Hemp in Washington

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Hemp in the U.S. state of Washington has emerged as an experimental crop in the 21st century.

Contents

Historical production

The U.S. Government reported no hemp production in Washington in 1890, [1] nor did the state government in 1914 or 1922. [2] [3]

Cannabis and Humulus lupulus are both members of the family Cannabaceae, and a number of similarities in the botany and human use of the two species have been noted. [4] [lower-alpha 1] Humulus lupulus produces hops, a crop grown in quantity west of the Cascades historically (especially the Snoqualmie and Puyallup River valleys) and is a major 21st century crop in the Yakima Valley. [lower-alpha 2]

Prohibition and legalization

All cannabis was made illegal by the Washington State Legislature in 1923. [7] Although Washington voters legalized marijuana in 2012 with I-502, the initiative did not authorize hemp cultivation or sales. [8]

In accordance with the Federal 2014 Farm Bill, the state legislature created an Industrial Hemp Research Pilot (IHRP) in 2016 following passage of ESSB 6206 (codified as Revised Code of Washington Chapter 15.120), with regulation by the Washington State Department of Agriculture. [9] Industrial hemp is defined in Washington as cannabis with a THC concentration of 0.3 percent or less by dry weight. [10] [lower-alpha 3] Under the 2018 farm bill, the state's Department of Agriculture is recognized by the United States federal government as the regulator for industrial-scale non-experimental hemp production.

State law defines hemp-derived products containing less than 0.3% THC as "Cannabis Health and Beauty Aids". [11] [12]

Following the 2018 United States farm bill, the state legislature passed SB 5276, and it was signed by the governor on April 26, 2019, establishing a full-scale agriculture program and allowing acquisition of crop seed without federal approval. [13] Revised Code of Washington chapter 15.140 was added as a result. [14]

First crops

The state's first post-Prohibition experimental hemp crop was planted at Moses Lake in 2017. [15] [lower-alpha 4] A total of 180 acres (73 ha) was planted statewide 2017. [16] The first crop on tribal land in the United States may have been planted by the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation in 2017. [17]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ See subsection titled "The incredibly parallel histories of cannabis and its closest relative, humulus (hop)" in Small (2016) [5]
  2. ↑ Washington leads national hop production, for instance 75% of national yield in 2015. [6]
  3. ↑ The 0.3% THC definition is compatible with the Hemp Farming Act of 2018.
  4. ↑ As noted by the lack of reports of pre-1923 hemp production, it may have been the state's first hemp crop ever.

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Cannabis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cannabaceae. The number of species within the genus is disputed. Three species may be recognized: Cannabis sativa, C. indica, and C. ruderalis. Alternatively, C. ruderalis may be included within C. sativa, all three may be treated as subspecies of C. sativa, or C. sativa may be accepted as a single undivided species. The genus is widely accepted as being indigenous to and originating from Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hemp oil</span> Oil from hemp seeds

Hemp oil is oil obtained by pressing hemp seeds. Cold pressed, unrefined hemp oil is dark to clear light green in color, with a nutty flavor. The darker the color, the grassier the flavour. It should not be confused with hash oil, a tetrahydrocannabinol-containing oil made from the Cannabis flower.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hemp</span> Low-THC cannabis plant

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<i>Humulus lupulus</i> Species of flowering plant

Humulus lupulus, the common hop or hops, is a species of flowering plant in the hemp family Cannabaceae, native to West Asia, Europe and North America. It is a perennial, herbaceous climbing plant which sends up new shoots in early spring and dies back to a cold-hardy rhizome in autumn. It is dioecious.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabis in Nebraska</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabis in Iowa</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hemp in Kentucky</span> Production and legality of hemp in the US state

Kentucky was the greatest producer of hemp in the United States during the 19th and 20th centuries, when it was the source of three fourths of U.S. hemp fiber. Production started to decline after World War I due to the rise of tobacco as the cash crop in Kentucky and the foreign competition of hemp fibers and finished products. In 1970, federal policies virtually banned the production of industrial hemp during the war on drugs saying all Cannabis sativa is a Schedule I controlled substance. Federal law under the Agricultural Act of 2014 allowed research back into hemp. Kentucky began production again with 33 acres in 2014. As of the 2016 harvest season, only two U.S. states other than Kentucky had over 100 acres (40 ha) in hemp production: Colorado and Tennessee. The first 500-acre commercial crop was planted in Harrison County in 2017, and research permits were issued for over 12,000 acres (4,900 ha) that year. The 2016 documentary Harvesting Liberty concerns the 21st century Kentucky hemp industry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabis in North Korea</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabis in Italy</span>

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Research has shown that Humulus lupulus and Cannabis sativa are closely related, and it may be possible to create novel cultivars of hops that express valuable chemicals similar to commercial hemp. Both hops and cannabis contain terpenes and terpenoids; tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a terpenoid. Hops lack the enzyme that could convert cannabigerolic acid into THC or CBD, but it could be inserted using genetic engineering as was done in 2019 for yeast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hemp in the United States</span> Legality, use and culture of hemp in the United States

Hemp in the United States is a legal crop. It was legal in the 18th and 19th centuries, then production was effectively banned in the mid-20th century, and it returned as a legal crop in the 21st century. By 2019, the United States had become the world's third largest producer of hemp, behind China and Canada.

References

  1. ↑ Census 1890.
  2. ↑ WSDA 1914.
  3. ↑ WSDA 1922.
  4. ↑ Harbison, Martha (November 15, 2012), "BeerSci: What's The Connection Between Hops And Marijuana? Because they sure look and smell alike.", Popular Science
  5. ↑ Small 2016.
  6. ↑ National Hop Report (PDF), United States Department of Agriculture, December 17, 2015, ISSN   2158-7825
  7. ↑ Camden, Jim (April 20, 2017). "Marijuana making its way around circle from legal to illegal to legal". The Spokesman-Review. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
  8. ↑ Marijuana FAQ, Washington Liquor and Cannabis Board
  9. ↑ Industrial Hemp Research Pilot, March 28, 2018, archived from the original on April 18, 2018, retrieved April 16, 2018
  10. ↑ RCW 15.120.010
  11. ↑ RCW 69.50.575
  12. ↑ "Meet the Female Entrepreneur Who Is One of the First to Secure a U.S. Cannabis Trademark". Leafly.com. 23 September 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  13. ↑ Don Jenkins (April 29, 2019). "It's 'go time' for Washington hemp, advocate says – Inslee signs bill into law". Salem, Oregon: Capital Press – via The Daily Astorian.
  14. ↑ Washington State Department of Agriculture Hemp Regulatory Plan, as submitted to United States Secretary of Agriculture by the director, packet dated November 20, 2019
  15. ↑ Don Jenkins (June 6, 2017), "Moses Lake farm first in Washington to plant hemp", The Capital Press , Salem, Oregon
  16. ↑ Don Jenkins (March 30, 2018), "Washington resumes its hemp program", The Capital Press, Salem, Oregon
  17. ↑ Samantha Wohlfeil (August 14, 2017), "Just for the Hemp of It", Inlander– via Washington Farm Bureau

Sources

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