Hemipepsis

Hemipepsis
Hemipepsis capensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Pompilidae
Subfamily:	Pepsinae
Genus:	Hemipepsis Dahlbom, 1843 [1]
Type species
Hemipepsis capensis (Fabricius, 1781) [2]

Hemipepsis is a genus of large pepsine spider wasps found primarily throughout the tropics. They are commonly known as tarantula hawks. Hemipepsis wasps are morphologically similar to the related genera Pepsis and Entypus , but distinguishable by the pattern of wing venation. ^[3] In South Africa 18 plant species from three plant families, the Apocynaceae, Orchidaceae, and Asparagaceae subfamily Scilloideae are pollinated exclusively by Hemipepsis wasps. ^[4]

A Hemipepsis sp. wasp, Kruger National Park, South Africa

A female Hemipepsis sp. wasp dragging a paralyzed tarantula, Sandy Bay, South Africa

Species

About 180 species are placed in Hemipepsis, including: ^{[5] [6] [7] [8]}

• Hemipepsis acer (Bingham, 1897) India
• Hemipepsis aenea (Cameron, 1904) Sikkim
• Hemipepsis aeruginosa (Smith, 1855) Sumatra, Assam
• Hemipepsis aethiops (Kohl, 1913) Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe Zambia, Ethiopia
• Hemipepsis amamiensis (Tsuneki, 1990) Japan
• Hemipepsis analis (Haupt, 1933) New Guinea
• Hemipepsis anthracina (Smith, 1855) Indonesia
• Hemipepsis approximata (Haupt, 1941) Borneo
• Hemipepsis ascensoi (Zavattari, 1907) Zimbabwe, Uganda
• Hemipepsis atrox (Drury, 1782)
• Hemipepsis audax (Smith, 1855) south-east Asia (Sikkim, Tenasserim
• Hemipepsis aureomicans (Haupt, 1953) Indonesia
• Hemipepsis aurosericea (Guérin-Méneville, 1838) Java
• Hemipepsis australasiae (Smith, 1873) Indonesia, Australia, giant spider wasp
• Hemipepsis bakeri (Banks, 1934) Philippines
• Hemipepsis bellicosus (Smith, 1873) India, Myanmar
• Hemipepsis braunsi (Arnold, 1932) Zimbabwe, South Africa
• Hemipepsis brunnea (Klug, 1834) Middle East, Turkmenistan
• Hemipepsis brunniceps (Taschenberg, 1869) Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa
• Hemipepsis buchardi (Wahis, 2000) Sudan, Somalia, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Yemen
• Hemipepsis caelebs (Arnold, 1932) Malawi, Zimbabwe, South Africa
• Hemipepsis capensis (Fabricius, 1781) Uganda, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, South Africa
• Hemipepsis ceylonicus (Saussure, 1867) India, Sri Lanka, Singapore
• Hemipepsis combusta (Smith, 1855) Zimbabwe
• Hemipepsis commixta (Arnold, 1932) Uganda
• Hemipepsis consanguineous (Saussure, 1867) Sri Lanka
• Hemipepsis convexa (Bingham, 1890) Sri Lanka, Myanmar
• Hemipepsis corallipes (Wahis, 2000) Yemen
• Hemipepsis crassinervis (van der Vecht & Wilcke, 1953) Java, Sumatra
• Hemipepsis curvinervis (Cameron, 1902) Taiwan, Assam
• Hemipepsis dahlbomi (Stål, 1857)
• Hemipepsis deceptor (Smith, 1859) Sulawesi
• Hemipepsis dedjas (Guérin, 1848) Senegal, Uganda, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, South Africa
• Hemipepsis dubitans (Banks, 1934) Philippines
• Hemipepsis elizabethae (Bingham, 1893) India, Myanmar, Java
• Hemipepsis erythropyga (Arnold, 1932) Nigeria
• Hemipepsis exasperate (Smith, 1863) Indonesia
• Hemipepsis excepta (Banks, 1934) Philippines
• Hemipepsis eximia (Wahis, 1960) India
• Hemipepsis fallax (Saussure, 1892) Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, South Africa
• Hemipepsis fenestratus (Smith, 1855) Sikkim
• Hemipepsis ferox (Arnold, 1948) Zimbabwe
• Hemipepsis ferruginea (Smith, 1861) New Guinea
• Hemipepsis fervida (Smith, 1861) China, Taiwan, Zimbabwe, South Africa
• Hemipepsis fischeri (Wahis, 1968) Indonesia
• Hemipepsis flavopicta (Smith, 1891) India
• Hemipepsis fulvipennis (Fabricius, 1793) India, Sri Lanka
• Hemipepsis fumipennis (Smith, 1859) Sulawesi
• Hemipepsis gigas (Taschenberg, 1869) Java, Borneo
• Hemipepsis glabrata (Klug, 1834) Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, South Africa
• Hemipepsis hanedai (Tsuneki, 1990) Japan
• Hemipepsis heros (Guérin-Méneville, 1849) Ethiopia, Senegal
• Hemipepsis heteroneura (Turner, 1918) Uganda
• Hemipepsis hilaris (Smith, 1879) Lesotho, Zimbabwe, South Africa
• Hemipepsis hottentota (Taschenberg, 1869) Yemen
• Hemipepsis ichneumonea (Guérin-Méneville, 1831) New Guinea, Australia
• Hemipepsis indica (Linnaeus, 1758) India, Myanmar, Indonesia, New Guinea
• Hemipepsis insignis (Smith, 1855) West Africa
• Hemipepsis intermedia (Smith, 1873) Sri Lanka, India
• Hemipepsis iodoptera (Stål, 1857) Uganda, South Africa, Ghana
• Hemipepsis jacobsoni (van der Vecht & Wilcke, 1953) Java
• Hemipepsis kangeanensis (van der Vecht & Wilcke, 1953) Java
• Hemipepsis kiogae (Arnold, 1932) Yemen
• Hemipepsis lacaena (Smith, 1861) Ambon Island
• Hemipepsis laeta (Smith, 1873) Myanmar
• Hemipepsis latirostris (Arnold, 1932) Uganda, Zimbabwe
• Hemipepsis lucernaris (Wahis, 2000) Yemen
• Hemipepsis luctuosa (Arnold, 1948) Zimbabwe
• Hemipepsis lusca (Fabricius, 1804) India
• Hemipepsis luzonica (Banks, 1934) Philippines
• Hemipepsis martini (Bingham, 1896) Sumatra
• Hemipepsis mashonae (Arnold, 1932) Kenya, Zimbabwe
• Hemipepsis matangensis (Cameron, 1905) Borneo
• Hemipepsis mauritanica (Linnaeus, 1767) Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Italy, Spain, Turkey
• Hemipepsis mexicana (Cresson, 1867) Mexico, Colombia
• Hemipepsis minora (Banks, 1934) Philippines
• Hemipepsis misera (Cameron, 1901) Singapore
• Hemipepsis mlanjiensis (Turner, 1918) Ethiopia, Malawi, Mozambique
• Hemipepsis momentosa (Smith, 1873) Borneo
• Hemipepsis negritos (Banks, 1934) Philippines
• Hemipepsis nigricornis (van der Vecht & Wilcke, 1953) Java
• Hemipepsis obscurus (Lucas, 1898) Tanzania
• Hemipepsis obsolete (Saussure, 1867) Sri Lanka
• Hemipepsis obsonator (Bingham, 1897) India
• Hemipepsis ocellata (Fabricius, 1782) Cameroon
• Hemipepsis ochropus (Stål, 1857) Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon
• Hemipepsis odin (Strand, 1914) Malaya
• Hemipepsis opulenta (Smith, 1863) Misool
• Hemipepsis perhirsuta (Banks, 1940) Madagascar
• Hemipepsis perplexa (Smith, 1855) India, Myanmar, Taiwan
• Hemipepsis petri (Schulz, 1906) Assam
• Hemipepsis pilosipes (Arnold, 1948) Zimbabwe
• Hemipepsis placida (Bingham, 1896) Tenasserim
• Hemipepsis procera (Wahis, 1968) Indonesia, Myanmar, Malaysia
• Hemipepsis quadridentata (van der Vecht & Wilcke, 1953) Java
• Hemipepsis refulgens (Turner, 1918) Uganda
• Hemipepsis robertiana (Cameron, 1903) Borneo
• Hemipepsis rubida (Bingham, 1890) Sri Lanka
• Hemipepsis rufofemoratus (Lucas, 1898) Zanzibar
• Hemipepsis sabulosa (Smith, 1855) Egypt, Iran, Yemen. Benin, Eritrea
• Hemipepsis sericeipennis (Bingham, 1902) Zimbabwe, South Africa
• Hemipepsis severa (Drury, 1782)
• Hemipepsis simpsoni (Arnold, 1932) Ghana
• Hemipepsis sinuosa (Kohl, 1913) Nigeria
• Hemipepsis sogdiana (Zonstein, 2000) China, Taiwan, Japan, India, Kyrgyzstan
• Hemipepsis speculifer (Lepeletier) Java, Malaya
• Hemipepsis sublivida (Arnold, 1948) Zimbabwe
• Hemipepsis sulfureicornis (Arnold, 1960) Democratic Republic of Congo
• Hemipepsis sycophanta (Gribodo, 1884) Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar, Malaya
• Hemipepsis tagala (Gribodo, 1884) Philippines
• Hemipepsis taiwanensis (Tsuneki, 1989) Taiwan
• Hemipepsis tamisieri (Guérin, 1848) Uganda, Ethiopia, Angola, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Nigeria, Sierra Leone
• Hemipepsis taprobanae (Cameron, 1901) Sri Lanka
• Hemipepsis thione (Smith, 1861) Ambon Island
• Hemipepsis toussainti (Banks, 1928) Hispaniola
• Hemipepsis turneri (Arnold, 1936) South Africa
• Hemipepsis unguicularis (Kohl, 1913) Democratic Republic of Congo
• Hemipepsis unifasciata (Radoszkowski, 1881) Angola, Ethiopia
• Hemipepsis ustulata Dahlbom, 1843 United States of America
• Hemipepsis vanuana Banks 1941 Solomon Islands
• Hemipepsis variabilis ((Arnold, 1932) Uganda
• Hemipepsis vechti (Wahis, 1959)
• Hemipepsis veda (Cameron, 1891) India
• Hemipepsis velutina (van der Vecht & Wilcke, 1953) Indonesia
• Hemipepsis venatoria (Bingham, 1896) Myanmar
• Hemipepsis vespertilio (Gerstaecker, 1857) Uganda, Zimbabwe, South Africa
• Hemipepsis vestitipennis (Turner, 1918) Uganda, Somalia, Yemen
• Hemipepsis vindex (Smith, 1855) Sub-Saharan Africa and Yemen
• Hemipepsis viridipennis (Lucas, 1898) Tanzania
• Hemipepsis vulcanica (van der Vecht & Wilcke, 1953) Java
• Hemipepsis yayeyamana (Tsuneki, 1990) Japan
• Hemipepsis yemenita (Wahis, 2000) Somalia, Yemen

References

1. Waichert, Cecília; Rodriguez, Juanita; von Dohlen, Carol D.; Pitts, James P. (2012). "Spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Dominican Republic". Zootaxa. 3353 (1): 1–47. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3353.1.1.
2. V.S.L. Pate (1946). "The Generic Names of the Spider Wasps (Psammocharidae olim Pompilidae) and Their Type Species (Hymenoptera: Aculeata)". Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 72 (3): 65–137. JSTOR   25077544.
3. "Genus Hemipepsis - Tarantula Hawks". Iowa State University . Retrieved 9 September 2014.
4. Shuttleworth, Adam; Johnson, Steven D. (2012). "The Hemipepsis wasp-pollination system in South Africa: a comparative analysis of trait convergence in a highly specialized plant guild". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 168 (3): 278–279. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01216.x .
5. "Taxonomy for Hemipepsis (Tarantula Hawks)". insectoid.org. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
6. van der Vecht, J. (1953). "Indo-Australian Pompilidae II. An annotated list of the oriental species of the genus Hemipepsis (Dahlb)". Treubia. 22 (1): 1–17.
7. "Digitized type collection, details, simple view - zmuc00241286". University of Copenhagen . Retrieved 10 September 2016.
8. Fernadez, Fernando (2000). "Avispas cazadores de aranas (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae) de la Region Neotropical" (PDF). Biota Colombia. 1 (1): 3–25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-21. Retrieved 2016-09-10.