ewondo, Bakaka.
7. RDC: Nande, Hema.
8. Ghana: Ewe, Ga, Fante.
9. Calculated by averaging the haplogroup frequencies of the IG-C (Calabar), IG-E (Enugu) and IG-N (Nenwe) Igbo samples (see Table 1) in Table 4.
10. Khoisan: !Kung/Sekele, Tsumkwe San, Dama, Nama.
11. Khoisan from South Africa: Khwe, !Kung, and mixed.
12. Niger–Congo from: Gambia, Senegal, Mali, Ghana, Cameroon, CAR, DRC, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.
13. Nilo-Saharan: Alur, Mbuti (R.D.Congo), Massai, Luo (Kenya). Clade was exclusively carried by the Maasai amongst the Nilo-Saharan speakers - Appendix A
14. Nilo-Saharan: 14 populations from R.D.Congo, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania and Cameroon
15. Pygmies: Baka, Bakola.
16. Northern Sudan: Gaalien, Meseria, Arakien.
17. South Sudan: Dinka, Shilluk, Nuer.
18. Western Sudan: Fur, Masalit, Borgu. Clade introduced from North Africa. High frequencies likely due to a population bottleneck.
19. Tgor: Tuareg from Burkina Faso, around the village of Gorom-Gorom.
20. Tgos: Tuareg from Mali, near Gossi.
21. Ttan: Tuareg from Niger, in the vicinity of Tanut.

References

1. Wood, Elizabeth T et al 2005 Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes. Eur J Hum Genet 13, 867–876 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408
2. Hassan, Hisham Y. et al. 2008 Y-Chromosome Variation Among Sudanese: Restricted Gene Flow, Concordance With Language, Geography, and History, 2008
3. J. R. Luis et al 2004, The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations
4. Berniell-Lee, Gemma et al 2009 Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages
5. Hurles, Matthew E. et al 2005, The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages
6. Tishkoff, Sarah A. et al 2007 History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation
7. Naidoo, Thijessen et al 2010, Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations
8. Cruciani, Fulvio et al 2002, A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes
9. Rosa Alexandra; Ornelas Carolina; Jobling Mark A; Brehm António; Villems Richard (2007). "Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 124. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-124 . PMC   1976131 . PMID   17662131.
10. Veeramah, Krishna R; et al. (2010). "Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10: 92. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-92 . PMC   2867817 . PMID   20356404. & Supplementary material
11. Shriner, Daniel, and Charles N Rotimi. “Genetic history of Chad.” American journal of physical anthropology vol. 167,4 (2018): 804-812. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23711
12. Moran CN et al 2004, Y chromosome haplogroups of elite Ethiopian endurance runners.
13. Cruciani, Fulvio et al. “Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages.” European journal of human genetics : EJHG vol. 18,7 (2010): 800-7. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.231
14. Nguidi, Masinda; Gomes, Verónica; Vullo, Carlos; Rodrigues, Pedro; Rotondo, Martina; Longaray, Micaela; Catelli, Laura; Martínez, Beatriz; Campos, Afonso; Carvalho, Elizeu; Orovboni, Victoria O.; Keshinro, Samuel O.; Simão, Filipa; Gusmão, Leonor (2024-07-08). "Impact of patrilocality on contrasting patterns of paternal and maternal heritage in Central-West Africa". Scientific Reports. 14 15653. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-65428-z. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   11231350 . PMID   38977763.
15. Lucotte, G.; Mercier, G. (April 2003). "Brief communication: Y‐chromosome haplotypes in Egypt" . American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 121 (1): 63–66. doi:10.1002/ajpa.10190. ISSN   0002-9483.
16. Rita Gonçalves, Hélder Spínola & António Brehm (2010) Y-chromosome lineages in São Tomé e Príncipe and Cabo Verde islands: Different input of European influence. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series, Volume 1, Issue 1, August 2008, Pages 210-211
17. Sánchez, Juan J et al 2005, High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males
18. Pereira, Luísa; Černý, Viktor; Cerezo, María; Silva, Nuno M; Hájek, Martin; Vašíková, Alžběta; Kujanová, Martina; Brdička, Radim; Salas, Antonio (August 2010). "Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (8): 915–923. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.21. ISSN   1018-4813. PMC   2987384 . PMID   20234393.
19. International HapMap Consortium, 2005, "A haplotype map of the human genome", Nature, no. 437 (27 October), pp. 1299-1320.

External links

• Y-DNA Ethnographic and Genographic Atlas and Open-Source Data Compilation