Agriculture in Florida

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Agriculture plays a major role in the history and economy of the American state of Florida. Florida produces the majority of citrus fruit grown in the United States. Bell peppers, tomatoes, sugarcane, peaches, strawberries, and watermelons are also important crops.

Contents

Crops

Strawberry

Strawberry field in Florida before 1913 "Strawberry Field, Florida" (10724861674).jpg
Strawberry field in Florida before 1913

Strawberry is a major fruit crop in Florida. [1] [2] Florida is second only to California for strawberry production by volume and by dollars per year [1] [2] and the Plant City area grows 3⁄4 of America's winter strawberries. [1] The Florida Strawberry Growers Association represents growers here. [3] Strawberry gray mold is economically important. [4] This is the Botrytis Fruit Rot of strawberries caused by Botrytis cinerea. [4] Growers here ship strawberries December to April. [3] The state's Strawberry Festival is held in March every year in Plant City. [5] [1] Anthracnose is a common disease of this crop. [6] The University of Florida operates [7] one of the most important strawberry demonstration breeding programs in North America. [8] RosBREED 2 was developed partly from the experience of this program [9] with the need to combine desirable strawberry qualities with resistance, an integral part of the RosBREED program for Rosaceae in America. [8] They adapted [10] Axiom's 90k SNP array to a more economical 35k for genomic selection in the program. [8] Molecular breeding has improved greatly in the few years up to 2020 and the rapid generation cycle of strawberry also helps to speed up breeding. [8] This program bred Phytophthora cactorum root rot resistance into their new cv. 'Florida Beauty', [11] [8] and for an even better example, they were able to pyramid together three disease resistance traits, to various Xanthomonas , Phytophthora , and Colletotrichum , into another cultivar. [8] Marker-assisted parental selection (MAPS) and marker-assisted seedling selection (MASS) are now targeting Ca1 for fruit and crown rot, Cg1 for crown rot, Pc2 for root and crown rot, and Xf1 for bacterial angular leaf spot. [8] Molecular breeding is usually suitable for monogenic traits, while polygenics are handled by genome-wide analysis. [8] Genomics proved better than pedigree records for predicting actually results. [8] These results lead the program to combine both genomic and locus-specific testing for their routine breeding. [8] Leaf Spot of Strawberry ( Mycosphaerella fragariae /Ramularia tulasnei, Ramularia or Ramularia Leaf Spot) is common here. [12]

cv. 'Camino Real' is unusually vulnerable to Botrytis Fruit Rot in the conditions around the University of Florida's Gulf Coast Research and Education Center in Dover. [13] Chandler et al., 2006 finds 'CR' is the worst among several common varieties, although 'Sweet Charlie' can be close. [13] It is possible that the Botrytis problem in 'CR' could be remedied with different fungicide timing. [13]

cv. ' Sweet Charlie ' was developed at the University of Florida. [14] Chandler et al., 2006 finds 'SC' is consistently somewhat susceptible to Botrytis Fruit Rot, [13]

The varieties 'Florida Radiance', 'Strawberry Festival' (not to be confused with the Florida Strawberry Festival), and 'Florida Beauty' are among the most commonly grown here. [15] 'FR' is higher yielding in real producer conditions in the state than 'SF'. [15]

Although disease resistance is an economically important trait in this crop, there is insufficient study of growers' willingness to pay. [9] What little information is available suggests that it is low. [9] Unsurprisingly there is even less interest in resistance on the consumer side, due to lack of understanding. [9]

Peach

Peaches have probably been grown here since the 1500s, brought by the Spanish. [16] By the late 1700s an export trade had developed with the mid-Atlantic states, with Baltimore the first hub to distribute Florida peaches into the surrounding region. [16] Similar to the strawberry tool above, a cut-down SNP array for genomic selection has been adapted [10] by the University of Florida for peaches. [8]

Peach is a growing crop due to citrus greening. [17] [18] Florida produces far less than the leading state, California, but has the advantage of an earlier season than any other in the country. [19] The harvest season runs from late March to late May or early June depending on the year's weather. [19] Due to increasing pest and disease pressure with increasing rainfall here, yield declines rapidly in the summer and profitable harvest ends for the year. [19] This – combined with competitor states coming into season – means that late-bearing cultivars are commercially nonviable here. [19]

Citrus

Citrus groves in Florida seen from the Bok Tower Gardens in 2008 Bok Tower view.JPG
Citrus groves in Florida seen from the Bok Tower Gardens in 2008

Although citrus cultivation began there in the 1500s, commercial scale production was only attempted in the 1920s. [16] At first this went badly due to severe pest and disease epidemics, which were themselves due to poor understanding of the local climate and terrain. [16] The kumquat was introduced to Florida in the late 1800s. The most common variety of kumquat planted in Florida is the Nagami. [20] Dade City hosts the annual Kumquat Festival. [21] The festival features kumquat pie, a specialty of Pasco County where Dade City is located. [22]

As of 2019 oranges make up 93% of Florida's citrus production, followed by 6% for grapefruit, and 1% for tangerines and tangelos. [23] For 2018, 10.9% of all cash receipts were citruses. [24] In 2006, 67% of all citrus, 74% of oranges, 58% of tangerines, and 54% of grapefruit were grown in Florida. About 95% of commercial orange production in the state is destined for processing (mostly as orange juice, the official state beverage). The top 5 citrus-producing counties, according to data in 2019, was "DeSoto (12.8 million boxes), Polk (12.5 million boxes), Highlands (10.8 million boxes), Hendry (10.5 million boxes) and Hardee (8.16 million boxes)", according to Florida Agriculture by the Numbers. Together they contribute 71% of Florida's total citrus production. The Central produced the most citrus, followed by the Western area and the Southern areas. [23] International citrus fresh fruit exports totaled to "2.05 million 4/5 bushel cartons", and Japan received the majority of the grapefruit exports. Canada received most of Florida's orange and tangerine exports. Florida Agriculture by the Numbers reports "4.70 million gallons of Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice (FCOJ), and 0.38 million gallons of Frozen Concentrated Grapefruit Juice (FCGJ) was exported in the 2018–2019 season". [23]

Tomatoes

Tomato picking in Princeton, Florida in 1957 C024964 Tomatoes Princeton Florida.jpg
Tomato picking in Princeton, Florida in 1957

The state is #1 in fresh-market tomatoes. [25] [26] Harvest is almost year-round, from October to June. [25] The highest temperatures of the summer from July to September end profitable yield and even the heat of June and October limit productivity, such that April to May and November to January are the largest harvests of the year. [25]

Mangoes

Florida is the largest mango producer in the United States. [27] The first commercial mango orchard in Florida was planted in 1833. [28] In the 20th century Mango growing and breeding was a hobby of wealthy men in South Florida including Henry Ford and Thomas Edison. [29]

Sugarcane

Sugarcane growing near Tampa, Florida ca. 1920 Sugarcane growing near Tampa, Florida (9253139965).jpg
Sugarcane growing near Tampa, Florida ca. 1920

The state is the country's largest producer of sugarcane, which is primarily processed into sugar. [30]

The sugarcane industry in Florida began in the 1760s during the British colonial period. [31] Florida's sugarcane production expanded significantly after the United States ceased importing sugar from Cuba in 1960. [32]

Most of the sugarcane is produced in organic soils along the southern and southeastern shore of Lake Okeechobee in Southern Florida, where the growing season is long and winters are generally warm. [32]

Other crops

Burquest and Stockbridge Company employees loading celery crates onto trucks near Sarasota, Florida in 1945 Burquest and Stockbridge Company employees loading celery crates onto trucks near Sarasota, Florida (9510235638).jpg
Burquest and Stockbridge Company employees loading celery crates onto trucks near Sarasota, Florida in 1945

The largest farm category by sales in Florida is the $2.3 billion ornamental industry, which includes nursery, greenhouse, flower, and sod products. [33]

Other products include tomatoes and celery. The state is the largest producer of sweet corn and green beans for the U.S. [34]

The state has a near monopoly on saw palmetto berries, an alternative medicine said to treat prostate and urinary disorders. [35]

Much of the okra in the country is grown here, especially around Dade. [36] [37] Okra is grown throughout the state to some degree however and so okra is available ten months of the year here. [36] Yields range from less than 18,000 pounds per acre (20,000 kg/ha) to over 30,000 pounds per acre (34,000 kg/ha). [36] Wholesale prices can go as high as $18/bushel which is $0.60 per pound ($1.3/kg). [36] The Regional IPM Centers provide integrated pest management plans specifically for the southern part of the state. [36]

California and Florida account for most commercial persimmon production in the United States. The first commercial orchards in Florida were planted in the 1870s and production peaked in the 1990s before declining. Most persimmon orchards in the US are small scale (70% less than 1 acre or 0.5 hectares and 90% less than 5 acres or 2 hectares). [38]

Environmental concerns

The Everglades Agricultural Area is a major center for agriculture. The environmental impact of agriculture, especially water pollution, is a major issue in Florida today. [39] [30]

Labor

Much of the agricultural labor from Florida's early colonial through the Civil War was done by slaves. [40]

The Florida tomato industry has historically relied on migrant labor. [41] Exploitation of that labor was widespread with the town of Immokalee, Florida being "known as ground zero for modern day slavery." [42]

Pests and diseases

Gray Mold

Gray Mold is caused by Botrytis cinerea . Botrytis Fruit Rot due to this fungus is one of the most important strawberry diseases – and post-harvest diseases – here, as it is everywhere. [4] (See also § Strawberry.) Occasionally yield losses can be over 50% in the state. [4] Conditions favorable to the disease occur here from November to March, and its most severe destruction is in February and March. [4] When making fungicide decisions about timing and ingredients, the UFl Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences recommends the Strawberry Advisory System [43] for a decision support system. [4] Prophylactic fungicide dips don't work for this pathogen and so many in-season sprays are the only option. [4] UFL IFAS recommends thiram, captan, captan + fexhexamid, penthiopyrad, isofetamid, fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin, fluopyram + pyrimethanil, pydiflumetofen + fludioxonil, and cyprodinil + fludioxonil. [4] There is a massive problem with multiple fungicide resistance in this disease here, with most B. c. isolates showing two to six resistances [4] and three being most common, with only fludioxonil providing any protection in many populations. [44] Multiresistant B. c. caused a disastrous crop loss event across the state in 2012. [44] Resistance management is thus extremely important and monotonous fungicide use is not an option. [4] Resistance management is mostly incorporated into the Strawberry Advisory System already. [4] Methyl bromide was an important part of production and its ban has greatly increased costs, both for soil fumigation with alternatives, and because further applications must be made during the season and post-harvest to make up for inadequate efficacy of these alternatives. [2]

Other pests and diseases

Plant infested with citrus canker Xanthomonas axonopodis P8210059 (8233193328).jpg
Plant infested with citrus canker

Citrus canker (Xanthomonas axonopodis) continues to be an issue of concern. [16] From 1997 to 2013, the growing of citrus trees has declined 25%, from 600,000 to 450,000 acres (240,000 to 180,000 ha). Citrus greening disease is incurable. A study states that it has caused the loss of $4.5 billion between 2006 and 2012. As of 2014, it was the major agricultural concern. [45] Results of the annual Commercial Citrus Inventory showed that citrus acreage in 2019 was down 4% than 2018 and was the lowest in a series that began in 1966. There was a net loss of 16,411 acres during the 2018–2019 season and was twice what was lost in the previous season. Of a survey conducted of 25 published counties, 24 of them, or 96% recorded decrease in acreage. Only Sarasota County showed an increase in acreage during the 2018–2019 season. [23] Other major citrus concerns include citrus root weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus , the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella , and the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri . [16] : 377 

Tomato, bell pepper, and strawberry were the largest users of methyl bromide and so the phase out has required hard choices for alternative soil fumigants. [46] A methyl iodide/chloropicrin mix has served well, producing equal performance to MB in pepper. [46]

The Spotted Wing Drosophila ( Drosophila suzukii ) is a threat to blueberry, peach, cherry, strawberry, raspberry, and blackberry here. [16] D. suzukii was introduced to much of North America from its initial introduction to California, including to Florida. [16]

Strawberry anthracnose is commonly caused by Colletotrichum acutatum here. [6] Adaskaveg & Hartin 1997 identify the most common strains on strawberry here. [6]

The Fall Armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda ) is a major pest here. [47] South Florida is one of only two overwintering areas for FAW in North America (the other being South Texas). [47] Thus the entire state – and the south especially – is hard hit every year. [47] Bt crops have been successful against FAW but some Bt resistance is appearing here which is a tremendous threat to productivity. [47] Huang et al., 2014 find a high degree of Cry1F resistance (Cry1F-r) in the south of the state, probably the result of resistant FAW migration from Puerto Rico. [47] This Cry1F-resistant population has low cross-resistance with Cry1A.105 but none with Cry2Ab2 or Vip3A. [47] Overall, several studies find Cry1F-r is common here. [48] Banerjee et al., 2017 does not find the Cry1F-r allele SfABCC2mut in Florida in 2012, 2014, or 2016. [48] Because this allele is very common in Puerto Rico, they fail to support any substantial immigration of FAW from PR to Florida, contrary to earlier studies including Huang above. [48]

Ceratitis capitata, male Tephritidae Ceratitis capitata, male.jpg
Ceratitis capitata, male

The Medfly ( Ceratitis capitata ) was introduced here and to California and Texas. [49] : 79  [50] Due to its wide host range it was immediately an important priority for the states and for USDA APHIS. [49] : 79  [50] Using sterile insect technique it was successfully eradicated from North America entirely. [49] : 79  [50]

Tomato Bacterial Spot is caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria. Tomato Bacterial Speck is produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Both are economically significant in fresh-market tomato here. [51]

The Silverleaf Whitefly (SLW, Bemisia tabaci strain B) was first noticed here in 1986. [52] Previously only the A strain had been known here, and was only occasionally a crop pest. [52] Suddenly in 1986 SLW was a major crop pest and major vector of crop diseases. [52] Since then Strain A has disappeared from the United States entirely and Strain B has continued to be a widespread problem here. [52]

The Saltmarsh Caterpillar ( Estigmene acrea ) is a common pest of fruit and vegetable cultivation in Florida. [53]

After arrival in the 1930s in Alabama, the Red Imported Fire Ant (RIFA, Solenopsis invicta ) quickly spread to Florida. [54] It is a significant agricultural drag due to its soil disruption, its mound building interfering with field machines, feeding on the plants themselves, and attacks on livestock. [54]

Production

In 2002 peppers and tomatoes were #1 and #2 in dollar value for the state and citrus fruit, especially oranges, were also a major part of the economy. [46] By 2019 tomatoes were #1, oranges #2, and peppers were #3. [55] Of exports, meat is Florida's biggest earner. [55]

Florida was ranked in 2019, "first in the value of production for fresh market bell peppers and tomatoes, as well as grapefruit, oranges, sugarcane, and watermelons" in the United States according to Florida Agriculture by the Numbers. [56]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kumquat</span> Species of small fruit-bearing tree

Kumquats, or cumquats in Australian English, are a group of small, angiosperm, fruit-bearing trees in the family Rutaceae. Their taxonomy is disputed. They were previously classified as forming the now-historical genus Fortunella or placed within Citrus, sensu lato. Different classifications have alternatively assigned them to anywhere from a single species, Citrus japonica, to numerous species representing each cultivar. Recent genomic analysis defines three pure species, Citrus hindsii, C. margarita and C. crassifolia, with C. × japonica being a hybrid of the last two.

<i>Botrytis cinerea</i> Species of fungus

Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that affects many plant species, although its most notable hosts may be wine grapes. In viticulture, it is commonly known as "botrytis bunch rot"; in horticulture, it is usually called "grey mould" or "gray mold".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Citrus production</span> Cultivation or planting of citrus fruits

Citrus production encompasses the production of citrus fruit, which are the highest-value fruit crop in terms of international trade. There are two main markets for citrus fruit:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Citrus greening disease</span> Bacterial disease of citrus, bug-borne

Citrus greening disease or yellow dragon disease is a disease of citrus caused by a vector-transmitted pathogen. The causative agents are motile bacteria, Liberibacter spp. The disease is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, and the African citrus psyllid, Trioza erytreae, also known as the two-spotted citrus psyllid. It has no known cure. It has also been shown to be graft-transmissible.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Strawberry</span> Edible fruit

The garden strawberry is a widely grown hybrid species of the genus Fragaria, collectively known as the strawberries, which are cultivated worldwide for their fruit. The fruit is widely appreciated for its characteristic aroma, bright red color, juicy texture, and sweetness. It is consumed in large quantities, either fresh or in such prepared foods as jam, juice, pies, ice cream, milkshakes, and chocolates. Artificial strawberry flavorings and aromas are also widely used in products such as candy, soap, lip gloss, perfume, and many others.

<i>Colletotrichum acutatum</i> Species of fungus

Colletotrichum acutatum is a plant pathogen and endophyte. It is the organism that causes the most destructive fungal disease, anthracnose, of lupin species worldwide. It also causes the disease postbloom fruit drop on many varieties of citrus, especially Valencia and navel oranges in Florida.

Sphaceloma perseae is a plant-pathogenic fungus in the division Ascomycota. It infects the avocado plant, a tree native to Central America and Mexico. Currently there are three cultivars of avocados in large-scale agricultural production: Guatemalan, Mexican, and West Indian. The pathogen is currently limited to the P. Americana species but is able to infect all three cultivars. The resulting disease is known as avocado scab for the symptoms which are present on the fruit of the avocado tree. It is believed that the disease developed in Florida in the early twentieth century and is related to citrus scab, Elsinoe fawcetti. Since then, S.perseae has spread to many regions worldwide that support cultivation of the avocado tree. This pathogen threatens the global avocado market, including both importers and exporters of the crop. Countries which import avocados, including the United States, have experienced a rising demand over the past decade which is projected to continue for years to come. An understanding of avocado scab characteristics and feasible prevention methods is essential to maintenance of cultures and economies influenced by the avocado fruit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Florida</span>

The economy of the state of Florida is the fourth-largest in the United States, with a $1.4 trillion gross state product (GSP) as of 2022. If Florida were a sovereign nation (2022), it would rank as the world's 16th-largest economy by nominal GDP according to the International Monetary Fund, ahead of Indonesia and behind Mexico. Agriculture, tourism, industry, construction, international banking, biomedical and life sciences, healthcare research, simulation training, aerospace and defense, and commercial space travel contribute to the state's economy.

This article summarizes different crops, what common fungal problems they have, and how fungicide should be used in order to mitigate damage and crop loss. This page also covers how specific fungal infections affect crops present in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Citrus black spot</span> Fungal disease that affects citrus fruit

Citrus black spot is a fungal disease caused by Phyllosticta citricarpa(previously known as Guignardia citricarpa). This Ascomycete fungus affects citrus plants throughout subtropical climates, causing a reduction in both fruit quantity and quality.

Citrus rootstock are plants used as rootstock for citrus plants. A rootstock plant must be compatible for scion grafting, and resistant to common threats, such as drought, frost, and common citrus diseases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fludioxonil</span> Chemical compound

Fludioxonil is a synthetic phenylpyrrole chemical introduced by Ciba-Geigy in 1993 for use as a non-systemic fungicide. It is a structural analog of the natural fungicide pyrrolnitrin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thiophanate-methyl</span> Chemical compound

Thiophanate-methyl is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(NHC(S)NH(CO)OCH3)2. The compound is a colorless or white solid, although commercial samples are generally tan-colored. It is prepared from o-phenylenediamine. It is a widely used fungicide used on tree, vine, and root crops. In Europe it is applied to tomato, wine grapes, beans, wheat, and aubergine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agriculture in California</span> Sector of the Californian economy

Agriculture is a significant sector in California's economy, producing nearly US$50 billion in revenue in 2018. There are more than 400 commodity crops grown across California, including a significant portion of all fruits, vegetables, and nuts in the United States. In 2017, there were 77,100 unique farms and ranches in the state, operating across 25.3 million acres of land. The average farm size was 328 acres (133 ha), significantly less than the average farm size in the U.S. of 444 acres (180 ha).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agriculture in Maryland</span>

The US state of Maryland has large areas of fertile agricultural land in its coastal and Piedmont zones, though this land use is being encroached upon by urbanization. Agriculture is oriented to dairy farming for nearby large city milksheads, plus specialty perishable horticulture crops, such as cucumbers, watermelons, sweet corn, tomatoes, melons, squash, and peas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agriculture in Massachusetts</span>

As of 2012, there were 7,755 farms in Massachusetts encompassing a total of 523,517 acres (2,120 km2), averaging 67.5 acres apiece, but by 2017 this had declined somewhat again, to 7,241 farms in the state. Greenhouse, floriculture, and sod products – including the ornamental market – make up more than one third of the state's agricultural output. Cranberries, sweet corn and apples are also large sectors of production. Massachusetts is the second-largest cranberry-producing state in the union after Wisconsin. Agriculture in the state is served and represented by the Department of Agricultural Resources (MDAR).

cv. 'Camino Real' is a cultivar of strawberry produced by the Shaw & Larson era of the UC Davis breeding program.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Production of peaches in California</span>

California is the largest grower of peaches in the United States, producing about 70% of the total.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Strawberry cultivation in California</span>

Strawberries in the United States are almost entirely grown in California – 86% of fresh and 98% of frozen in 2017 – with Florida a distant second. Of that 30.0% was from Monterey, 28.6% from Ventura, 20.0% from Santa Barbara, 10.0% from San Luis Obispo, and 9.2% from Santa Cruz. The Watsonville/Salinas strawberry zone in Santa Cruz/Monterey, and the Oxnard zone in Ventura, contribute heavily to those concentrations.

Florida is the largest producer of fresh-market tomatoes in the United States.

References

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  3. 1 2 "Enjoy fresh Florida strawberries, available December through April!". Florida Strawberry Growers Association . 2018-03-12. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
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  5. ↑ "Special Days & Discounts". Florida Strawberry Festival. 2017-11-08. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
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  20. ↑ Everett, Jenny. "Kumquat: Florida's Other Citrus". gardenandgun.com. Garden and Gun. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  21. ↑ Wronka, Tim. "Kumquat crops down as festival returns Saturday". baynews9.com. Bay News. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  22. ↑ Filips, Sara. "Kumquat Growers to host 2-day open house event ahead of festival". wfla.com. WFLA. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  23. 1 2 3 4 Hudson, Mark (2019). "Florida Agriculture By The Numbers-2019" (PDF). Florida Agriculture by the Numbers: 23.
  24. ↑ Hudson, Mark (2019). "FLORIDA AGRICULTURE BY THE NUMBERS-2019" (PDF). Florida Agriculture by the Numbers: 11.
  25. 1 2 3 "FE1027/FE1027: The US Tomato Industry: An Overview of Production and Trade". Electronic Data Information Source (EDIS). Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida. 2021-08-30. FE1027. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  26. ↑ "Tomatoes". Agricultural Marketing Resource Center. 2022-06-27. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
  27. ↑ Rusnak, Paul. "More Florida Mangoes, Please! Scientists Are Working on It". growingproduce.com. Growing Produce. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  28. ↑ Sowder, Amy. "What's the mango's origin story?". The Packer. thepacker.com. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  29. ↑ Hughes, Debbie. "Growing mangoes in Southwest Florida". news-press.com. News-Press. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  30. 1 2 Adno, Michael. "A Fire in the River: Big Sugar and 'Black Snow' in the Everglades". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  31. ↑ Mitchell, Scott. "The Sweet History of Sugarcane". ocalastyle.com. Ocala Style. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  32. 1 2 "Sugar & Sweeteners: Background". United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Retrieved September 1, 2019.
  33. ↑ Doug Mayo (June 28, 2019). "Florida Panhandle Ag Facts from the 2017 Ag Census". Panhandle Agriculture. Archived from the original on July 8, 2019.
  34. ↑ "Corn, Green Bean Prices Rise After Florida Freezes". Calorielab. January 1, 2011. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012.
  35. ↑ Moore, Mary Helen (October 8, 2018). "Berry poachers at heart of change in harvest rules". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 1A. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 "Southern Florida 2005 Okra PMSP". Regional Integrated Pest Management Centers Database. 2022-05-04. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
  37. ↑ Aguiar, José L; McGiffen, Milt; Natwick, Eric; Takele, Etaferahu (2011). Okra Production in California. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources (UCANR). p. 3. doi:10.3733/ucanr.7210. ISBN   978-1-60107-002-9. 7210.
  38. ↑ Sarkhosh, Ali; Andersen, Peter C.; Huff, Dustin M. "JAPANESE PERSIMMON CULTIVARS IN FLORIDA1". edis.ifas.ufl.edu. University of Florida. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  39. ↑ "Pollutants threaten the Everglades' future". Earthmagazine.org. January 5, 2012.
  40. ↑ Sellers, Sean; Asbed, Greg (Autumn 2011). "The History and Evolution of Forced Labor in Florida Agriculture". Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts. 5 (1): 29–49.
  41. ↑ Jonsson, Patrik. "Trafficking: In Florida's tomato fields, a fight for ethical farm labor grows". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  42. ↑ Cohen, Lisa (30 May 2017). "How America's 'ground-zero' for modern slavery was cleaned up by workers' group". CNN. cnn.com. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  43. ↑ "Strawberry Advisory System". AgroClimate. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
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  45. ↑ Doering, Christopher (February 5, 2014). "Nelson lauds effect for state, Rubio opposes wide reach". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. p. 1A. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
  46. 1 2 3 Rosskopf, Erin N.; Chellemi, Daniel O.; Kokalis-Burelle, Nancy; Church, Gregory T. (2005). "Alternatives to Methyl Bromide: A Florida Perspective". Plant Health Progress . 6 (1). American Phytopathological Society: 19. doi: 10.1094/php-2005-1027-01-rv . ISSN   1535-1025. S2CID   221233464.
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  48. 1 2 3
  49. 1 2 3 Vacante, Vincenzo; Kreiter, Serge (2018). Handbook of Pest Management in Organic Farming. Wallingford, UK: CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). doi:10.1079/9781780644998.0000. ISBN   978-1-78064-499-8. S2CID   133927322.
  50. 1 2 3 "History Highlight: APHIS Battles Mediterranean Fruit Fly". USDA APHIS . 2022-05-16. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
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  52. 1 2 3 4 "Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) or Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring". University of Florida Entomology Department . 2002-11-05. Retrieved 2022-07-09.
  53. ↑ Capinera, John (April 2016). "saltmarsh caterpillar - Estigmene acrea (Drury)". University of Florida Entomology Department . Retrieved 2022-07-20.
  54. 1 2 "red imported fire ant - Solenopsis invicta". University of Florida Entomology and Nematology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences - (UF/IFAS). 2008-08-18. Retrieved 2022-07-31.
  55. 1 2 "Florida Agriculture Overview and Statistics". Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services . 2020-01-01. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
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