Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia

Last updated

Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia are haplogroups of the male Y-chromosome found in South Asian populations.

Contents

Major Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups in South Asia

World map of early migrations of modern human beings based on the Y-chromosome DNA. Migraciones humanas en haplogrupos de ADN-Y.PNG
World map of early migrations of modern human beings based on the Y-chromosome DNA.

South Asia, located on the crossroads of Western Eurasia and Eastern Eurasia, accounts for about 39.49% of Asia's population, [1] and over 24% of the world's population. [2] It is home to a vast array of people who belong to diverse ethnic groups, who migrated to the region during different periods of time. [3]

The presence of Himalayas in northern and eastern borders of South Asia have limited migrations from Eastern Eurasia into Indian subcontinent in the past. Hence most of the male-mediated migrations into South Asia occurred from Western Eurasia into the region, as seen in the Y-chromosome DNA Haplogroup variations of populations in the region. [4]

The major paternal lineages of South Asian populations, represented by Y chromosomes, are haplogroups R1a1 , R2 , H , L , and J2 , [5] as well as O-M175 in some parts (northeastern region) of the Indian subcontinent. [6] Haplogroup R is the most observed Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup among the populations of South Asia, [4] followed by H, L, and J, in the listed order. [4] These four haplogroups together constitute nearly 80% of all male Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups found in various populations of the region. [4]

The Y-chromosome DNA Haplogroups R1a1, R2, L, and J2, which are found in higher frequencies among various populations of the Indian subcontinent, are also observed among various populations of Europe, Central Asia, and Middle East. [7]

Some researchers have argued that Y-DNA Haplogroup R1a1 (M17) is of autochthonous South Asian origin. [8] However, proposals for a Eurasian Steppe origin for R1a1 are also quite common and supported by several more recent studies. [9] The spread of R1a1 in Indian subcontinent is associated with Indo-Aryan migrations into the region from South Central Asia that occurred around 3,500-4,000 years before present. The R1a-Z93 paternal genetic in Romani people was also discovered. [10] Indian-Brahmin origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1*. [11]

The Haplogroup R2 is mainly restricted to various populations of South Asia, in addition to some populations of South Central Asia, Middle East, Asia Minor and the Caucasus where it is observed in low frequencies. [12] R2 has higher frequency among the speakers of the Indo-Aryan languages as compared to Dravidian speakers of South India. [8]

The Haplogroup H (also known as the "Indian marker" [4] ), which is a direct descendant of the Upper Paleolithic Eurasian Haplogroup HIJK, is mostly restricted to South Asian populations of the Indian subcontinent, [4] in addition to some populations of South Central Asia and eastern Iranian Plateau, where it is found in low frequencies. [5] It originated somewhere in the Middle East or South Central Asia and travelled to South Asia and adjoining areas of the eastern Iranian Plateau around 40,000-50,000 years before present. [4]

The Haplogroup L, which is thought to have originated near Pamir Mountains of present-day Tajikistan in South Central Asia, [4] travelled throughout Indian subcontinent during the Neolithic period, and it is associated with the spread of the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) in South Asia, which existed around 3,300-5,300 years before present. [4] It is also observed among many populations of the Iranian Plateau. The spread of the Haplogroup J2 from Iranian Plateau into Indian subcontinent also occurred during the Neolithic period, alongside L. [4]

frequency distribution of Y-DNA haplogroup J2b2-M241 Geographical frequency distribution of Haplogroup J2b2-M241 (Y-DNA).png
frequency distribution of Y-DNA haplogroup J2b2-M241

The Haplogroup O-M175, which is a major haplogroup observed among the populations of East and Southeast Asia, is found largely restricted among the Tibeto-Burman and Austroasiatic speakers of the Himalayan and northeastern regions of South Asia. [6]

Frequencies in South Asian ethnic groups

Listed below are some notable groups and populations from South Asia by human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups based on various relevant studies.

The samples are taken from individuals identified with specific linguistic designations (IE=Indo-European, Dr=Dravidian, AA=Austro-Asiatic, ST=Sino-Tibetan) and individual linguistic groups, the third column (n) gives the sample size studied, and the other columns give the percentage of the respective haplogroups.

Majority of the Indo-European (IE) speakers of South Asia speak Indo-Aryan languages, followed by Iranian languages, both of which belong to Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. [13] [14] They form around 75% of the South Asian populations. [13]

The Dravidian (Dr) speakers of South Asia are mostly clustered in South India and Balochistan, as well as parts of Central India. [15] They form around 20% of the South Asian populations. [15]

The Sino-Tibetan (ST) speakers in the Himalayas and northeastern parts of the South Asia speak various languages belonging to Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. [16]

The Austroasiatic (AA) speakers of South Asia are scattered in parts of Central, Eastern and Northeastern India as well in parts of Nepal and Bangladesh.

Note: The converted frequencies from some old studies conducted in 2000s may lead to unsubstantial frequencies below. Table below has been sorted in alphabetical order based on the name of the population.

Frequencies of Y chromosome DNA haplogroups in some selected ethnic groups of South Asia
PopulationLanguage (if specified)n C E F G H I J K L N O P Q R R1 R1a R1b R2 T Others Reference
Andhra Tribals (Andhra Pradesh, India)Dr
(Telugu)		290010.3%3.4%34.5%03.4%06.9%06.9%000027.6%06.9%0Fornarino2009 [17]
Balochi (Balochistan, Pakistan)IE
(Balochi)		2508%004%016%024%000008%20%8%12%0Sengupta2006 [8]
Bengalis (Bangladesh)IE
(Bengali)		427.14%004.72%35.71%011.9%04.76%09.52%02.38%0021.43%07.14%0Poznik2016 [18]
Bengalis (Bangladesh)IE
(Bengali)		64902.62%01.08%17.72%4.16%15.72%017.41%0.46%006.93%0031.59%0.62%00Hasan2019 [19]
Bengalis (West Bengal, India)IE
(Bengali)		313.2%03.2%3.2%9.7%09.7%0003.2%000038.7%6.5%22.6%0Kivisild2003 [20]
Bhargavas (Uttar Pradesh, India)IE
(Indo-Aryan)		966.3%04.2%016.7%06.3%4.2%002.1%4.2%00022.9%1%32.3%0Zhao2009 [21]
Bihar Paswan (Bihar, India)IE
(Bihari)		27003.7%11.11%14.81%03.7%07.41%03.7%003.7%11.11%40.74%000Sharma2009 [22]
Bihar Brahmins (Bihar, India)IE
(Bihari)		382.63%000002.63%5.26%13.16%0005.26%05.26%60.53%05.26%0Sharma2009 [22]
Brahmins (India)IE (Indo-Aryan),
Dr (Dravidian)		11810.2%02.5%1.7%11.9%011.9%1.7%2.5%04.2%3.4%00028%1.7%20.3%0Zhao2009 [21]
Brahui (Balochistan, Pakistan)Dr
(Brahui)		254%0016%4%028%08%04%000024%012%0Sengupta2006 [8]
Burusho (Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan)Isolate
(Burushaski)		978.2%01%1%4.1%08.2%016.5%03.1%1%2.1%0027.9%014.4%0%Firasat2006 [23]
Chakma (Bangladesh)IE
(Chakma)		11601.72%03.45%4.31%6.03%10.34%052.59%1.72%0013.79%004.31%000Hasan2019 [19]
Chamar (Uttar Pradesh, India)IE
(Indo-Aryan)		185.6%00044.4%000000000038.9%011.1%0Sengupta2006 [8]
Chaturvedis (Uttar Pradesh, India)IE
(Hindi)		889.1%03.4%06.8%012.5%4.5%2.3%02.3%3.4%00023.9%031.8%0Zhao2009 [21]
Chenchu (Andhra Pradesh, India)Dr
(Telugu)		414.9%00036.6%07.3%014.6%00000026.8%2.4%7.3%0Kivisild2003 [20]
Dawoodi Bohra (Gujarat, India)IE
(Gujarati)		502%04%026%08%06%008%00030%016%0Eaaswarkhanth2009 [24]
Dawoodi Bohra (Tamil Nadu, India)IE
(Urdu)		26000038.5%0007.7%00000053.9%000Eaaswarkhanth2009 [24]
Gujarat Bhils (Gujarat, India)IE
(Bhil)		229.09%00027.27%018.18%018.18%0000009.09%018.18%0Sharma2009 [22]
Gujarat Brahmins (Gujarat, India)IE
(Gujarati)		643.33%3.33%010.94%1.56%015.63%3.13%7.81%3.13%00009.38%32.81%09.38%0Sharma2009 [22]
Gujarati Indians (USA)IE
(Gujarati)		5820.69%003.45%20.69%08.62%08.62%00000027.59%1.72%8.62%0Poznik2016 [18]
Gujaratis (Gujarat, India)IE
(Gujarati)		2917.2%00013.8%020.7%010.4%003.5%03.5%024.1%03.5%3.5%Kivisild2003 [20]
Hazara (Balochistan, Pakistan)IE
(Hazaragi)		2540%00004%4%0008%08%00032%4%0Sengupta2006 [8]
Himachal Brahmin (Himachal Pradesh, India)IE
(Pahari)		195.26%015.79%010.53%05.26%05.26%000005.26%47.37%05.26%0Sharma2009 [22]
IndiaIE (Indo-Aryan),
Dr (Dravidian),
AA (Austroasiatic),
ST (Tibeto-Burman)		7281.8%05.2%1.2%26.4%09.3%018.7%023.9%00.4%0027.3%0.5%9.3%0Sengupta2006 [8]
IndiaIE (Indo-Aryan),
Dr (Dravidian),
AA (Austroasiatic),
ST (Tibeto-Burman)		11521.4%03%0.1%23%09.1%017.5%018%2.7%00028.3%0.5%13.5%3.1%Trivedi2007 [25]
IndiaIE (Indo-Aryan),
Dr (Dravidian),
AA (Austroasiatic),
ST (Tibeto-Burman)		1,6150000000000001.3%000000Sharma2007 [26]
India (Central)IE (Indo-Aryan),
Dr (Dravidian)		50004%2%20%04%04%08%000050%06%0%Sahoo2006 [27]
India (East)IE (Indo-Aryan),
AA (Austroasiatic),
Dr (Dravidian)		3670.8%02.7%019.3%04.1%01.9%020.7%2.7%00023.2%015.5%3.8%Sahoo2006 [27]
India (West)IE
(Indo-Aryan)		2045.4%00.5%033.3%011.3%011.8%002.5%00035%06.4%0.5%Sahoo2006 [27]
India (North)IE (Indo-Aryan),
ST (Tibeto-Burman)		180001.1%0.6%24.5%07.8%01.7%02.3%000048.9%0.6%11.1%0%Trivedi2007 [25]
India (Northeast)ST
(Tibeto-Burman)		10800000.9%0000079.7%4.6%0001.9%000Trivedi2007 [25]
India (S. Gujarat tribals)IE
(Indo-Aryan)		2848.5%04.2%040.1%010.2%2.8%3.2%0002.8%0018.7%09.5%0Khurana2014 [28]
India (South)Dr
(Dravidian)		3721.9%04%027.5%019.7%010.8%001.6%00026.7%1.3%21.5%5.1%Trivedi2007 [25]
India Shia (Uttar Pradesh, India)IE
(Urdu)		1613.7%1.9%5.6%5%8.6%028.7%0000.6%5%003.7%27.9%09.3%0Eaaswarkhanth2009 [24]
Indian Dravidians Dr
(Dravidian)		3531.7%09.3%2.3%32.9%019.7%011.6%013.6%00.3%0026.7%0.3%6.2%0Sengupta2006 [8]
Indian Indo-Europeans IE
(Indo-Aryan)		2052.4%02.4%0.5%28.8%011.3%03.9%04.9%01%0048.9%1.5%13.7%0Sengupta2006 [8]
Indian Munda AA
(Munda)		892004%023.1%03.9%00057.2%1.8%0005.4%04.4%0Kumar2007 [29]
Indian Sunni (Uttar Pradesh, India)IE
(Urdu)		129003.1%2.3%14%020.1%2.3%3.1%001.5%002.3%39.5%011.6%0Eaaswarkhanth2009 [24]
Indian tribes IE (Indo-Aryan),
Dr (Dravidian),
AA (Austroasiatic),
ST (Tibeto-Burman)		5052.2%02%0.2%21.2%02.6%03.2%040.6%3.2%0007.9%1%6.1%4.2%Trivedi2007 [25]
Indian Sino-Tibetans ST
(Tibeto-Burman)		871.1%0002.3%0000086.2%00004.6%05.7%0Sengupta2006 [8]
Indian Telugus (UK)Dr
(Telugu)		601.67%00026.67%06.67%01.67%1.67%001.67%0026.67%020%0Poznik2016 [18]
India's Lower Castes IE (Indo-Aryan),
Dr (Dravidian)		2610.8%04.6%027.6%03.1%05.4%00.4%2.3%00015.7%027.6%4.6%Trivedi2007 [25]
India's Middle Castes IE (Indo-Aryan),
Dr (Dravidian)		1750.6%05.1%021.1%09.7%05.7%002.9%00026.3%018.9%1.7%Trivedi2007 [25]
India's Upper Castes IE (Indo-Aryan),
Dr (Dravidian)		2110.9%01.9%023.3%010%011.4%001.9%00030.5%0.5%9%0Trivedi2007 [25]
Indo-Aryan Castes (India)IE
(Indo-Aryan)		295.3%03.6%0.6%6.5%016.6%1.2%11.2%01.2%4.1%00040.208.9%0Cordaux2004 [30]
Iranian Shia (Andhra Pradesh, India)IE
(Indo-Aryan)		250016%8%4%024%28%00000004%016%0Eaaswarkhanth2009 [24]
Jats (India and Pakistan)IE
(various)		30201%03.6%3.6%1%9.6%036.8%00015.6%28.5%00000.3%Mahal2017 [31]
J&K Kashmir Gujars (Jammu and Kashmir, India)IE
(Gujari)		492.04%04.08%010.2%06.12%8.16%16.33%0002%02.04%40.86%08.16%0Sharma2009 [22]
J&K Kashmiri Pandits (Jammu and Kashmir, India)IE
(Kashmiri)		511.96%03.92%1.96%9.8%09.8%9.8%5.88%0005.88%1.96%11.76%23.53%013.73%0Sharma2009 [22]
Kalash (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)IE
(Kalasha)		4400018.2%20.5%09.1%025%00000018.2%000Firasat2006 [23]
Kathmandu (Nepal)IE (Indo-Aryan),
ST (Tibeto-Burman)		777.8%00011.7%010.4%00020.8%01.3%0035.1%010.4%0Gayden2007 [32]
Khasi (Meghalaya, India)AA
(Khasi)		920010.9%06.5%0000072.8%4.4%0000000Kumar2007 [29]
Kodava (Karnataka, India)Dr
(Kodava)		502%02%08%016%018%00000038%016%0NI-Shodhganga [33]
Khasi (Bangladesh)AA
(Khasi)		90012.75%003.92%09.80%045.10%00015.69%0012.75%000Hasan2019 [19]
Kokanastha Brahmin (Maharashtra, India)IE
(Marathi)		25000012%028%04%00000040%020%0Sengupta2006 [8]
Konkanastha Brahmins (Maharashtra, India)IE
(Marathi)		432.3%02.3%09.3%014%2.3%18.6%00000041.9%09.3%0Kivisild2003 [20]
Koraga Tribals (Karnataka, India)Dr
(Koraga)		33000087.9%0000000000006.1%0DE=6.1%Cordaux2004 [30]
Koya (Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, India)Dr
(Koya)		410026.8%070.7%00000000002.4%000Kivisild2003 [20]
Lambadi (Andhra Pradesh, India)IE
(Lambadi)		3517.1%02.9%08.6%05.7%017.1%002.9%0008.6%37.1%00Kivisild2003 [20]
Madhya Pradesh Brahmins (Madhya Pradesh, India)IE42002.38%07.14%023.81%07.14%2.38%02.38%4.76%0038.1%000Sharma2009 [22]
Madhya Pradesh Gonds (Madhya Pradesh, India)Dr
(Gondi)		64000062.5%006.25%006.25%06.25%0018.75%000Sharma2009 [22]
Madhya Pradesh Saharia (Madhya Pradesh, India)IE57005.27%033.33%003.51%00001.75%0050.87%05.3%0Sharma2009 [22]
Maharashtra Brahmins (Maharashtra, India)IE
(Marathi)		303.33%003.33%10%016.67%3.33%10%3.33%3.33%000043.33%03.33%0Sharma2009 [22]
Manipuri (Bangladesh)ST
(Meitei)		1020005.56%2.22%10.00%11.11%025.56%1.11%0015.56%0011.11%000Hasan2019 [19]
Mappila Muslims (Kerala, India)Dr
(Malayalam)		40000027.5%020%5%10%00000032.5%05%0Eaaswarkhanth2009 [24]
Mundari (East India)AA
(Munda)		789003.3%025.4%04.4%00055%1.5%000004.9%0Kumar2007 [29]
New Delhi Hindus (New Delhi, India)IE490002%18.3%08.1%04.1%02%06.1%0034.7%020.4%0Fornarino2009 [17]
Pakistan IE
(Indo-Aryan, Iranian),
Dr (Brahui,
Burushaki 		1767.4%006.2%6.2%015.3%013.1%02.3%03.4%0024.4%7.4%7.4%0Sengupta2006 [8]
Pakistan IE (Indo-Aryan, Iranian),
Dr (Brahui)
Burushaki 		6383%00.8%2.7%2.5%020.2%011.6%00.5%02.2%0037.1%07.8%0Firasat2006 [23]
Parsis (Western India – Lay)IE
(Gujarati)		12205.7%000054.9%1.6%2.5%0023.8%0005.7%000BT=5.7%López2017 [34]
Parsis (Western India – Priest)IE
(Gujarati)		7101.4%00004.2%054.9%0031.0%0000000BT=8.5%López2017 [34]
Pashtun (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)IE
(Pashto)		96002.1%11.5%4.2%06.2%012.5%05.2%05.2%0044.8%001%Firasat2006 [23]
Pathan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan)IE
(Pashto)		214.8%009.5%14.3%0009.5%0009.5%4.8%038.1%9.5%9.5%0Sengupta2006 [8]
Punjab Brahmin (Punjab, India)IE
(Punjabi)		283.58%03.57%3.57%0021.43%07.14%00000035.71%025%0Sharma2009 [22]
Punjabi (Punjab, India)IE
(Punjabi)		663%0004.6%021.2%012.1%00000047%7.6%4.6%0Kivisild2003 [20]
Punjabis (Punjab, Pakistan)IE
(Punjabi)		482.08%008.33%6.25%027.08%04.17%0004.17%0035.42%012.5%0Poznik2016 [18]
Rajastanis (Rajasthan, India)IE
(Rajasthani)		20201%03%9%1%10%08%03%010%0043%015%0Kumawat2020 [35]
Rajput (Uttar Pradesh, India)IE293.4%03.4%020.7%017.2%06.9%03.4%000031%013.8%0Sengupta2006 [8]
Rakhine (Bangladesh)ST
(Arakanese)		1070001.87%6.54%1.87%13.08%029.91%3.74%0028.04%0010.28%000Hasan2019 [19]
Shia (Uttar Pradesh, India)IE
(Urdu)		1549.1%11%3.3%9.7%7.8%019.5%3.3%3.9%02%2%00015.6%013%0Zhao2009 [21]
Sindhi (Sindh, Pakistan)IE
(Sindhi)		2100000033.3%04.8%0004.8%0052.4%04.8%0Sengupta2006 [8]
Sinhalese (Sri Lanka)IE
(Sinhala)		390010.3%010.3%010.3%018%00000012.8%038.5%0Kivisild2003 [20]
Sri Lanka IE
(Sinhala)		74009%015%014%1%19%003%00027%012%0Mustak2019 [36]
Sourashtrians (Brahmin) (Tamil Nadu, India)IE (Gujarati),
Dr (Tamil)		466.5%04.4%015.2%02.2%026.1%02.2%000039.1%04.3%0Cordaux2004 [30]
South Indian Tribals (South India)Dr (Dravidian),
AA (Austroasiatic)		3158.6%018.1%031.1%02.9%07%06.7%6%0008.9%04.4%0DE=0.6%Cordaux2004 [30]
South castes (South India)Dr
(Dravidian)		4475.1%011.9%014.1%09.8%5.6%21.9%01.6%1.9%00013.6%010.6%0Cordaux2004 [30]
Sri Lanka IE (Sinhala),
Dr (Tamil)		913.3%09.9%5.5%25.3%019.8%015.4%01.1%3.3%00013.2%000Karafet2005 [37]
Sri Lankan Tamils (UK)Dr
(Tamil)		551.8%00029.1%014.5%018.2%0003.6%0027.3%05.5%0Poznik2016 [18]
Sunni (Uttar Pradesh, India)IE
(Urdu)		1047.7%02%5.8%10.6%015.4%2%3.8%02.9%2%00028.8%019.2%0Zhao2009 [21]
Tamil Nadu (India)Dr
(Tamil)		16804.4%0.3%16.3%3.1%23.6%02.1%14.0%2.0%00.4%1.5%2.0%12.7%08.2%00.8%0ArunKumar 2012 [38]
Terai Hindus (Terai, Nepal)IE
(Nepali)		2611.5%0003.8%03.8%0003.8%000069.2%03.8%0Fornarino2009 [17]
Tharu (Nepal)IE
(Tharu)		1710.6%00025.7%014%02.3%036.8%01.2%008.8%04.7%0Fornarino2009 [17]
Tripuri (Bangladesh)ST
(Kokborok)		10709.41%01.18%3.53%3.53%10.59%065.88%0004.71%000000Hasan2019 [19]
Uttar Pradesh (South) Kols (Uttar Pradesh, India)AA
(Kolarian)		54000011.11%033.34%00040.74%000014.81%000Sharma2009 [22]
Uttar Pradesh (South) Gonds (Uttar Pradesh, India)Dr
(Gondi)		37000059.46%018.92%10.81%02.7%8.11%00000000Sharma2009 [22]
Uttar Pradesh Brahmin (Uttar Pradesh, India)IE31000016.13%03.23%03.21%0006.46%0067.74%03.23%0Sharma2009 [22]
West Bengal Brahmins (West Bengal, India)IE
(Bengali)		1800005.56%000000000072.22%022.22%0Sharma2009 [22]

Chronological development of haplogroups

HaplogroupPossible time of originPossible place of origin Possible TMRCA [39]
A00 235,900 [39] or 275,000 years ago [40] Africa [41] 37,600 years ago
CT 88,000 [39] or 101-100,000 years ago [42] [43] Africa 68,500 years ago
C 65,900 [39] or 50,000-70,000 years ago [44] Indian subcontinent [44] (part of first migration out of Africa to Southeast Asia through Coastal India [4] )48,800 years ago
E 65,200, [39] 69,000, [42] or 73,000 years ago [43] Northeast Africa [45] or Middle East [46] (part of second migration out of Africa, initially settled in the Middle East [4] )52,300 years ago
F 65,900 years ago [39] Northeast Africa [4] or Middle East [4] (its descendants are present in nearly 90% of all non-African populations [4] )48,800 years ago
GHIJK 49,000 - 59,000 years ago [47] Indian subcontinent or Southeast Asia [48] 48,500 years ago
HIJK 48,500 - 59,000 years ago [39] [47] Eurasia 48,500 years ago
G more than 48,500 years ago [39] Eastern edge of Iranian plateau, [4] close to the Indus valley [4] (border of Middle East and Indian subcontinent [4] )25,200 years ago
K 47,200 years ago [39] Iran [4] or South Central Asia [4] 45,400 years ago
H 45,400 years ago [39] Middle East or South Central Asia, [4] known as "Indian Marker" [4] [49] [50] 45,600 years ago
P 45,400 years ago [39] South Central Asia, [4] North of Hindu Kush mountains [4] 41,500 years ago
J 42,900 years ago [39] [45] Mesopotamia in northern Fertile Crescent region of the Middle East [4] 31,600 years ago
I 42,900 years ago [39] Europe, Near East, Central Asia, known as the "European Haplogroup" [4] 27,500 years ago
L 42,600 years ago [39] Eastern Iranian plateau in the Middle East [51] [21] [52] or Pamir Mountains of Tajikistan in South-Central Asia [4] [53] [50] 23,100 years ago
T 42,600 years ago [39] Northeast Africa, [4] Middle East, [54] [55] Europe, [4] 26,900 years ago
O 41,750 [56] or 36,800 years ago [39] Central or East Asia [4] 30,500 years ago
N 36,800 years ago [39] [57] North Eurasia [58] or East Asia [57] 22,000 years ago
R 31,900 years ago [39] Central Asia (from Caspian sea to border of Western China) [4] or Siberia [4] 28,200 years ago
Q 31,700 years ago [59] [60] Southern Siberia (adjacent to the border between Central Asia and North Asia) [4] [59] [60] 28,700 years ago
J-M172 (J2)31,600 years ago [39] [45] Iranian plateau in Middle East 27,600 years ago
R-M173 (R1)28,200 years ago [39] Central Asia 22,800 years ago
R-M479 (R2)28,200 years ago [39] Indian subcontinent or South Central Asia 16,300 years ago
R-M420 (R1a)22,800 years ago [39] [22] Eurasia 18,200 years ago
R-M17 (R1a1)13,000 [22] or 18,000 years ago [61] Eurasian Steppe [4] or Indian subcontinent [22] [8]
R-M343 (R1b)22,800 years ago [39] [62] Eurasia [63] 20,400 years ago

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia</span> Biological field of study

Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia is the study of the genetics and archaeogenetics of the ethnic groups of South Asia. It aims at uncovering these groups' genetic histories. The geographic position of the Indian subcontinent makes its biodiversity important for the study of the early dispersal of anatomically modern humans across Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup J-M172</span> Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

In human genetics, Haplogroup J-M172 or J2 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup which is a subclade (branch) of haplogroup J-M304. Haplogroup J-M172 is common in modern populations in Western Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, Southern Europe, Northwestern Iran and North Africa. It is thought that J-M172 may have originated in the Caucasus, Anatolia and/or Western Iran.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)</span> Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

Haplogroup J-M304, also known as J, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is believed to have evolved in Western Asia. The clade spread from there during the Neolithic, primarily into North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Socotra Archipelago, the Caucasus, Europe, Anatolia, Central Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup R (mtDNA)</span> Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup

Haplogroup R is a widely distributed human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup R is associated with the peopling of Eurasia after about 70,000 years ago, and is distributed in modern populations throughout the world outside of sub-Saharan Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)</span> Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

Haplogroup H (Y-DNA), also known as H-L901/M2939, is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup L-M20</span> Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in South Asia and the Mediterranean

Haplogroup L-M20 is a human Y-DNA haplogroup, which is defined by SNPs M11, M20, M61 and M185. As a secondary descendant of haplogroup K and a primary branch of haplogroup LT, haplogroup L currently has the alternative phylogenetic name of K1a, and is a sibling of haplogroup T.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)</span> Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

Haplogroup P also known as P-F5850 or K2b2 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in human genetics. P-F5850 is a branch of K2b, which is a branch of Haplogroup K2 (K-M526).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup R1</span> Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

Haplogroup R1, or R-M173, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. A primary subclade of Haplogroup R (R-M207), it is defined by the SNP M173. The other primary subclade of Haplogroup R is Haplogroup R2 (R-M479).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup</span> Human DNA groupings

In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by specific mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA on the male-specific Y chromosome (Y-DNA). Individuals within a haplogroup share similar numbers of short tandem repeats (STRs) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The Y-chromosome accumulates approximately two mutations per generation, and Y-DNA haplogroups represent significant branches of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree, each characterized by hundreds or even thousands of unique mutations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)</span> Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

Haplogroup R, or R-M207, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is both numerous and widespread among modern populations.

Haplogroup R2a, or haplogroup R-M124, is a Y-chromosome haplogroup characterized by genetic markers M124, P249, P267, L266, and is mainly found in South Asia as well as in Central Asia, Caucasus, West Asia and North Africa / MENA.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Burusho people</span> Ethnolinguistic group of Kashmir, South Asia

The Burusho, or Brusho, also known as the Botraj, are an ethnolinguistic group indigenous to the Yasin, Hunza, Nagar, and other valleys of Gilgit–Baltistan in northern Pakistan, with a tiny minority of around 350 Burusho people residing in Jammu and Kashmir, India. Their language, Burushaski, has been classified as a language isolate.

The various ethnolinguistic groups found in the Caucasus, Central Asia, Europe, the Middle East, North Africa and/or South Asia demonstrate differing rates of particular Y-DNA haplogroups.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup R1a</span> Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

Haplogroup R1a, or haplogroup R-M420, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup which is distributed in a large region in Eurasia, extending from Scandinavia and Central Europe to Central Asia, southern Siberia and South Asia.

Population genetics research has been conducted on the ancestry of the modern Turkish people in Turkey. Such studies are relevant for the demographic history of the population as well as health reasons, such as population specific diseases. Some studies have sought to determine the relative contributions of the Turkic peoples of Central Asia, from where the Seljuk Turks began migrating to Anatolia after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, which led to the establishment of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate in the late 11th century, and prior populations in the area who were culturally assimilated during the Seljuk and the Ottoman periods.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Genetic studies on Sinhalese</span>

Genetic studies on the Sinhalese is part of population genetics investigating the origins of the Sinhalese population.

Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe are haplogroups of the male Y-chromosome found in European populations.

Listed here are notable ethnic groups and populations from Western Asia, Egypt and South Caucasus by human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups based on relevant studies. The samples are taken from individuals identified with the ethnic and linguistic designations in the first two columns, the third column gives the sample size studied, and the other columns give the percentage of the particular haplogroup. Some old studies conducted in the early 2000s regarded several haplogroups as one haplogroup, e.g. I, G and sometimes J were haplogroup 2, so conversion sometimes may lead to unsubstantial frequencies below.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia</span>

The tables below provide statistics on the human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups most commonly found among ethnolinguistic groups and populations from East and South-East Asia.

The study of the genetics and archaeogenetics of the Gujarati people of India aims at uncovering these people's genetic history. According to the 1000 Genomes Project, "Gujarati" is a general term used to describe people who trace their ancestry to the region of Gujarat, located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, and who speak the Gujarati language, an Indo-European language. They have some genetic commonalities as well as differences with other ethnic groups of India.

References

  1. ↑ "Indian Subcontinent Archived 21 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine ". Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. Macmillan Reference USA (Gale Group), 2006: "The area is divided between five major nation-states, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, and includes as well the two small nations of Bhutan and the Maldives Republic... The total area can be estimated at 4.4 million square kilometres or exactly 10 percent of the land surface of Asia... In 2000, the total population was about 22 percent of the world's population and 34 percent of the population of Asia."
  2. ↑ Desai, Praful B. (2002). "Cancer control efforts in the Indian subcontinent". Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 32 (Supplement 1): S13–S16. doi: 10.1093/jjco/hye139 . PMID   11959872. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2021.
  3. ↑ "Asia" > Overview Archived 1 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2009: "The Indian subcontinent is home to a vast diversity of peoples, most of whom speak languages from the Indo-Aryan subgroup of the Indo-European family."
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Mahal DG, Matsoukas IG (23 January 2018). "The Geographic Origins of Ethnic Groups in the Indian Subcontinent: Exploring Ancient Footprints with Y-DNA Haplogroups". Frontiers in Genetics. 9 (4): 4. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00004 . PMC   5787057 . PMID   29410676.
  5. 1 2 Endicott P, Metspalu M, Kivisild T (2007). "Genetic evidence on modern human dispersals in South Asia: Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA perspectives". In Michael D. Petraglia, Bridget Allchin (eds.). The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia. Springer. pp. 201–228. ISBN   978-1-4020-5561-4.
  6. 1 2 Arunkumar G, Wei LH, Kavitha VJ, Syama A, Arun VS, Sathua S, et al. (2015). "A late Neolithic expansion of Y chromosomal haplogroup O2a1-M95 from east to west". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 53 (6): 546–560. doi: 10.1111/jse.12147 . S2CID   83103649.
  7. ↑ Renfrew C, Boyle KV (2000a). Renfrew C, Boyle K (eds.). An Indian Ancestry: a Key for Understanding Human Diversity in Europe and Beyond (PDF). McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. ISBN   978-1-902937-08-3.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Mehdi SQ, Edmonds CA, Chow CE, et al. (February 2006). "Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists". American Journal of Human Genetics. 78 (2): 202–21. doi:10.1086/499411. PMC   1380230 . PMID   16400607.
  9. ↑ Joseph T (16 June 2017). "How genetics is settling the Aryan migration debate". The Hindu.
  10. ↑ "R1a1a conquers the world...in a few pulses?".
  11. ↑ Sharma, S.; Rai, E.; Sharma, P.; Jena, M.; Singh, S.; Darvishi, K.; Bhat, A. K.; Bhanwer, A. J.; Tiwari, P. K.; Bamezai, R. N. (2009). "The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system". Journal of Human Genetics. 54 (1): 47–55. doi: 10.1038/jhg.2008.2 . PMID   19158816. S2CID   22162114.
  12. ↑ R2-M124-WTY (Walk Through the Y) Project, "R2-M124-WTY (Walk Through the Y) Project."
  13. 1 2 D. D. Mahulkar (1990). Pre-Pāṇinian Linguistic Studies. Northern Book Centre. ISBN   978-81-85119-88-5.
  14. ↑ Annarita Puglielli; Mara Frascarelli (2011). Linguistic Analysis: From Data to Theory. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN   978-3-11-022250-0.
  15. 1 2 "Overview of Dravidian languages". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  16. ↑ Burling, Robbins (2003). "The Tibeto-Burman languages of northeast India". In Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.). Sino-Tibetan Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 169–191. ISBN   978-0-7007-1129-1.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Fornarino S, Pala M, Battaglia V, Maranta R, Achilli A, Modiano G, et al. (July 2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 154. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-154 . PMC   2720951 . PMID   19573232.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, Willems TF, Massaia A, Wilson Sayres MA, et al. (June 2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–9. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC   4884158 . PMID   27111036.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mahmud H (November 2019). GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG BANGALI AND SEVEN ETHNIC GROUPS OF BANGLADESH BASED ON Y-CHROMOSOME (PDF) (Ph.D. thesis). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Dhaka University. pp. 100–05.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kivisild T, Rootsi S, Metspalu M, Mastana S, Kaldma K, Parik J, et al. (February 2003). "The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations". American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (2): 313–32. doi:10.1086/346068. PMC   379225 . PMID   12536373.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Zhao Z, Khan F, Borkar M, Herrera R, Agrawal S (2009). "Presence of three different paternal lineages among North Indians: a study of 560 Y chromosomes". Annals of Human Biology. 36 (1): 46–59. doi:10.1080/03014460802558522. PMC   2755252 . PMID   19058044.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Sharma S, Rai E, Sharma P, Jena M, Singh S, Darvishi K, Bhat AK, Bhanwer AJ, Tiwari PK, Bamezai RN (January 2009). "The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system". Journal of Human Genetics. 54 (1): 47–55. doi: 10.1038/jhg.2008.2 . PMID   19158816.
  23. 1 2 3 4 Firasat S, Khaliq S, Mohyuddin A, Papaioannou M, Tyler-Smith C, Underhill PA, et al. (January 2007). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (1): 121–6. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMC   2588664 . PMID   17047675.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Eaaswarkhanth M, Haque I, Ravesh Z, Romero IG, Meganathan PR, Dubey B, et al. (March 2010). "Traces of sub-Saharan and Middle Eastern lineages in Indian Muslim populations". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (3): 354–63. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.168. PMC   2859343 . PMID   19809480.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Trivedi R, Sahoo S, Singh A, Hima Bindu G, Banerjee J, Tandon M (2008). "High Resolution Phylogeographic Map of Y-Chromosomes Reveal the Genetic Signatures of Pleistocene Origin of Indian Populations" (PDF). In Reddy BM (ed.). Trends in molecular anthropology. Delhi: Kamla-Raj Enterprises. pp. 393–414. ISBN   978-81-85264-47-9.
  26. ↑ Sharma S, Rai E, Bhat AK, Bhanwer AS, Bamezai RN (November 2007). "A novel subgroup Q5 of human Y-chromosomal haplogroup Q in India". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 232. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-232 . PMC   2258157 . PMID   18021436., Q4 is currently Q1a2-M346
  27. 1 2 3 Sahoo S, Singh A, Himabindu G, Banerjee J, Sitalaximi T, Gaikwad S, et al. (January 2006). "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: evaluating demic diffusion scenarios". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (4): 843–8. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0507714103 . PMC   1347984 . PMID   16415161.
  28. ↑ Khurana P, Aggarwal A, Mitra S, Italia YM, Saraswathy KN, Chandrasekar A, et al. (2014). "Y chromosome haplogroup distribution in Indo-European speaking tribes of Gujarat, western India". PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e90414. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...990414K. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090414 . PMC   3948632 . PMID   24614885. In this paper, C consists of C5(currently C1b1a1)-M356* 3.2% and C5a(currently C1b1a1a)-P92 5.3%, F is F-M201*, H consists of H-M69* 1%, H1a-M39 25.0%, H2-Apt 14.1%, J consists of J2a-P84 2.8%, J2b2*-M241 7.4%, L is L1-M27, Q is Q1a3(currently Q1a2)-M346, R1a is R1a1-PK5*, R2 is R2-M124.
  29. 1 2 3 Kumar V, Reddy AN, Babu JP, Rao TN, Langstieh BT, Thangaraj K, et al. (March 2007). "Y-chromosome evidence suggests a common paternal heritage of Austro-Asiatic populations". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 47. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-47 . PMC   1851701 . PMID   17389048.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 Cordaux R, Aunger R, Bentley G, Nasidze I, Sirajuddin SM, Stoneking M (February 2004). "Independent origins of Indian caste and tribal paternal lineages". Current Biology. 14 (3): 231–5. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2004.01.024 . PMID   14761656.
  31. ↑ Mahal DG, Matsoukas IG (2017-09-20). "Y-STR Haplogroup Diversity in the Jat Population Reveals Several Different Ancient Origins". Frontiers in Genetics. 8: 121. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00121 . PMC   5611447 . PMID   28979290.
  32. ↑ Gayden T, Cadenas AM, Regueiro M, Singh NB, Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, et al. (May 2007). "The Himalayas as a directional barrier to gene flow". American Journal of Human Genetics. 80 (5): 884–94. doi:10.1086/516757. PMC   1852741 . PMID   17436243.
  33. ↑ Syama A (December 2012). Studies on the migration and isolation of selected ancient populations of India a non recombinant y chromosome nry study (PDF) (Ph.D. thesis). Madurai, India: Madurai Kamaraj University.
  34. 1 2 López, Saioa; Thomas, Mark G.; van Dorp, Lucy; Ansari-Pour, Naser; Stewart, Sarah; Jones, Abigail L.; Jelinek, Erik; Chikhi, Lounès; Parfitt, Tudor; Bradman, Neil; Weale, Michael E. (2017-09-07). "The Genetic Legacy of Zoroastrianism in Iran and India: Insights into Population Structure, Gene Flow, and Selection". American Journal of Human Genetics. 101 (3): 353–368. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.07.013. ISSN   0002-9297. PMC   5590844 . PMID   28844488.
  35. ↑ Kumawat, R.K.; Shrivastava, Pankaj; Shrivastava, Divya; Mathur, G.K. (June 2020). "Molecular diversity of 23 Y-STR genetic markers in the population of Rajasthan, India". Meta Gene. 24: 100694. doi:10.1016/j.mgene.2020.100694.
  36. ↑ Mustak, Mohammed S.; Rai, Niraj; Naveen, Mohan Rao; Prakash, Satya; Carlus, S. Justin; Pasupuleti, Nagarjuna; Srivastava, Anshika; Singh, Prajjval Pratap; Babu, Idrees; Dubey, Pavan Kumar; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy (6 May 2019). "The peopling of Lakshadweep Archipelago". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 6968. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.6968M. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43384-3 . PMC   6502849 . PMID   31061397.
  37. ↑ Karafet TM, Lansing JS, Redd AJ, Reznikova S, Watkins JC, Surata SP, et al. (February 2005). "Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders". Human Biology. 77 (1): 93–114. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030. hdl: 1808/13586 . PMID   16114819. S2CID   7953854.
  38. ↑ ArunKumar G, Soria-Hernanz DF, Kavitha VJ, Arun VS, Syama A, Ashokan KS, et al. (2012) Population Differentiation of Southern Indian Male Lineages Correlates with Agricultural Expansions Predating the Caste System. PLoS ONE 7(11): e50269. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050269
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 "YFull YTree". YFull. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  40. ↑ Mendez, L.; et al. (2016). "The Divergence of Neandertal and Modern Human Y Chromosomes". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 98 (4): 728–34. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.02.023. PMC   4833433 . PMID   27058445.
  41. ↑ "The father of all men is 340,000 years old".
  42. 1 2 Kamin M, Saag L, Vincente M, et al. (April 2015). "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. 25 (4): 459–66. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. PMC   4381518 . PMID   25770088.
  43. 1 2 Haber M, Jones AL, Connel BA, Asan, Arciero E, Huanming Y, Thomas MG, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C (June 2019). "A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-chromosomal Haplogroup and its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa". Genetics. 212 (4): 1421–1428. doi:10.1534/genetics.119.302368. PMC   6707464 . PMID   31196864.
  44. 1 2 Zhong, Hua; Shi, Hong; Qi, Xue-Bin; Xiao, Chun-Jie; Jin, Li; Ma, Runlin Z; Su, Bing (2010-07-01). "Global distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroup C reveals the prehistoric migration routes of African exodus and early settlement in East Asia". Journal of Human Genetics. 55 (7): 428–435. doi: 10.1038/jhg.2010.40 . ISSN   1434-5161. PMID   20448651. S2CID   28609578.
  45. 1 2 3 Semino, O; Magri, C; Benuzzi, G; et al. (May 2004). "Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (5): 1023–34. doi:10.1086/386295. PMC   1181965 . PMID   15069642.
  46. ↑ Chiaroni, Jacques; Underhill, Peter A.; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L. (1 December 2009). "Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 106 (48): 20174–79. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10620174C. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0910803106 . PMC   2787129 . PMID   19920170.
  47. 1 2 "www.nature.com" (PDF).
  48. ↑ Hallast, Pille; et al. (2021). "A Southeast Asian origin for present-day non-African human Y chromosomes". Human Genetics. 140 (2): 299–307. doi:10.1007/s00439-020-02204-9. PMC   7864842 . PMID   32666166.
  49. ↑ Haber M, Platt DE, Ashrafian Bonab M, Youhanna SC, Soria-Hernanz DF, Martínez-Cruz B, et al. (2012). "Afghanistan's ethnic groups share a Y-chromosomal heritage structured by historical events". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e34288. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734288H. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034288 . PMC   3314501 . PMID   22470552.
  50. 1 2 Tariq, Muhammad; Ahmad, Habib; Hemphill, Brian E.; Farooq, Umar; Schurr, Theodore G. (2022). "Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic histories among five ethnic groups from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 1027. Bibcode:2022NatSR..12.1027T. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05076-3. PMC   8770644 . PMID   35046511.
  51. ↑ Qamar, Raheel; Ayub, Qasim; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Helgason, Agnar; Mazhar, Kehkashan; Mansoor, Atika; Zerjal, Tatiana; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Mehdi, S. Qasim (2002). "Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in Pakistan". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (5): 1107–1124. doi:10.1086/339929. ISSN   0002-9297. PMC   447589 . PMID   11898125.
  52. ↑ Thanseem, Ismail; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Singh, Vijay Kumar; Bhaskar, Lakkakula VKS; Reddy, B Mohan; Reddy, Alla G; Singh, Lalji (7 August 2006). "Genetic affinities among the lower castes and tribal groups of India: inference from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA". BMC Genetics. 7: 42. doi: 10.1186/1471-2156-7-42 . ISSN   1471-2156. PMC   1569435 . PMID   16893451.
  53. ↑ Wells, Spencer (2007). Deep ancestry : inside the Genographic project. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic. p. 103. ISBN   978-1426201189.
  54. ↑ Harney, Éadaoin; May, Hila; Shalem, Dina; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Lazaridis, Iosif; Sarig, Rachel; Stewardson, Kristin; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Patterson, Nick; Hershkovitz, Israel; Reich, David (20 August 2018). "Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3336. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.3336H. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05649-9. PMC   6102297 . PMID   30127404.
  55. ↑ Elkamel, Sarra; Marques, Sofia L.; Alvarez, Luis; Gomes, Veronica; Boussetta, Sami; Mourali-Chebil, Soufia; Khodjet-El-Khil, Houssein; Cherni, Lotfi; Benammar-Elgaaied, Amel; Prata, Maria J. (3 August 2021). "Insights into the Middle Eastern paternal genetic pool in Tunisia: high prevalence of T-M70 haplogroup in an Arab population". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 15728. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1115728E. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95144-x. PMC   8333252 . PMID   34344940.
  56. ↑ Monika Karmin, Rodrigo Flores, Lauri Saag, Georgi Hudjashov, Nicolas Brucato, Chelzie Crenna-Darusallam, Maximilian Larena, Phillip L Endicott, Mattias Jakobsson, J Stephen Lansing, Herawati Sudoyo, Matthew Leavesley, Mait Metspalu, François-Xavier Ricaut, and Murray P Cox, "Episodes of Diversification and Isolation in Island Southeast Asian and Near Oceanian Male Lineages," Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 39, Issue 3, March 2022, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msac045
  57. 1 2 Shi, Hong; Qi, Xuebin; Zhong, Hua; Peng, Yi; Zhang, Xiaoming; Ma, Runlin Z.; Su, Bing (2013). "Genetic Evidence of an East Asian Origin and Paleolithic Northward Migration of Y-chromosome Haplogroup N". PLOS ONE. 8 (6): e66102. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...866102S. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066102 . PMC   3688714 . PMID   23840409.
  58. ↑ Rootsi, Siiri; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Baldovič, Marian; Kayser, Manfred; Kutuev, Ildus A; Khusainova, Rita; Bermisheva, Marina A; Gubina, Marina; Fedorova, Sardana A; Ilumäe, Anne-Mai; Khusnutdinova, Elza K; Voevoda, Mikhail I; Osipova, Ludmila P; Stoneking, Mark; Lin, Alice A; Ferak, Vladimir; Parik, Jüri; Kivisild, Toomas; Underhill, Peter A; Villems, Richard (February 2007). "A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (2): 204–211. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748 . PMID   17149388.
  59. 1 2 Fagundes, Nelson J.R.; Kanitz, Ricardo; Eckert, Roberta; Valls, Ana C.S.; Bogo, Mauricio R.; Salzano, Francisco M.; Smith, David Glenn; Silva, Wilson A.; Zago, Marco A.; Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Andrea K.; Santos, Sidney E.B.; Petzl-Erler, Maria Luiza; Bonatto, Sandro L. (2008). "Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (3): 583–92. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013. PMC   2427228 . PMID   18313026. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-25. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
  60. 1 2 Zegura, S. L.; Karafet, TM; Zhivotovsky, LA; Hammer, MF (2003). "High-Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single, Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 (1): 164–75. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msh009 . PMID   14595095.
  61. ↑ Evatt D (1 November 2013). "The Evatt Clan: A Worldwide Historical Review of the Evatt Family Surname". Danny Evatt – via Google Books.
  62. ↑ ftDNA
  63. ↑ Myres2010
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.