The history of nursing in the United Kingdom from the 1850s, showing the lobbying for, establishment and development of the state regulated profession of nursing.
Before the advent of training, nursing was often casual and low paid. Pay in London voluntary hospitals was between 6 shillings and 9s 6d a week, with some board and lodging. Outside London, pay was much lower. Few nurses were described as educated. Facilities in hospitals were poor, though some began to provide meals for nurses. The designation sister arose from the ministry of religious sisters, who were recruited separately from nurses and were more respectable, honest and conscientiously devoted to the welfare of patients (which often brought them into conflict with the hospital authorities). Matrons, whose work was largely administrative, were even more so. The Nursing Sisters of St John the Divine (est. 1848) and the All Saints Sisters of the Poor (1851) provided the nursing staff for several of London's largest teaching hospitals, including King's College, Charing Cross and University College Hospitals until close to the end of the century.
Nursing in the Poor Law infirmaries, such as it was, was largely carried out by able-bodied paupers, who were not paid. In 1866 there were a total of 53 nurses employed in the 11 metropolitan workhouses, at an average annual salary of £20 18s[1] (equivalent to 8 shillings per week).
Florence Nightingale (12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910) was an English social reformer, statistician and the founder of modern nursing. Nightingale came to prominence while serving as a manager and trainer of nurses during the Crimean War, in which she organised care for wounded soldiers at Constantinople. She significantly reduced death rates by improving hygiene and living standards. In 1860, she laid the foundation of professional nursing with the establishment of her nursing school at St Thomas' Hospital in London. It was the first secular nursing school in the world and led to the development of formarlised nurse-training in the UK.[2]
1887 British Hospitals Association established the first UK register of trained nurses for those who could show that they had worked for at least a year in a hospital or an infirmary and had been trained in the duties of a nurse.
Princess Helena and The Royal British Nurses' Association
Princess Helena, the daughter of Queen Victoria, played a central role in sponsoring and legitimizing the profession. Helena had a firm interest in nursing, and became President of the British Nurses' Association upon its foundation in 1887. In 1891, it received the prefix "Royal", and received the Royal Charter the following year. She was a strong supporter of nurse registration, an issue that was opposed by both Florence Nightingale, Eva Luckes and leading public figures.[3] In a speech Helena made in 1893, she made clear that the RBNA was working towards "improving the education and status of those devoted and self-sacrificing women whose whole lives have been devoted to tending the sick, the suffering, and the dying". In the same speech, she warned about opposition and misrepresentation they had encountered. Although the RBNA was in favour of registration as a means of enhancing and guaranteeing the professional status of trained nurses, its incorporation with the Privy Council allowed it to maintain a list rather than a formal register of nurses.[4]
Following the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, the new Queen, Alexandra, insisted on replacing Helena as President of the Army Nursing Service. In accordance with rank, Helena agreed to resign in Alexandra's favour, and she retained presidency of the Army Nursing Reserve.[5] Though thought to be merely an artefact created by society ladies, Helena exercised an efficient and autocratic regime—"if anyone ventures to disagree with Her Royal Highness she has simply said, 'It is my wish, that is sufficient.'"[6]
The RBNA gradually went into decline following the Nurses Registration Act 1919; after six failed attempts between 1904 and 1918, the British parliament passed the bill allowing formal nurse registration.[7] What resulted was the Royal College of Nursing (RCN), and the RBNA lost membership and dominance. Helena supported the proposed amalgamation of the RBNA with the new RCN, but that proved unsuccessful when the RBNA pulled out of the negotiations. However, Princess Helena remained active in other nursing organisations.[8]
Developments in nurse education
In 1881 Eva Luckes, Matron of The London Hospital established the first two year training scheme in London.[9] She instituted a series of lectures by herself, a surgeon and a physician. In 1884 she introduced the precursor to Sister -Tutors, and selected two of her most trusted and skilled hospital sisters to give probationers extra tuition.[10][11] Before this the nurses home Sisters at St Thomas's Hospital used to lecture probationers from the Nightingale School. In 1895 Luckes introduced the first Preliminary Training School for Nurses in England similar to that established by Rebecca Strong at Glasgow Infirmary in 1893.[9][12] This became the blueprint for nurses education following the Nurses Registration Act of 1919.[10]
Military nursing
Nightingale laid the foundations of professional nursing with the principles summarised in the book Notes on Nursing.[13] Her highly publicised exposure of the abysmal care afforded sick and wounded soldiers energized reformers. Queen Victoria in 1860 ordered a hospital to be built to train Army nurses and surgeons, the Royal Victoria Hospital. The hospital opened in 1863 in Netley and admitted and cared for military patients. Beginning in 1866, nurses were formally appointed to Military General Hospitals.
The Army Nursing Service (ANS) oversaw the work of the nurses starting in 1881. These military nurses were sent overseas beginning with the First Boer War (often called Zulu War) from 1879 to 1881.[14] They were also dispatched to serve during the Egyptian Campaign in 1882 and the Sudan War of 1883 to 1884. During the Sudan War members of the Army Nursing Service nursed in hospital ships on the Nile as well as the Citadel in Cairo. Almost 2000 nurses served during the second Boer War, the Anglo-Boer War of 1899 to 1902, alongside nurses who were part of the colonial armies of Australia, Canada and New Zealand. They served in tented field hospitals. 23 Army Nursing sisters from Britain lost their lives from disease outbreaks.[15]
20th century
In 1901 there were 3,170 paid nurses employed in workhouses, with about 2,000 probationers - about one nurse for 20 patients. In total there were about 63,500 female nurses and 5,700 male nurses in England and Wales, working both in institutions and, the majority, in patients homes. The men were almost entirely mental nurses and were not admitted to nurse training schools. Nurses in workhouses were paid about £17 a year. Hospital nurses in 1902 were paid around £19 a year, but the cost of maintenance, laundry, uniforms and accommodation which were provided was around £30 a year. In domiciliary work two guineas a week with meals provided was normal pay, and the work was easier. In hospitals 12-hour days were normal.[16]
1900–1919
The pressure for state registration grew throughout the 1890s and continued in the pre-War period, but was undermined by disagreements within the profession over the desired form and purpose of the regulatory system. A government committee reported in 1904 setting out a detailed and persuasive case for registration. However, the government sat on the report and took no action. Over the next decade, a number of Private Member's Bills to establish regulation were introduced but all failed to achieve significant support in Parliament.
By the beginning of the First World War in 1914, military nursing still had only a small role for women in Britain; 10,500 nurses enrolled in Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service (QAIMNS) and the Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service. These services dated to 1902 and 1918, and enjoyed royal sponsorship. There also were 74,000 Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) nurses who had been enrolled by the Red Cross.[21] The ranks that were created for the new nursing services were Matron-in-Chief, Principal Matron, Sister and Staff Nurses. Women joined steadily throughout the War. At the end of 1914, there were 2,223 regular and reserve members of the QAIMNS and when the war ended there were 10,404 trained nurses in the QAIMNS.[15]
Grace McDougall (1887–1963) was the eneretic commandant of the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANY), which had formed in 1907 as an auxiliary to the home guard in Britain. McDougall at one point was captured by the Germans but escaped. The British army wanted nothing to do with them so they drove ambulances and ran hospitals and casualty clearing stations for the Belgian and French armies.[22][23]
The First World War provided the final impetus to the establishment of nursing regulation, partly because of the specific contribution made by nurses to the war effort and also as a reflection of the increased contribution of women more generally in society. The College of Nursing (later the Royal College of Nursing) was established in 1916 and three years later persuaded a backbench Member of Parliament (MP), Major Richard Barnett, to introduce a private members bill to establish a regulatory system.
The bill was finally passed in December 1919 and separate Nurses Registration Acts were passed for England/Wales, Scotland and Ireland, which was still part of the United Kingdom at the time. These acts established the General Nursing Council for England and Wales and the other bodies which survived intact until the legislative changes in 1979 which were to create the UKCC and the National Boards of Nursing. Ethel Gordon Fenwick was the first nurse on the English register.
1928 Florence Nightingale Fellowship (FNF) was created
In the 1921 Census 111,501 women and 11,000 men declared that they were nurses. The registration regime stopped the very small hospitals from offering training. The first national examination was in 1925. About 40% of the candidates failed.
The Labour Party produced its first draft policy statement on the profession in 1926, advocating a 48-hour week, the separation of training schools from hospitals and advocating that the profession should be organised on Trade Union lines.[24]
1939 the Ministry of Health and Board of Education published the Athlone Report, an Interim Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Nursing Services – which focused on nursing recruitment, retention and skills.[25]
In the 1931 Census 138,670 women and 15,000 men declared that they were nurses. 88% of the women were single, 5% married and 7% widowed or divorced.
In 1930 nurses in the voluntary hospitals worked 117 hours a fortnight in London and 119 in the provinces. In 1936 the London County Council introduced a standard 54 hour week for nurses and in 1938 moved to a 96-hour fortnight.[26]
In 1935 county councils began training courses for assistant nurses to care for the chronic sick.
In 1937 the Trades Union Congress adopted a "Nurses’ Charter", demanding a 96-hour fortnight, improvement of the amenities of nurses’ homes and arguing that nurses should be able to live out.[27] At that time the average nurse was working 104 hours per fortnight.
1940s
1941-1949 The RCN's Horder Committee (1941-1949) sat in response to the 1939 Athlone Report, published four reports.[28]
Nurses Act 1943 was passed. It directed the General Nursing Council to regulate state enrolled nurses (until 1961 called 'Assistant Nurses') with two years' training instead of the three years' required for Registered nurses. The Act set out the formation, maintenance and publication of the roll and to establish conditions of admission to and removal from the roll. Unlike the Register of Nurses, the Roll included male and female assistant nurses on one list.[30]
1943 Nurses Salaries Committee or Rushcliffe Report published two reports. It was the first official body to fix salary scales and conditions for nursing in England.[31][32][33]
1947 the Ministry of Health, Department of Health for Scotland, and Ministry of Labour and National Service (Wood Committee) published its Report of the Working Party on the Recruitment and Training of Nurses
By 1949 there were about 1300 registered male nurses; numbers of male nurses increased as demobilised service men with medical experience join the profession. [34]
Whitley Councils established for nursing. Pay for student nurses was set at £200 with a deduction of £100, and for staff nurses £315, rising by increments to £415 with a deduction of £120 for board and lodging.
The armed forces estimated at the beginning of the war that they needed 5000 trained nurses. Up to 67,000 were thought to be needed to care for the expected air-raid casualties. This was more than the number of trained nurses in employment. A Civil Nursing Reserve was set up - 7000 trained nurses, 3000 assistant nurses and also nursing auxiliaries. The auxiliaries were given fifty hours training in hospital before they started work. After protests it was agreed that they should not do domestic work. 6,200 from the Civil Nursing Reserve were working in hospitals in June 1940.
The Ministry of Health guaranteed a salary of £40 to nursing students in training, about double what voluntary hospitals were paying before the war.[35]
During the war nurses belonged to Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service (QAIMNS), as they had during World War I. (Nurses belonging to the QAIMNS are informally called "QA"s.) Members of the Army Nursing Service served in every overseas British military campaign during World War II, as well as at military hospitals in Britain. At the beginning of World War II, nurses held officer status with equivalent rank, but were not commissioned officers. In 1941, emergency commissions and a rank structure were created, conforming with the structure used in the rest of the British Army. Nurses were given rank badges and were now able to be promoted to ranks from Lieutenant through to Brigadier.[36] Nurses were exposed to all dangers during the War, and some were captured and became prisoners of war.Two hundred and thirty-six nurses died as a consequence of the war.[37] Five nurses who trained at the Royal Victoria Hospital Belfast, N. Ireland died in service. Ruth Hannah Dickson had served in WW1. She re-joined the QA/Rs in Singapore having been a missionary in China. The evacuation ship she was aboard was hit by a Japanese U-boat as it left Singapore. She survived the attack to be taken Prisoner of War and died in a concentration camp in 1944. Ellen Lowry and Ida Nelson were nursing with the Colonial Service in Singapore. Their ship was also attacked leaving Singapore and they drowned. Doreen Pedlow QA was aboard a ship leaving Singapore when it too was hit. Doreen drifted for three days on a raft before she died. Beatrice Dowling was serving with the Naval Nursing Service in Singapore when she too died at sea. TheirIne 5 names are on the Roll of Honour in Westminster Abbey.[38] At the outbreak of WW2 there were 640 nurses attached to QAIMNS. By the end of the war this number had risen through the recruitment of reservists to 12,000.[39]
The Mental Health Act 1959 abolishes the legal separation of psychiatric hospitals, allowing those patients to be admitted to any hospital.
By 1959 most hospital nurses were working an 88-hour fortnight.[41]
1960s
The availability of sterile supplies brings an end to washing and sterilisation of equipment such as dressings and syringes. Edinburgh initiates the first degree in nursing. Charlotte Bentley of the "National Association of State Enrolled Assistant Nurses" worked with Irene Ward who was a member of parliament for Tynemouth and a private member's bill, the "Nurses (Amendment) Act, 1961", passed through parliament to remove the demeaning "assistant" from the State Enrolled Nurse's job title.[42]
In 1960 the University of Edinburgh was the 1st UK higher education institution to offer a pre-registration bachelor’s degree in nursing [43]
In 1961 it was considered that the use of the term 'Assistant Nurse' was hindering recruitment and the Enrolled Nurses Rules Approval Instrument SI 1961/1519 changed the name to State Enrolled Nurse and the Roll of Assistant Nurses became the Roll of Nurses[30]
1964 The RCN published its Platt Report 1964 on the Reform of Nursing Education.[46]
The Nurses Act 1964 gave the General Nursing Council the authority to regulate state enrolled nurses for mental health nurses and learning disability nurses by creating two additional rolls.[30]
1966 the Salmon Report on Senior Nursing Staff Structure called for reform to nurse grading, initiating the end of matrons.[47]
1974 the Halsbury Report was published by the government's independent Committee of Inquiry into the Pay and Related Conditions of Service of Nurses and Midwives; the government implemented its recommendations for an average 33% pay rise for nurses.[51]
The Nursing Process establishes an ethos based on assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation.
Reform of shift patterns begins
The Briggs Report of the Committee on Nursing in the United Kingdom, 1972 reviewed the role of nurses and midwives in hospitals and in community care. It made recommendations on education, training, and professional regulation . The report was accepted in 1974,[52] but recommendations from the Briggs Report were not implemented until 1979 when it formed the basis of the Midwives and Health Visitors Act (1979).[53]
Some Polytechnics and Universities started to offer Degrees in Nursing, which combined higher level study and practical clinical ward based training. Newcastle Polytechnic, Leeds Polytechnic, Manchester University, London University and Liverpool University were the first. Each course was different. All led to SRN - State Registration in addition to a Degree (either B.Sc or B.A). Some also included additional certifications such as: Certificate in Obstetrics (Newcastle), Certificate in Health Visiting ( Liverpool). Student nurses on these courses were unpaid, but may have been eligible for mandatory/ concessionary student grants. Unlike traditional hospital training courses which took 3yrs, a Nursing Degree course lasted between 4 and 4.5 yrs.[54]
1980s
Mass meetings are held over pay, the state of the NHS, clinical grading and the abolition of the enrolled nurse.
1985 the RCN published its Judge Report on Nursing Education [57]
1986 the government published the Cumberlege Report 1986 'Neighbourhood nursing: a focus for care' which recommended that community nurses be permitted to prescribe from a restricted list of treatments.[58]
In 1983, the UKCC was set up. Its core functions were to maintain a register of UK nurses, midwives and health visitors, provide guidance to registrants, and handle professional misconduct complaints. At the same time, National Boards were created for each of the UK countries. Their main functions were to monitor the quality of nursing and midwifery education courses, and to maintain the training records of students on these courses.
This structure survived with minor modifications until April 2002, when the UKCC ceased to exist and its functions were taken over by a new Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC). The English National Board was also abolished and its quality assurance function was taken on board by the NMC. The other National Boards were also abolished, but new bodies were created in each country to take over their functions, for example, NES in Scotland.[59]
1990s
Reforms to training under Project 2000 begin to be implemented.
In 2005 nurse numbers hit 397,500 – an all-time high.
In 2005 the NMC register, with its 15 sub-parts, was revised to just three parts: nurses, midwives and specialist community public health nurses.[61]
Nursing students are given supernumerary status throughout their three years of training.
Thanks to increased funding, in 2006 383,000 qualified nurses and midwives were employed by the NHS, a 24% gain over 1997.[62]
By 2001, nearly half of the newly registered nurses were immigrants, especially from the Philippines, India, South Africa, Australia and Nigeria, as compared to 10% in 1990,[62]
In 2008 the NMC decided that the minimum academic level for all pre-registration nursing education would in future be a bachelor’s degree. This was endorsed by the UK Government the following year.[63]
In 2009 Healthcare Assistants (HCAs) were entitled to commission.
2010s
In 2010 the Front Line Care (Report) was published, a Prime Minister's independent commission on the future of Nursing and Midwifery in England.[64] A different Government was elected in May 2010 and responded to the report in April 2011.[65] It was the first overarching governmental review of nursing and midwifery since the Briggs Report was published in 1972.
In 2012 the RCN published its Wills Report Quality with Compassion: the future of nursing education led by Phil Willis[66]
In Scotland all pre-registration nursing programmes moved to degree level in 2011. By September 2013 all UK pre-registration nursing programmes were at degree level.[67]
In 2017 the student nurse bursary was abolished in England and Wales, resulting in a 23% fall in the number of nurse degree applicants. Northern Ireland retained the bursary and applications remained steady at an average of 10 applicants per year for every one commissioned place on an undergraduate nursing programme [68]
Following the EU referendum in 2016 nurse applicants from European countries fell by 96%.[69] In actual numbers in July 2016 1,304 nurses from the EU joined the Nursing and Midwifery Council register, whereas in April 2017 46 joined.
Quality with compassion: the future of nursing education, (the Report of the Willis Commission on Nursing Education), was produced in 2012. This report provides an historical overview of nursing education.[70]
See also
Nursing Organisations
The List of nursing organisations in the United Kingdom includes dates of creation which illustrate the historic development of nursing. The list includes a section on historic nursing organisations in the UK that lists organisations that no longer exist.
1 2 Rogers, Sarah (2022). 'A Maker of Matrons'? A study of Eva Lückes's influence on a generation of nurse leaders:1880–1919' (Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Huddersfield, April 2022)
1 2 Anthony, Grainne (2011). Distinctness of Idea and Firmness of Purpose. The Career of Eva Luckes; A Victorian Hospital Matron. (Unpublished Master of Arts dissertation, London Metropolitan University, 2011).
↑ Christine Hallett and Hannah Cooke, Historical Investigations into the Professional Self-Regulation of Nursing and Midwifery: 1860–2002. Vol. One: Nursing
↑ Abel-Smith, Brian (1960). A History of the Nursing Profession. London: Heinemann. p.55.
1 2 3 Gordon, Peter; Doughan, David (2001). Dictionary of British Women's Organisations, 1825-1960. p.120.
1 2 Abel-Smith, Brian (1960). A History of the Nursing Profession. London: Heinemann. p.132.
1 2 McGann, Susan; Crowther, Anne; Dougall, Rona (2009). A history of the Royal College of Nursing, 1916-1990. A voice for nurses. Oxford Road, Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp.35, 46–7, 60. ISBN978-07190-7796-8.
↑ Brenda McBride, Quiet Heroines: Story of the Nurses of the Second World War (1985)
↑ Roy Terry, "McDougall, Grace Alexandra (1887–1963)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (2004); online edn, May 2006 accessed 6 March 2013
↑ Janet Lee, "A Nurse and a Soldier: Gender, Class and National Identity in the First World War Adventures of Grace McDougall and Flora Sandes," Women's History Review (2006) 15#1 pp 83-103; Janet Lee, War girls: the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry in the First World War (Manchester University Press, 2012)
↑ Abel-Smith, Brian (1960). A History of the Nursing Profession. London: Heinemann. p.117.
↑ First Report Of Nurses Salaries Committee Salaries And Emoluments Of Female Nurses In Hospitals. London: HMSO. 1943.
↑ Second Report of Nurses Salaries Committee Salaries and Emoluments of Male Nurses, Public Health Nurses, District Nurses And State Registered Nurses In Nurseries. HMSO. 1943.
↑ Clark, June (19 March 1970). "Management in Public Health Nursing". Nursing Times. 66 (12): 378 – via Women's Studies Archive.
↑ Report of the Committee on Nursing / chairman, Asa Briggs; presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Social Services, the Secretary of State for Scotland and the Secretary of State for Wales ...October 1972. London: HMSO. 1972. ISBN0101511507.
↑ Royal College of Nursing Commission on Nursing Education (1985). The Education of Nurses: A New Dispensation (Judge Report). Royal College of Nursing.
↑ Community Nursing Review Team for England, ed. (1986). Neighbourhood nursing: a focus for care: report of the Community Nursing Review. London: H.M.S.O. ISBN978-0-11-321052-7.
↑ Keen, Ann (2010). Front Line Care - Report by the Prime Minister's Commission on the Future of Nursing and Midwifery in England. Prime Minister's Commission on the Future of Nursing and Midwifery in England (crown copyright). ISBN9780956513809.
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