Haplogroup E-Z827

Haplogroup E-Z827
Possible time of origin	23,900 BP [1]
Coalescence age	23,500 BP [1]
Possible place of origin	Middle East [2]
Ancestor	E-M35
Descendants	E-L19, E-Z830
Defining mutations	Z827 / CTS1243, Y473649, CTS7890 / M5239, M5323 / S24409, Y501567(H); Y506656(H), Y506929(H), Y603505(H), Y501568(H), Y468887(H), Y491119, S25930(H) [1]

E-Z827, also known as E1b1b1b, ^[3] is a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is the parent lineage to the E-Z830 and E-L19subclades, and defines their common phylogeny. The former is predominantly found in East Africa; the latter is most frequently around the Mediterannean Sea,. E-Z827 is also found at lower frequencies in Europe, and in isolated parts of Southeast Africa.

Subclades of E-Z827 and Distribution

Family Tree

The following phylogeny is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research as summarized by ISOGG. ^{[4] [5] [6]}

• E-Z827 (Z827) - E1b1b1b ^[7]
  • E-L19 (L19) - E1b1b1b1 ^[7]
    • E-PF2431 (PF2431) ^[8]
      • E-PF2438
        • E-Y10561
          • E-FGC18981
            • E-FGC38527
            • E-Y35933
            • E-FGC18960
              • E-Y33020
              • E-FGC18958
        • E-PF2440
          • E-PF2471
            • E-BY9805
    • E-M81 (M81) ^[9]
      • E-M81*
      • E-M165 - Found only in Israel and Germany.
      • E-Y596059 - Found only in Iraq.
      • E-CTS4236 - Found only in Syria.
        • E-CTS6256 - Found in Europe and North Africa.
          • E-PF2548
            • E-PF2546
              • E-PF2546*
              • E-CTS12227
                • E-MZ11
                  • E-MZ12
              • E-A929
                • E-Z5009
                  • E-Z5009*
                  • E-Z5010
                  • E-Z5013
                    • E-Z5013*
                    • E-A1152
                • E-A2227
                  • E-A428
                  • E-MZ16
                • E-PF6794
                  • E-PF6794*
                  • E-PF6789
                    • E-MZ21
                    • E-MZ23
                    • E-MZ80
                • E-A930
                • E-Z2198/E-MZ46
                  • E-A601
                  • E-L351
  • E-Z830 (Z830) - E1b1b1b2 ^[7]
    • E-M123 (M123)
      • E-M34 (M34)
        • E-M84 (M84)
          • E-M136 (M136)
        • E-M290 (M290)
        • E-V23 (V23)
        • E-L791 (L791,L792)
    • E-V1515
      • E-V1515*
      • E-V1486
        • E-V1486*
        • E-V2881
          • E-V2881*
          • E-V1792
          • E-V92
        • E-M293 (M293)
          • E-M293*
          • E-P72 (P72)
          • E-V3065*
      • E-V1700
        • E-V42 (V42)
        • E-V1785
          • E-V1785*
          • E-V6 (V6)

E-L19 (E1b1b1b1)

Spread of haplogroup E-M81

To date, only two immediate downstream subclades of E-L19 have been recognized: E-PF2431 and E-M81.

E-M81

E-M81 is the dominant subclade of E-L19, accounting for more than 99% of its carriers. It has three main branches: E-M165, carried exclusively by a German and an Israeli; ^[10] E-Y596059, carried by a Syrian from Damascus and an Iraqi Al Anbar; and E-CTS4236, carried exclusively by a Syrian from Quneitra, nearly all branches of E-M81 today derives from E-CTS4236. ^[11] It is thought to have originated in the Near East, ^{[12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]} roughly 13,000 years ago, with subsequent expansions into Europe and North Africa occurring either about 1,000 years ago via Arab populations ^[18] or around 3,000 years ago through Phoenician movements. ^[19]

This distribution has been usually explained as a consequence of a westward expansion from the Near East and this event probably occurred in recent times, possibly about 2 kya [22]. We calculated the forensic indexes including only the E-M81 subjects and we could observe an even more enhanced clinal pattern (Moroccan DC = 0.87; Libyan DC = 0.96; the values for the Egyptian populations cannot be considered informative because our collection included only four E-M81 chromosomes from this country) (Supplementary Table 12). ^[20]

This haplogroup has been identified in a variety of historically significant populations, including the ancient Phoenicians from Malaka and Selinunte, ^[19] Medieval Arab communities from Al-Andalus and the Emirate of Sicily, ^{[18] [21]} as well as among the indigenous population of the Canary Islands. ^[22]

Ancient samples carrying the E-M81 lineage

ID	Language	Culture	Country	Location	Date	Study
I19190	Semitic	Phoenician	Italy	Selinunte	700-400BC	Ringbauer at al. 2025 [23]
I3682	Semitic	Punico-Roman	Spain	Lucena	300-400AD	Carrion et al. 2024 [24]
I21367	Semitic	Punico-Roman	Spain	Malaga	416-700AD	Carrion et al. 2024 [24]
GUN012	Unknown	Guanche	Spain	Tenerife	593-660 AD	Rodriguez-Varela et al. 2017 [25]
SP7089	Semitic	Andalusian	France	Narbonne	637-765 AD	Gleize et al. 2016 [26]
SP7080	Semitic	Andalusian	France	Narbonne	684-761 AD	Gleize et al. 2016 [26]
78	Semitic	Andalusian	Spain	Pamplona	680-780 AD	de Miguel bánez 2016 [27]
107	Semitic	Andalusian	Spain	Pamplona	680-780 AD	de Miguel Ibanez 2016 [27]
GUN011	Unknown	Guanche	Spain	Tenerife	704-887 AD	Rodriguez-Varela et al. 2017 [25]
GOG23	Semitic	Andalusian	Spain	Vall Uixo	706-888 AD	Oteo-Garcia et al. 2024 [28]
CAN02	Unknown	Guanche	Spain	La Gomera	774-994 AD	Serrano et al. 2023 [29]
ST2933	Indo-European	Flemish	Belgium	Sint Truiden	1020-1160 AD	Beneker et al. 2025 [30]
CAN048	Unknown	Guanche	Spain	Tenerife	1028-1162 AD	Serrano et al. 2023 [29]
GUN002	Unknown	Guanche	Spain	Tenerife	1031-1159 AD	Rodriguez-Varela et al. 2017 [25]
SGBN3	Semitic	Andalusian	Italy	Segesta	1050-1215 AD	Monnereau et al. 2024 [31]
SGBN1	Semitic	Andalusian	Italy	Segesta	1050-1220 AD	Monnereau et al. 2024 [31]
112644	Semitic	Andalusian	Spain	Sagunto	1100-1300 AD	Olalde et al. 2019 [32]
112649	Semitic	Andalusian	Spain	Sagunto	1100-1300 AD	Olalde et al. 2019 [32]
CAN012	Unknown	Guanche	Spain	Gran Canaria	1169-1265 AD	Serrano et al. 2023 [29]
PT23221	Semitic	Andalusian	Portugal	Santarem	1200-1300 AD	Roca-Rada et al. 2024 [33]
CAN023	Unknown	Guanche	Spain	Gran Canaria	1221-1278 AD	Serrano et al. 2023 [29]
CAN041	Unknown	Guanche	Spain	Tenerife	1228-1297 AD	Serrano et al. 2023 [29]
CAN001	Unknown	Guanche	Spain	Tenerife	1272-1388 AD	Serrano et al. 2023 [29]
CAN030	Unknown	Guanche	Spain	La Gomera	1288-1396 AD	Serrano et al. 2023 [29]
CAN025	Unknown	Guanche	Spain	Gran Canaria	1303-1410 AD	Serrano et al. 2023 [29]
CAN043	Unknown	Guanche	Spain	Gran Canaria	1322-1437 AD	Serrano et al. 2023 [29]
CAN042	Unknown	Guanche	Spain	Tenerife	1327-1440 AD	Serrano et al. 2023 [29]
CAN045	Unknown	Guanche	Spain	Gran Canaria	1444-1625 AD	Serrano et al,.2023 [29]
ELW036	Indo-European	German	Germany	Ellwangen	1486-1627 AD	Immel et al. 2021 [34]
GOG59	Indo-European	Andalusian	Spain	Vall Uixo	1501-1600 AD	Oteo-Garcia et al. 2024 [35]
PT22190	Indo-European	Portuguese	Spain	Aveiro	1701-1800 AD	Roca-Rada et al. 2024 [33]

E-PF2431

E-PF2431 is a minor subclade of E-L19 mostly found in Europe, with smaller but notable frequencies in the Middle East/North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. This haplogroup has been identified among Phoenicians from Motya, ^[36] ancient Romans from Pompeii, ^[37] and Medieval Arabs. ^[38]

E-Z830 (E1b1b1b2)

A recently confirmed sub-clade of E-Z827, Z830, includes the confirmed sub-clades of E-M123, E-M293, and E-V42, and is a sibling clade to E-L19. Currently, the E-M35 phylogeny project recognizes four distinct clusters of Z830* carriers, two of which are exclusively Jewish in origin. The remaining two are significantly smaller, and include scattered individuals in Germany, Spain, Latin America, Egypt, and Ethiopia. ^{[39] [40] [41] [42]}

E-M123

Main article: Haplogroup E-M123 (Y-DNA)

E-M123 is mostly known for its major subclade E-M34, which dominates this clade. ^[43]

E-V1515

A new clade (E-V1515) was defined by Trombetta et al. 2015, which originated about 12 kya (95% CI 8.6-16.4) in eastern Africa where it is currently mainly distributed. This clade includes all the sub-Saharan haplogroups (E-V42, E-M293, E-V92, E-V6) reported as E-M35 basal clades in a previous phylogeny. ^[44]

We observed the highest frequency and diversity of this haplogroup in the northern part of the Horn of Africa (present day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia), where the majority of the deepest E-V1515 subhaplogroups and paragroups were found. In the southern part of the Horn (southern Ethiopia, Somalia and northern Kenya), haplogroup E-V1515 is almost exclusively represented by the recent (3.5 ka; 95% CI: 1.7–5.9 ka) subhaplogroup E-V1486. Further south, in southern Kenya and southern Africa, a single E-V1486 terminal clade, known as E-M293 (Henn et al. 2008), was found (fig. 3). This phylogeographic pattern is strongly suggestive of human movements from the northern part of the Horn to the Ethiopian/Kenyan borders between 12 ka (the coalescence of E-V1515) and 3.5 ka (the coalescence of E-V1486), and from here toward southern Africa across the equatorial belt in more recent times. ^[44]

Multiple instances of commercially observed E-V1515 have also been detected in Arabia. ^[45]

E-M293

E-M293 is a subclade of E-V1515. It was identified by ISOGG as the second clade within E-Z830. It was discovered before E-Z830 and is associated with the spread of pastoralism from Eastern Africa by South Cushites into Southern Africa. ^[46] So far high levels have been found in specific ethnic groups in Tanzania and Southern Africa. Highest were the Datog (43%), Khwe (Kxoe) (31%), Burunge (28%), and Sandawe (24%). Two Bantu-speaking Kenyan males were found with the M293 mutation. ^[46] Other E-M215 subclades are rare in Southern Africa. The authors state...

Without information about M293 in the Maasai, Hema, and other populations in Kenya, Sudan, and Ethiopia, we cannot pinpoint the precise geographic source of M293 with greater confidence. However, the available evidence points to present-day Tanzania as an early and important geographic locus of M293 evolution.

They also say that "M293 is only found in sub-Saharan Africa, indicating a separate phylogenetic history for M35.1 * (former) samples further north". E-P72. ^[5] This is a subclade of E-M293. ^[47]

E-V42

E-V42 was discovered in two Ethiopian Jews. ^[47] It was suggested that it may be restricted to the region around Ethiopia. However, further testing by commercial DNA testing companies confirmed positive results for this subclade in Arabia as well. ^[48]

E-V6

The E-V6 subclade of E-V1515 is defined by V6 and has been identified a significant presence of these lineages in Ethiopia, and also some in the neighboring Somali population. ^[49] Among the Ethiopian and Somali samples, the highest were 14.7% among the Ethiopian Amhara, and 16.7% among the Ethiopian Wolayta.

E-V92

E-V92 was discovered in two Ethiopian Amhara. ^[47] Like E-V6 and E-V42 it possibly only exists in the area of Ethiopia.

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic History

Main article: Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	(α)	(β)	(γ)	(δ)	(ε)	(ζ)	(η)	YCC 2002 (Longhand)	YCC 2005 (Longhand)	YCC 2008 (Longhand)	YCC 2010r (Longhand)	ISOGG 2006	ISOGG 2007	ISOGG 2008	ISOGG 2009	ISOGG 2010	ISOGG 2011	ISOGG 2012
E-P29	21	III	3A	13	Eu3	H2	B	E*	E	E	E	E	E	E	E	E	E	E
E-M33	21	III	3A	13	Eu3	H2	B	E1*	E1	E1a	E1a	E1	E1	E1a	E1a	E1a	E1a	E1a
E-M44	21	III	3A	13	Eu3	H2	B	E1a	E1a	E1a1	E1a1	E1a	E1a	E1a1	E1a1	E1a1	E1a1	E1a1
E-M75	21	III	3A	13	Eu3	H2	B	E2a	E2	E2	E2	E2	E2	E2	E2	E2	E2	E2
E-M54	21	III	3A	13	Eu3	H2	B	E2b	E2b	E2b	E2b1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
E-P2	25	III	4	14	Eu3	H2	B	E3*	E3	E1b	E1b1	E3	E3	E1b1	E1b1	E1b1	E1b1	E1b1
E-M2	8	III	5	15	Eu2	H2	B	E3a*	E3a	E1b1	E1b1a	E3a	E3a	E1b1a	E1b1a	E1b1a	E1b1a1	E1b1a1
E-M58	8	III	5	15	Eu2	H2	B	E3a1	E3a1	E1b1a1	E1b1a1	E3a1	E3a1	E1b1a1	E1b1a1	E1b1a1	E1b1a1a1a	E1b1a1a1a
E-M116.2	8	III	5	15	Eu2	H2	B	E3a2	E3a2	E1b1a2	E1b1a2	E3a2	E3a2	E1b1a2	E1b1a2	E1ba12	removed	removed
E-M149	8	III	5	15	Eu2	H2	B	E3a3	E3a3	E1b1a3	E1b1a3	E3a3	E3a3	E1b1a3	E1b1a3	E1b1a3	E1b1a1a1c	E1b1a1a1c
E-M154	8	III	5	15	Eu2	H2	B	E3a4	E3a4	E1b1a4	E1b1a4	E3a4	E3a4	E1b1a4	E1b1a4	E1b1a4	E1b1a1a1g1c	E1b1a1a1g1c
E-M155	8	III	5	15	Eu2	H2	B	E3a5	E3a5	E1b1a5	E1b1a5	E3a5	E3a5	E1b1a5	E1b1a5	E1b1a5	E1b1a1a1d	E1b1a1a1d
E-M10	8	III	5	15	Eu2	H2	B	E3a6	E3a6	E1b1a6	E1b1a6	E3a6	E3a6	E1b1a6	E1b1a6	E1b1a6	E1b1a1a1e	E1b1a1a1e
E-M35	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3b*	E3b	E1b1b1	E1b1b1	E3b1	E3b1	E1b1b1	E1b1b1	E1b1b1	removed	removed
E-M78	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3b1*	E3b1	E1b1b1a	E1b1b1a1	E3b1a	E3b1a	E1b1b1a	E1b1b1a	E1b1b1a	E1b1b1a1	E1b1b1a1
E-M148	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3b1a	E3b1a	E1b1b1a3a	E1b1b1a1c1	E3b1a3a	E3b1a3a	E1b1b1a3a	E1b1b1a3a	E1b1b1a3a	E1b1b1a1c1	E1b1b1a1c1
E-M81	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3b2*	E3b2	E1b1b1b	E1b1b1b1	E3b1b	E3b1b	E1b1b1b	E1b1b1b	E1b1b1b	E1b1b1b1	E1b1b1b1a
E-M107	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3b2a	E3b2a	E1b1b1b1	E1b1b1b1a	E3b1b1	E3b1b1	E1b1b1b1	E1b1b1b1	E1b1b1b1	E1b1b1b1a	E1b1b1b1a1
E-M165	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3b2b	E3b2b	E1b1b1b2	E1b1b1b1b1	E3b1b2	E3b1b2	E1b1b1b2a	E1b1b1b2a	E1b1b1b2a	E1b1b1b2a	E1b1b1b1a2a
E-M123	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3b3*	E3b3	E1b1b1c	E1b1b1c	E3b1c	E3b1c	E1b1b1c	E1b1b1c	E1b1b1c	E1b1b1c	E1b1b1b2a
E-M34	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3b3a*	E3b3a	E1b1b1c1	E1b1b1c1	E3b1c1	E3b1c1	E1b1b1c1	E1b1b1c1	E1b1b1c1	E1b1b1c1	E1b1b1b2a1
E-M136	25	III	4	14	Eu4	H2	B	E3ba1	E3b3a1	E1b1b1c1a	E1b1b1c1a1	E3b1c1a	E3b1c1a	E1b1b1c1a1	E1b1b1c1a1	E1b1b1c1a1	E1b1b1c1a1	E1b1b1b2a1a1

Original Research Publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

• α ^{[50] [51]}
• β ^[52]
• γ ^[53]
• δ ^[5]
• ε ^[54]
• ζ ^[55]
• η ^[56]

See also

• Semitic people
• Arabs
• Israelites

Genetics

• African admixture in Europe
• Genetic genealogy
• Haplogroup D (Y-DNA)
• Haplogroup DE (Y-DNA)
• Haplogroup
• Haplotype
• Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
• Molecular phylogenetics
• Paragroup
• Subclade
• Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
• Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group
• Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Near East
• Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of North Africa

Y-DNA E Subclades

• Haplogroup E-L485 (Y-DNA)
• Haplogroup E-M123 (Y-DNA)
• Haplogroup E-M180 (Y-DNA)
• Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)
• Haplogroup E-M33 (Y-DNA)
• Haplogroup E-M521 (Y-DNA)
• Haplogroup E-M75 (Y-DNA)
• Haplogroup E-M96 (Y-DNA)
• Haplogroup E-P147 (Y-DNA)
• Haplogroup E-P177 (Y-DNA)
• Haplogroup E-P2 (Y-DNA)
• Haplogroup E-V12 (Y-DNA)
• Haplogroup E-V13 (Y-DNA)
• Haplogroup E-V22 (Y-DNA)
• Haplogroup E-V38 (Y-DNA)
• Haplogroup E-V65 (Y-DNA)
• Haplogroup E-V68 (Y-DNA)
• Haplogroup E-Z820 (Y-DNA)
• Haplogroup E-Z827 (Y-DNA)

References

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3. ISOGG (2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades - 2015
4. ISOGG (2008). "Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades - 2008". International Society of Genetic Genealogists "ISOGG".
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13. El-Sibai, Mirvat; Platt, Daniel E.; Haber, Marc; Xue, Yali; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Wells, R. Spencer; Izaabel, Hassan; Sanyoura, May F.; Harmanani, Haidar; Bonab, Maziar Ashrafian; Behbehani, Jaafar; Hashwa, Fuad; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Zalloua, Pierre A.; Genographic Consortium (November 2009). "Geographical structure of the Y-chromosomal genetic landscape of the Levant: a coastal-inland contrast". Annals of Human Genetics. 73 (Pt 6): 568–581. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00538.x. ISSN   1469-1809. PMC   3312577 . PMID   19686289.
14. Fregel, Rosa; Méndez, Fernando L.; Bokbot, Youssef; Martín-Socas, Dimas; Camalich-Massieu, María D.; Ávila-Arcos, María C.; Underhill, Peter A.; Shapiro, Beth; Wojcik, Genevieve; Rasmussen, Morten; Andre E. R. Soares; Kapp, Joshua; Sockell, Alexandra; Rodríguez-Santos, Francisco J.; Mikdad, Abdeslam (2018). "Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (26): 6774–6779. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.6774F. bioRxiv   10.1101/191569 . doi: 10.1073/pnas.1800851115 . PMID   29895688.
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Further reading

• Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N, Olivieri A, Pala M, Myres NM, King RJ, Rootsi S, Marjanovic D, Primorac D, Hadziselimovic R, Vidovic S, Drobnic K, Durmishi N, Torroni A, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Underhill PA, Semino O (June 2009). "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (6): 820–30. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.249. PMC   2947100 . PMID   19107149.
• Bird S (2007). "Haplogroup E3b1a2 as a Possible Indicator of Settlement in Roman Britain by Soldiers of Balkan Origin". Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 3 (2). Archived from the original on 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2011-06-17.
• Bosch E, Calafell F, González-Neira A, Flaiz C, Mateu E, Scheil HG, Huckenbeck W, Efremovska L, Mikerezi I, Xirotiris N, Grasa C, Schmidt H, Comas D (July 2006). "Paternal and maternal lineages in the Balkans show a homogeneous landscape over linguistic barriers, except for the isolated Aromuns". Annals of Human Genetics. 70 (Pt 4): 459–87. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2005.00251.x. PMID   16759179. S2CID   23156886. Archived from the original on 2012-12-10.
• Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ (March 2008). "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16 (3): 374–86. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934 . PMID   17928816.
• Capelli C, Redhead N, Abernethy JK, Gratrix F, Wilson JF, Moen T, et al. (May 2003). "A Y chromosome census of the British Isles" (PDF). Current Biology. 13 (11): 979–84. Bibcode:2003CBio...13..979C. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00373-7. PMID   12781138. S2CID   526263.
• Caratti S, Gino S, Torre C, Robino C (July 2009). "Subtyping of Y-chromosomal haplogroup E-M78 (E1b1b1a) by SNP assay and its forensic application". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 123 (4): 357–60. doi:10.1007/s00414-009-0350-y. PMID   19430804. S2CID   5657112.
• Cruciani F, Santolamazza P, Shen P, Macaulay V, Moral P, Olckers A, Modiano D, Holmes S, Destro-Bisol G, Coia V, Wallace DC, Oefner PJ, Torroni A, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Scozzari R, Underhill PA (May 2002). "A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (5): 1197–214. Bibcode:2002AmJHG..70.1197C. doi:10.1086/340257. PMC   447595 . PMID   11910562.
• Cruciani F, La Fratta R, Torroni A, Underhill PA, Scozzari R (August 2006). "Molecular dissection of the Y chromosome haplogroup E-M78 (E3b1a): a posteriori evaluation of a microsatellite-network-based approach through six new biallelic markers". Human Mutation. 27 (8): 831–2. doi:10.1002/humu.9445. PMID   16835895. S2CID   26886757.
• Cruciani F, La Fratta R, Trombetta B, Santolamazza P, Sellitto D, Colomb EB, et al. (June 2007). "Tracing past human male movements in northern/eastern Africa and western Eurasia: new clues from Y-chromosomal haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (6): 1300–11. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msm049 . PMID   17351267.
• Di Giacomo F, Luca F, Anagnou N, Ciavarella G, Corbo RM, Cresta M, Cucci F, Di Stasi L, Agostiano V, Giparaki M, Loutradis A, Mammi' C, Michalodimitrakis EN, Papola F, Pedicini G, Plata E, Terrenato L, Tofanelli S, Malaspina P, Novelletto A (September 2003). "Clinal patterns of human Y chromosomal diversity in continental Italy and Greece are dominated by drift and founder effects" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 28 (3): 387–95. Bibcode:2003MolPE..28..387D. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00016-2. PMID   12927125. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-05. Retrieved 2011-06-17.
• Firasat S, Khaliq S, Mohyuddin A, Papaioannou M, Tyler-Smith C, Underhill PA, Ayub Q (January 2007). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (1): 121–6. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMC   2588664 . PMID   17047675.
• Hassan HY, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Ibrahim ME (November 2008). "Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 137 (3): 316–23. Bibcode:2008AJPA..137..316H. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20876. PMID   18618658.
• King RJ, Ozcan SS, Carter T, Kalfoğlu E, Atasoy S, Triantaphyllidis C, Kouvatsi A, Lin AA, Chow CE, Zhivotovsky LA, Michalodimitrakis M, Underhill PA (March 2008). "Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic". Annals of Human Genetics. 72 (Pt 2): 205–14. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.x. PMID   18269686. S2CID   22406638.
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External links

• Ftdna E-PF2431 Project
• E-M35 Phylogeny Project Wiki
• E-M35 Phylogeny Project (all labs site)
• E-M35 Phylogeny Project Public Forum
• FamilyTreeDNA - E-PF2431 Project
• FamilyTreeDNA - E-M81 Project