Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa

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The proportions of various human Y-DNA haplogroups vary significantly from one ethnic or language group to another in Africa .

Contents

Data in the table below are based on genetic research. The second column designates linguistic affiliation of the sampled population (Semitic, Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo, etc.), the third column gives the total sample size studied, and the other columns indicate the percentage observed of particular haplogroups.

PopulationLanguage groupn A B E1a E1b1a E1b1b E2 J R1b T Reference
Alur Nilo-Saharan 9220011067000Wood 2005 [1]
Amhara (Ethiopia) Semitic 4814.62.1045.8033.304.2Hassan 2008 [2]
Bamileke Niger-Congo 8500010000000Luis 2004 [3]
Bantus (Gabon) Niger-Congo 7950.56.70.279.40.16.205.50Berniell 2009 [4]
Bantus (Kenya) Niger-Congo 2913.83.4051.713.717.2000Hurles 2005 [5]
Bantus (Tanzania) [nb 1] Niger-Congo 1102.79.148.221.816.4001.8 [3] [6]
Bantus (South Africa) [nb 2] Niger-Congo 1375.110.9054.74.421.2000Wood 2005 [1]
Bantus (South-Eastern) Niger-Congo 3435.016.366.21.510.20Naidoo 2010 [7]
Beja Cushitic 424.800052.4038.14.80Hassan 2008 [2]
Benin (Fon) Niger-Congo 1000009505000Luis 2004 [3]
Berbers Berber 643025800600Cruciani2002 [8]
Bissagos Islands Niger–Congo 2176.214.3Rosa 2007 [9]
Burkina Faso [nb 3] Niger–Congo 10600.93.881.12.811.3000Cruciani2002 [8]
Burunge Cushitic 24025433Tishkoff 2007 [6]
Cameroon (North) [nb 4] Niger-Congo 721.412.54.254.200027.80Cruciani2002 [8]
Cameroon (North) [nb 5] Chadic 541.83.7013.03.77.4070.40Cruciani2002 [8]
Cameroon (South) [nb 6] Niger-Congo 8905.6093.30001.10Cruciani2002 [8]
R.D. Congo (East) [nb 7] Niger-Congo 362.80063.913.919.4000Wood 2005 [1]
Copts (Sudan) Semitic 33015.20021.2045.515.2Hassan 2008 [2]
Cross River (Nigeria) Niger-Congo 1113087000Veeramah2010 [10]
Datog Nilo-Saharan 35331154Tishkoff 2007 [6]
Daza (Chad) Nilo-Saharan 11.15.633.344.4

Shriner 2018 [11]

Dinka Nilo-Saharan 26622300150000Hassan 2008 [2]
Dogon Dogon 551.87.345.543.601.8000Wood 2005 [1]
Ethiopians Semitic 24217.80.8048.80.426.903.7Moran 2004 [12]
Ethiopian Jews Semitic 2241000500505Cruciani2002 [8]
Fulbe (Burkina Faso & Cameroon) Niger-Congo 375.4029.748.6008.1Cruciani2002 [8]
Fulbe (Guinea-Bissau) Niger-Congo 5913.61.7Rosa 2007 [9]
Fulbe (Sudan) Niger-Congo 26000034.60053.80Hassan 2008 [2]
Fulbe (Niger) Niger-Congo 714.3Cruciani2010 [13]
Fur Nilo-Saharan 3231.33.10059.406.300Hassan 2008 [2]
Ghana [nb 8] Niger-Congo 91002.292.31.1001.10Wood 2005 [1]
Guinea-Bissau Niger-Congo 2823.20.415.672.06.00.700.70Rosa 2007 [9]
Hadza Hadza (Isolate)80057.526.215.0Tishkoff 2007 [6]
Hausa (Sudan) Chadic 3212.515.6012.53.10040.60Hassan 2008 [2]
Hausa (Nigeria) Chadic 819564332Nguidi 2024 [14]
Hema Niger-Congo 18602.2282839000Wood 2005 [1]
Herero Niger-Congo 244.270.812.5 I = 4.2%; R1a = 4.2%. (Wood 2005) [1]
Hutu (Rwanda) Niger-Congo 690408338010Luis 2004 [3]
Igbo [nb 9] Niger-Congo 209A3b2=089.300Veeramah 2010 [10]
Iraqw Cushitic 9022011560000Wood 2005 [1]
Kanembu Nilo-Saharan 05000000500Shriner 2018 [11]
Khoisan [nb 10] Khoisan 9047.714.4024.46.72.21.100Wood 2005 [1]
Khoisan Khoisan 18344.311.5023.016.41.601.60Naidoo 2010 [7]
Khoisan (South Africa) [nb 11] Khoisan 12933.312.4035.714.73.9000Tishkoff 2007 [6]
Kikuyu & Kamba Niger-Congo 4222073190000Wood 2005 [1] [ dead link ]
ǃKung Khoisan 64368039116000Cruciani2002 [8]
Luo Nilo-Saharan 9112206600000Wood 2005 [1]
Maasai Nilo-Saharan 26278016500000Wood 2005 [1]
Malagasy Austronesian 3508.6034.308.65.70 O = 34.3% (Hurles 2005) [5]
Mandinka Niger-Congo 395337983000Wood 2005 [1]
Mandinka (Guinea-Bissau) Niger-Congo 4586.74.4Rosa 2007 [9]
Masalit Nilo-Saharan 3218.83.10071.906.300Hassan 2008 [2]
Mossi Niger-Congo 4902902Tishkoff 2007 [6]
Namibia (Nama) Khoisan 116400189000Wood 2005 [1]
Nande Niger-Congo 1800010000000Wood 2005 [1]
Niger–Congo [nb 12] Niger-Congo 7052.79.64.568.23.96.90.11.40Wood 2005 [1]
Nilo-Saharan [nb 13] Nilo-Saharan 9112.135.2029.714.38.8000Wood 2005 [1]
Nilo-Saharan [nb 14] Nilo-Saharan 34523.217.49.933.92.66.1Wood 2005, [1] Hassan 2008, [2]
Tishkoff 2007, [6] Cruciani 2002 [8]
Nubians (Egypt) Nilo-Saharan 46000086.904.400Lucotte and Mercier 2003 [15]
Nubians

(Sudan)

Nilo-Saharan, Semitic 3907.70023.1043.610.30Hassan 2008 [2]
Nuba Nilo-Saharan 2846.414.30039.30000Hassan 2008 [2]
Nuer Nilo-Saharan 1233.3500016.70000Hassan 2008 [2]
Oromo (Ethiopia) Cushitic 7810.31.3062.81.33.805.1Hassan 2008 [2]
Ouldeme Chadic 1395.5Cruciani2010 [13]
Pygmy (Mbuti) Nilo-Saharan 4725903404000Wood 2005 [1]
Pygmy (Western) [nb 15] Niger-Congo 60553.328.3003.30Berniell 2009 [4]
São Tomé and Príncipe Indo-European 1501.30084.0008.70Gonçalves 2008 [16]
Sandawe Sandawe (Isolate)684144334Tishkoff 2007 [6]
Senegalese Niger-Congo 139005.081.36.52.9000Hassan 2008 [2]
Shilluk Nilo-Saharan 1553.326.700200000Hassan 2008 [2]
Shuwa Arabs Semitic 540Cruciani2010 [13]
Somalis Cushitic 2010.51.001.581.10.53.0010.4R1a=1, Sanchez2005 [17]
South African Whites Indo-European 157000.60.69.603.851.6Others=33.8 [7]
Sudanese Arabs [nb 16] Semitic 1022.900016.7047.115.70Hassan 2008 [2]
South Sudan (Nilotic) [nb 17] Nilo-Saharan 8150.624.70024.7000Hassan 2008 [2]
West Sudan (Darfur) [nb 18] Nilo-Saharan 9027.82.20062.204.40Hassan 2008 [2]
Tuareg (Burkina Faso) [nb 19] Berber 38016.777.800Pereira 2010 [18]
Tuareg (Mali) [nb 20] Berber 2109.190.900Pereira 2010 [18]
Tuareg (Niger) [nb 21] Berber 31044.416.7033.3Pereira 2010 [18]
Tutsi (Rwanda) Niger-Congo 9401508014000Luis 2004 [3]
Wolof Niger-Congo 340012.068.012.03.000Wood 2005 [1]
Yoruba Niger-Congo 130809200000Tishkoff 2007 [6]
Yoruba Niger-Congo 2893.1 IHC 2005 [19]
Yoruba Niger-Congo 214.8Cruciani 2010 [13]
Xhosa Niger-Congo 8055054528000Wood 2005 [1]
Zulu Niger-Congo 29320055021000Wood 2005 [1]

See also

Notes

  1. Tanzania: Turu, Mbugwe, Wairak, Sukuma.
  2. South Africa: Sotho–Tswana, Xhosa, Zulu.
  3. Burkina Faso ethnic groups: Mossi, Rimaibe, Fulbe.
  4. Adamawa Cameroon: Fali, Tali, mixed.
  5. Chadic Cameroon: Ouldeme, Daba, mixed.
  6. Southern Cameroon: Bamileke, Ewondo, Bakaka.
  7. RDC: Nande, Hema.
  8. Ghana: Ewe, Ga, Fante.
  9. Calculated by averaging the haplogroup frequencies of the IG-C (Calabar), IG-E (Enugu) and IG-N (Nenwe) Igbo samples (see Table 1) in Table 4.
  10. Khoisan: !Kung/Sekele, Tsumkwe San, Dama, Nama.
  11. Khoisan from South Africa: Khwe, !Kung, and mixed.
  12. Niger–Congo from: Gambia, Senegal, Mali, Ghana, Cameroon, CAR, DRC, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.
  13. Nilo-Saharan: Alur, Mbuti (R.D.Congo), Massai, Luo (Kenya). Clade was exclusively carried by the Maasai amongst the Nilo-Saharan speakers - Appendix A
  14. Nilo-Saharan: 14 populations from R.D.Congo, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania and Cameroon
  15. Pygmies: Baka, Bakola.
  16. Northern Sudan: Gaalien, Meseria, Arakien.
  17. South Sudan: Dinka, Shilluk, Nuer.
  18. Western Sudan: Fur, Masalit, Borgu. Clade introduced from North Africa. High frequencies likely due to a population bottleneck.
  19. Tgor: Tuareg from Burkina Faso, around the village of Gorom-Gorom.
  20. Tgos: Tuareg from Mali, near Gossi.
  21. Ttan: Tuareg from Niger, in the vicinity of Tanut.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Wood, Elizabeth T et al 2005 Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes. Eur J Hum Genet 13, 867–876 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Hassan, Hisham Y. et al. 2008 Y-Chromosome Variation Among Sudanese: Restricted Gene Flow, Concordance With Language, Geography, and History, 2008
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 J. R. Luis et al 2004, The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations
  4. 1 2 Berniell-Lee, Gemma et al 2009 Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages
  5. 1 2 Hurles, Matthew E. et al 2005, The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Tishkoff, Sarah A. et al 2007 History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation
  7. 1 2 3 Naidoo, Thijessen et al 2010, Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cruciani, Fulvio et al 2002, A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes
  9. 1 2 3 4 Rosa Alexandra; Ornelas Carolina; Jobling Mark A; Brehm António; Villems Richard (2007). "Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 124. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-124 . PMC   1976131 . PMID   17662131.
  10. 1 2 Veeramah, Krishna R; et al. (2010). "Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10: 92. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-92 . PMC   2867817 . PMID   20356404. & Supplementary material
  11. 1 2 Shriner, Daniel, and Charles N Rotimi. “Genetic history of Chad.” American journal of physical anthropology vol. 167,4 (2018): 804-812. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23711
  12. Moran CN et al 2004, Y chromosome haplogroups of elite Ethiopian endurance runners.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Cruciani, Fulvio et al. “Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages.” European journal of human genetics : EJHG vol. 18,7 (2010): 800-7. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.231
  14. Nguidi, Masinda; Gomes, Verónica; Vullo, Carlos; Rodrigues, Pedro; Rotondo, Martina; Longaray, Micaela; Catelli, Laura; Martínez, Beatriz; Campos, Afonso; Carvalho, Elizeu; Orovboni, Victoria O.; Keshinro, Samuel O.; Simão, Filipa; Gusmão, Leonor (2024-07-08). "Impact of patrilocality on contrasting patterns of paternal and maternal heritage in Central-West Africa". Scientific Reports. 14 15653. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-65428-z. ISSN   2045-2322. PMC   11231350 . PMID   38977763.
  15. Lucotte, G.; Mercier, G. (April 2003). "Brief communication: Y‐chromosome haplotypes in Egypt". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 121 (1): 63–66. doi:10.1002/ajpa.10190. ISSN   0002-9483.
  16. Rita Gonçalves, Hélder Spínola & António Brehm (2010) Y-chromosome lineages in São Tomé e Príncipe and Cabo Verde islands: Different input of European influence. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series, Volume 1, Issue 1, August 2008, Pages 210-211
  17. Sánchez, Juan J et al 2005, High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males
  18. 1 2 3 Pereira, Luísa; Černý, Viktor; Cerezo, María; Silva, Nuno M; Hájek, Martin; Vašíková, Alžběta; Kujanová, Martina; Brdička, Radim; Salas, Antonio (August 2010). "Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (8): 915–923. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.21. ISSN   1018-4813. PMC   2987384 . PMID   20234393.
  19. International HapMap Consortium, 2005, "A haplotype map of the human genome", Nature, no. 437 (27 October), pp. 1299-1320.