Nursing in the United Kingdom is the largest health care profession in the country. It has evolved from assisting doctors to encompass a variety of professional roles. Over 700,000 nurses practice,[1] working in settings such as hospitals, health centres, nursing homes, hospices, communities, military, prisons, and academia. Most are employed by the National Health Service (NHS).
Nurses work across all demographics and care areas: adults, children, mental health, and learning disability. Nurses work in specialties across medicine, surgery, theatres, and investigative sciences such as imaging. Nurses also work in sub-specialities such as respiratory, diabetes, cancer, neurology, infectious diseases, liver, research, cardiac, women's health, sexual health, emergency and acute care, gastrointestinal, infection prevention and control, neuroscience, ophthalmic, pain and palliative, and rheumatology.[2] Nurses often work in multi-disciplinary teams, but increasingly work independently.
The history of nursing in the United Kingdom predates the development of the profession. Professionalisation began in the nineteenth century with the rise of hospital nursing schools.
State Registration
To practise lawfully as a registered nurse, the practitioner must hold a current and valid registration with the Nursing and Midwifery Council. The title "registered nurse" can only be granted to those holding such registration; this protected title is laid down in the Nurses, Midwives and Health Visitors Act 1979.[5]
The core function of the NMC is to establish and improve standards of nursing and midwifery care to protect the public. It achieves this by placing registered nurses on a register, which anyone can search. As of March 2024, there were 826,418 registered nurses, midwives and nursing associates on the NMC register.[6]
Its key tasks are to:
register all nurses, midwives and nursing associates
ensure that they are properly qualified and competent to work in the UK.
set the standards of training and conduct that nurses, midwives and nursing associates need to deliver high quality healthcare consistently throughout their careers.
set the standards for pre-registration nursing education
ensure that nurses, midwives and nursing associates keep their skills and knowledge up to date and uphold the standards of their professional code.
ensure that nurses, midwives and nursing associates are safe to practise by setting rules for their practice and supervision.
use fair processes to investigate allegations made against nurses, midwives and nursing associates who may not have followed the code.
The powers of the NMC are set out in the Nursing and Midwifery Order 2001.[7]
Membership of the council comprises 6 lay and 6 registrant members appointed by the Privy Council (United Kingdom), including at least one member from each of the four UK countries. The registrant members consist of nurses, midwives and nursing associates. The lay members currently include people with diplomatic, legal and business backgrounds.
Register
The NMC register is split into three main parts: Nurses, Midwives and Specialist Community Public Health Nurses (SCPHN). Within the registration it contains several "sub-parts" and qualifications e.g. sub part 1, sub part 2.[8]
See 'Nursing Workforce, Nursing Demographics' section below
Revalidation
Revalidation[9] is a requirement for all NMC registered members to revalidate every three years in order to ensure their registration can be renewed. Revalidation was introduced in April 2016. Revalidation replaces Prep.[10][11][12]
450 practice hours, or 900 if renewing as both a nurse and midwife
35 hours of CPD including 20 hours of participatory learning
Five pieces of practice-related feedback
Five written reflective accounts
Reflective discussion
Health and character declaration
Professional indemnity arrangement
Confirmation
Code of conduct
A new NMC Code was introduced in March 2015,[14] this replaced the 2008 NMC code. The NMC code presents the professional standards that nurses and midwives must uphold in order to be registered to practise in the UK.
As of 2024 over 200 organisations are related to nursing as regulated by the Nursing and Midwifery Council, not including nursing departments in universities or in the NHS. These include professional bodies, nursing specialties, charities, and migrant support networks.
Project 2000 began in 1990 and was designed to move nursing education from hospitals into universities. Prior to Project 2000, nurse education was the responsibility of hospitals and was not based in universities; many nurses who qualified prior to these reforms do not hold an academic award.
As of September 2013, degree-level nurse training programmes were required, with no option to study for a diploma.
Nursing values
The 6Cs
As of 2014, the 6Cs ofCare, Compassion, Courage, Communication, Commitment and Competence were to be rolled out in the National Health Service.[19] They denote accepted values that are to center compassion within nursing practice.[20][21]
#Hellomynameis
In 2015 the 'hello my name is...' campaign was rolled out to encourage staff to introduce themselves by name as a way of building personal connections with patients.[22][23] The campaign operates on X using the hashtag #Hellomynameis.[22]
Government Legislation
Government legislation governing nursing in the United Kingdom includes:
Health and Care (Staffing) (Scotland) Act 2019[24]
Many government reports address nursing, including:
Ministry of Health and Board of Education (The Athlone Report) Interim Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Nursing Services – nursing recruitment, retention and skills 1939[32]
Ministry of Health, Department of Health for Scotland, and Ministry of Labour and National Service (Wood Committee) 1947 Report of the Working Party on the Recruitment and Training of Nurses - a government report on the recruitment and training of nurse
Salmon Report on Senior Nursing Staff Structure 1966
Mayston Reporton Management Structure in the Local Authority Nursing Services 1969
Briggs Reportof the Committee on Nursing in the United Kingdom, 1972 which reviewed the role of nurses and midwives in hospitals and in community care. It made recommendations on education, training, and professional regulation. The report was accepted in 1974.[36]
HMSOReport of the Committee of Enquiry into Mental Handicap Nursing and Care (Jay report) 1979
Front Line Care Report and the government's response were published in 2010.[37] The chair of the commission was Ann Keen MP who trained as a nurse.
Shape of Caring Review (Raising the Bar) was published in March 2015.[38]
Draft Nursing and Midwifery (Amendment) Order 2017, House of Lords Secondary Legislation Scrutiny Committee responded to the Nursing and Midwifery Order 2001 review. The main issues arising related to regulation of midwives, including the separate Nursing and Midwifery Council midwifery committee and changes to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the NMC’s fitness to practise processes. Chair Lord Trefgarne, published 26 January 2017[39]
Nursing degree apprenticeships: in poor health? Education Committee, Chair Robert Halfon MP, published 6 November 2018[40]
The Nursing Workforce, Health Committee Chair Sarah Wollaston MP published 26 January 2018[41]
NHS Nursing Workforce Report, Public Accounts Committee Chair Meg Hillier MP published September 2020[42]
In addition there have been a number of non-governmental reports from the Royal College of Nursing, including:
CINAHL – CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) began in the 1940s and is now a prominent database used by nurses in nursing research
The British Nursing Index (BNI) began in the 1990s and as of 2016, the database covered more than 700 journal titles
The Nursing and Midwifery Council report on registration data twice a year (April and September).[46]
The majority of the nursing profession are women at around 90% of the total workforce.[47][48][49] In September 2023, 43.5 percent of the ~800,000 registered nurses and midwives were aged 21–40; the average age of registrants was 43 years, 10 months.[49] The increase in the number of 21-40 year olds was partly due to the international joiners to the register, with an increase to 29.1 percent of all registered professionals from Black and minority ethnic backgrounds.[49] 49.9% of new joiners were educated outside the UK[49]
As at September 2023 601,805 of registrants were Adult Nurses; 58,338 were Children's Nurses; 97,530 were Mental Health Nurses and 16,806 were Learning Disability Nurses[49]
Workforce planning
In England, Health Education England commission undergraduate and postgraduate education.[50] This is an autonomous national body which works to "ensure that healthcare staff are recruited in the right numbers with the right values and behaviours to support the delivery of excellent healthcare and drive improvement".[50] The number of commissioned places for nurses has varied year on year, as follows:
Adult nursing education places commissioned each year[51]
More than a third of nurses in training fail to complete the training course, as has been the case for more than a century.[52]
In January 2016 the RCN stated that more than 10,000 nursing posts went unfilled in 2015. This represented a 3% increase year on year from 11% [53] in 2013, 14% in 2014 and 17% in 2015 of all London nursing positions and 10% as an average nationwide.[53] The Department of Health said it did not recognise the figures. The National Audit Office estimated a shortfall of 7% in the supply of nurses.[54] From 2016/17 registered nursing numbers fell 3% along with a 23% rise in de-registrations. 17,000 nurse permanently unfilled vacancies were observed.[55] In 2019 clinical pharmacology, spinal injuries, paediatric surgery, neurosurgery and neurology were the worst-affected specialities. They had an average of less than 90% of their planned nurse staffing levels.[56]
Hospitals in England are required to report the number of nurses employed on each ward each month. After this was established, ward nurses increased by 13,500, although the numbers of community nurses declined.[58]
Migration
A 2015 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development survey reported that 21.7% of NHS nurses were born abroad, compared with 26.9% in Ireland, 9.8% in Italy, 14% in Germany and 5.9% in France. The UK was also the highest exporter of nurses, with more than 50,000 working in other OECD nations.[59] The Migration Advisory Committee criticised the Department of Health, Health Education England, and NHS trusts for not recognising obvious warning signs and "reluctantly" agreed to keep nursing on the list of shortage occupations.[60]
An English language test is compulsory for all foreign nurses, even if they are from English-speaking countries. The process of registering as a nurse can take migrants up to a year and cost more than £3,000.
Nurse health
Campaigns
Nursing is subject to regular health campaigns. Scale ranges from nationwide to ward-based.
Sign up to Safety[61] – National campaign to ensure staff coordinate their efforts and ideas around ensuring and enhancing safety.
NHS Change Day[62] – Annual 1-day campaign to get staff contributing ideas to improve the NHS.
Antibiotic Guardian[63] – Gathers pledges to slow antibiotic resistance. European Antibiotic Awareness Day (EAAD) is held on 18 November.[64]
Nurse health
Obesity and smoking have long been an issue in nurse health. The effect of nursing on nurses' physical and mental health has been a subject of research papers where the effect of shift work and working with chemicals such as in chemotherapy has been explored.[65][66][67][68][69] In 2016 the government announced £600million was to be spent on "tackling obesity and improving the well-being of its 1.3million staff".
Roles
Non-registered staff
Non-registered staff typically working in direct patient care (often on wards), performing tasks such as personal care (washing and dressing), social care (feeding, communicating to patients and generally spending time with them) and more specialised tasks such as recording observations or vital signs (such as temperature, pulse and respiratory rate, or TPR) or measuring and assessing blood pressure, urinalysis, blood glucose monitoring, pressure sores (see Waterlow score) and carrying out procedures such as catheterisation and cannulation).
Some unregistered staff work as phlebotomists, ECG technicians, and smoking cessation therapists beyond the hospital. Others expand their ward-based role to include such tasks. Few areas of nursing cannot be legally performed by suitably trained non-registered staff. They legally must be supervised (either directly or indirectly) by a registered nurse.
In 2019 it was reported that mental health support workers were increasingly covering shifts because of the shortage of mental health nurses.[70]
Non-registered staff have various job titles such as "clinical support worker", "care assistant", "nursing assistant" and "healthcare assistant" (HCA). Typically they are on pay band 2 or 3, although senior healthcare assistants can be on band 4.
Traditionally, on completion of training, nurses would be employed on a hospital ward, and work as staff nurses. The ward hierarchy consists of:
Nursing Associate – first grade of qualified nursing staff. Ben Gummer MP introduced the role of Nursing Associates, who would work alongside healthcare support workers and qualified nurses focusing on patient care.[71] The Nursing and Midwifery Council announced in 2016 that it would professionally regulate the role (qualification code NAR).[72] Nursing associates train in the four branches of nursing, following a FdSc apprenticeship programme. They deliver care in a wide range of settings; primary, secondary, community and social care. Their training will provide them with both clinical knowledge and skills. Nursing associates are able to administer some medicines without supervision.[73] Under Agenda for Change they attract a Band 4 salary.
Staff Nurses/General Nurse/Staffer of Nursing – the second grade of qualified nursing staff. These nurses are responsible for a set group of patients (e.g. administering medications, assessing, venepuncture, wound care and other clinical duties). Under Agenda for Change they attract a Band 5 salary but sometimes a Band 6 salary.
Senior staff nurses/Staffer Manager – these nurses carry out many of the same tasks, but are more senior and more experienced than the staff nurses. Many NHS Trusts do not have Senior Staff Nurses as the role is seen to be superfluous.
Junior/Deputy Ward Sister; Charge Nurse; Deputy Ward Manager – responsible for the day-to-day running of the ward, and may also carry specific responsibilities for the overall running of the ward (e.g. rostering) in accordance with the wishes of the ward manager. These nurses are assigned band 6. In some NHS Trusts, these will be known as Sisters/Charge Nurses.
Ward Manager/Ward Sister/Charge Nurse/Nurse Manager/Clinical Ward Nurse Lead – responsible for running a ward or unit, and usually has budgetary control. They will employ staff, and be responsible for all the local management (e.g. rostering, approving pay claims, purchasing equipment, delegation duties or tasks). These nurses are band 7. They are generally Senior Staff Nurses or Charge Nurses as well.
Senior Ward Sister; Senior Charge Nurse; Senior Ward Manager – if there is a need to employ several nurses at a ward manager level (e.g. in A&E), then one of them often acts as the senior ward manager. These nurses attract a banding anywhere between 7 and 8c.
The status in the hierarchy of specialist nurses is variable, as each specialist nurse has a somewhat different role. They are generally experienced nurses and are employed at least on band 6.
Specialist nurses
Nurse practitioners – Most of these nurses obtain a minimum of a master's degree and a desired post grad certificate. They typically perform roles similar to those of physicians and physician assistants. They can prescribe medications as independent or supplementary prescribers, although they are still regulated, unlike physician's assistants. Most Nurse Practitioners (NPs) have referral and admission rights to hospital specialties. They commonly work in primary care (e.g. General Practitioner (GP) surgeries), Accident and Emergency (A&E) departments, or pediatrics although they increasingly practicein other areas. In the UK, the title "nurse practitioner" is legally protected.
Specialist community public health nurses – traditionally district nurses and health visitors, this group oversees research and publication activities.
Lecturer-practitioners (also practice education facilitators) – work in the National Health Service (NHS), and in universities. They typically work 2–3 days per week in each setting. In university, they train pre-registration student nurses and often teach specialist courses for post-registration nurses.
Lecturers – these nurses work full-time in universities, teaching and performing research.
Specialist nurses who generally have many years of experience in their field, along with advanced education can be split into several major groups:
Specialist Community Public Health Nurses – Traditionally known as District Nurses and Health Visitors, this group of practitioners now includes many school nurses and Occupational Health Nurses.
Clinical Nurse Specialists – Those undertaking these roles commonly provide clinical leadership and education for the Staff Nurses working in their department, and will also have special skills and knowledge which ward nurses can draw upon.
Nurse Consultants – These nurses are similar in many ways to the clinical nurse specialist, but at a higher level. These practitioners are responsible for clinical education and training of those in their department, and many also have active research and publication activities.
Lecturer-Practitioners – These nurses work both in the NHS and in universities. They typically work for 2–3 days per week in each setting. In university, they may train pre-registration student nurses (see below), and often teach on specialist courses for post-registration nurses (e.g. a Lecturer-practitioner in critical care may teach a master's degree course in critical care nursing). Lecturer-Practitioners are now more often referred to by the more common job title of Practice Education Facilitators (shortened by student nurses to PEFs).
Lecturers – These nurses are not employed by the NHS. Instead they work full-time in universities, both teaching and performing research. Typically lecturers in nursing are qualified to a minimum of a master's degree and some are also qualified to PhD level. Some senior lecturers also attain the title of Professor. This title is more often the School/Department Dean e.g. Dean/Vice Dean School of Health & Social Care.
Managers
Many nurses who have substantial experience in clinical settings join the ranks of NHS management. This used to be seen as a natural career progression for ward managers positions, however with the advent of specialist nursing roles, this has become a less attractive option.
Modern Matrons/Nursing Director/Nurse Matron – developed in response to some patients' perception of the detachment of nursing from its vocational history, the modern matron is responsible for overseeing all nursing within a department or directorate. Modern matrons are employed on bands 8a-c. Modern matrons were poorly received by nursing staff and their imposition was not called for by any professional group within the health service.[citation needed]
Clinical Nurse Manager/Nurse Lead – A nurse who is responsible for an entire directorate/department (i.e. Surgical, Medical Diagnostic & Imaging etc.) or at least more than one ward, is often referred to as a clinical nurse manager. Depending on both the inclination of the NHS Trust and themselves, they may be more or less involved in actual clinical nursing or management on a clinical level. These nurses attract band 8a (or occasionally 8b/8c) under Agenda for Change.
Assessment tools
Initial assessment and observation
ABCDE – Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability and Exposure
People accepted onto undergraduate nursing courses in the UK 2008-2016
Non-registered staff education
Training is not mandatory for most people undertaking non-registered staff roles such as Healthcare Assistant. But the majority of NHS employers use "in-house" training for such staff, including induction programmes and ongoing education to achieve a recognised qualification. Some collaborate with local education colleges for theoretical input, and may award a recognised qualification. Some NHS employers ask for some type of health or social care qualification for recruits: for example, an SVQ/NVQ or HNC/HND under qualification names including health care, social care, and health & social care.
Many trusts and health boards create opportunities for these staff members to become qualified nurses. This is termed secondment (whereby the trust/health board continues to pay them for the duration of their training, and often guarantees employment following successful completion).
Registered nurse
Registered nurses must complete a nursing degree programme recognised by the Nursing and Midwifery Council from an approved provider (universities offer these courses).
Format
Nursing courses adopt a 50/50 split of learning in university (lectures and examinations) and in practice (supervised patient care within a hospital or community setting). Nursing courses usually take three years and 4,600 hours.
The first year is the common foundation program (CFP), which teaches basic knowledge and skills required of all nurses. Skills include communication, taking observations, administering medication, and providing personal care. The remainder of the program consists of training specific to the student's chosen branch of nursing. The four branches of nursing training offered at university level (not including midwifery) are:
Adult nursing
Child nursing
Mental health nursing
Learning disabilities nursing
Nursing diploma (obsolete)
Earlier, State Registered Nurses (SRNs) and Registered General Nurses (RGNs) were trained in hospitals. Nursing education was closely linked to the hospital where nurses were placed and often lived. This has been replaced by degree requirements, although nurses who hold a nursing diploma or a certificate are able to continue to practice.
Midwifery training is similar in length and structure, but is sufficiently different that it is not considered a branch of nursing. 18-month programmes allow nurses already qualified in the adult branch to register as both a nurse and a midwife. Two year courses allow graduates of other disciplines to train as nurses. This is achieved by more intense study and a shortening of the common foundation programme.[76]
Student Bursary
This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Talks about possible events as though they have not yet occurred. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(May 2024)
Student nurses in England and Wales receive no bursary from the government to support them during their nurse training. Diploma students in England receive a universal bursary of £6,000 – £8,000 per year (with additional allowances for students with dependent children), while degree students may qualify for a means-tested bursary (often a considerably smaller amount). Degree students are, however, eligible for a student loan, unlike diploma students. In Scotland and Wales, all student nurses (regardless of which course they are undertaking) receive a bursary in line with the English diploma course. All student nurses in Wales study, initially, for a degree, but may choose to remain at Level 2, thereby achieving a diploma rather than a degree.[77]
It was announced in the Chancellor's Spending Review of November 2015 that from 2017 the NHS bursary would be removed for future nursing, midwifery and allied health professionals in England. Welsh and Scottish students remain unaffected.[78]
Advanced education
Graduate courses require two years. They often require prior learning and relevant experience, often termed Accreditation of Prior and Experiential Learning (APEL).[79]
Registered nurses must update their skills and knowledge at the rate of at least 35 hours every three years, as part of its post-registration education and practice (PREP) requirements.[80]
Many nurses who qualified with a diploma choose to upgrade their qualification to a degree via additional study. Many nurses prefer this to completing a degree initially, as nurses can study in a specialist field as a part of the degree. Financially, in England, it was more lucrative, as diploma students get the full bursary during their initial training, and employers often pay for the degree course as well as the nurse's salary.[81]
To become specialist nurses (such as nurse consultants, nurse practitioners, etc.) or nurse educators, some nurses undertake further training above bachelor's degree level. Master's degrees exist in various healthcare related topics, and some nurses choose to study for PhDs or other higher academic awards. District nurses and health visitors are also considered specialist nurses, and to become such they must undertake specialist training (often in the form of a top-up degree (see above) or post graduate diploma).
All newly qualifying district nurses and health visitors prescribe from the Nurse Prescribers' Formulary, a list of medications and dressings. Many of these (and other) nurses undertake training in independent and supplementary prescribing, which allows them to prescribe almost any drug in the British National Formulary. This has been the subject of debate in medical and nursing circles.[82]
As of 2012 over 25,000 Nurse Prescribers had been qualified. They may now prescribe exactly the same medicines as Doctors.
Overseas nurses
The Nursing and Midwifery Council has a specific process for inducting Registered Nurses trained outside UK / EU. Prior to October 2016 an outside UK RN would have to undergo an Overseas Nursing Program known in short as the ONP. The ONP had to be undertaken by the candidate after NMC makes necessary checks and issue the candidate with a decision letter stating that the person may join a university to undertake the ONP. However, due to shortage of nurses and NMC striving for gold standards in nursing they have now updated their new process to a two part test of competence. The first part is called CBT and Part 2 (objective structured clinical examination (OSCE).[83] The process includes an English language test which has been criticised as discriminatory because it demands an academic standard of reading and writing that many native English speakers could not meet. This means at least 3,000 qualified nurses from India who are already in the UK are not on the register, and so are paid less for similar work.[84]
For International Students Who want to be a nurse at free, there are some universities and online learning platform which helps to learn nursing absolutely free.
OpenLearn by The Open University: The Open University offers free online courses related to nursing and healthcare. While these won't lead to a nursing degree or diploma, they can provide valuable knowledge and skills.[85]
NHS Learning Hub: The National Health Service (NHS) in the UK offers various free online courses and resources for healthcare professionals. These can help you enhance your skills and knowledge in the field.[86]
Apprenticeships: The UK government offers nursing apprenticeships, which allow you to earn while you learn. You'll work as a healthcare assistant while studying for a nursing degree. Apprenticeships are typically paid, and the cost of your education is covered by your employer.[87]
Bursaries and Scholarships: While not entirely free, you can explore nursing bursaries and scholarships to help cover the costs of your nursing education. These are often offered by universities and healthcare institutions.[88]
Volunteer Work: Consider volunteering in healthcare settings to gain practical experience. While this doesn't provide a formal qualification, it can be a valuable stepping stone towards a nursing career.[89]
Online Learning Platforms: Websites like Coursera, edX, and FutureLearn offer a wide range of healthcare-related courses. While most of these courses are not entirely free, they often provide financial aid or scholarships to eligible learners.
Protests
NHS Student protests #BursaryorBust
In the November 2015 spending review,[90]George Osborne stated that he would remove the NHS Student Bursary from 2017. This prompted several Nursing students to organise a political demonstration with other healthcare students at King's College London outside the Department of Health in December 2015 which was attended by several hundred supporters. Kat Webb also decided to start a petition on the government's e-petition site, which received over 150,000 signatures[91][92]
The student bursary debate has been raised in parliament at Prime Minister's Questions, and is the subject of the 'Early Day Motion (EDM) 1081 – THE NHS BURSARY', which was sponsored by Wes Streeting MP.[93]
December 2015 – Department of Health
In December 2015, several hundred people protested the recent removal of the NHS student bursary as announced in the November 2015 spending review.[91][92]
Nursing research provides evidence used to support nursing practices. Nursing, as an evidence-based area of practice, has been developing since the time of Florence Nightingale to the present day, when many nurses now work as researchers based in universities as well as in the health care setting.
Industrial action
Whilst nurses are not known for striking or taking industrial action, there have been many occasions when nurses have gone on strike, often over pay and conditions. The Royal College of Nursing had a no-strike policy for 79 years until 1995, when the policy was dropped due to pay disputes at the time.[100]
In 1939 rallied together[clarification needed] as it was reported in the Daily Mirror that many nurses were leaving the role and were enduring financial hardship.
In 1948, following the establishment of the NHS, nurses realised that their pay had decreased, which led to strike action.
In 1962 many nurses marched to Trafalgar Square as part of pay disputes under the banner of "Empty Purses Mean Less Nurses".
In 1970 many nurses protested at pay and conditions.
In 1973 it was reported that over 7,000 nurses marched in Sheffield.
In 1974 several protests took place by nurses over pay and conditions.
In 1976 many nurses took part in a low pay strike.
In 1982 there was a National Health Service day of action with 120,000 workers marching at various locations around the country including many nurses.
In 1988 Nurses went on strike in 1988 over pay and proposed changes to the NHS.
In 2011 Unison nurses protested and marched over pay.
In 2014 Midwives and some nurses went on strike over pay.
In 2015 nursing students protested outside the Department of Health over the removal of the NHS student bursary.[101][102]
Until October 2004, all nurses in the NHS were employed on a scale known as clinical grading (see below). Agenda for Change was developed by the NHS in response to criticisms that the old scale reflected length of service more than knowledge, responsibility and skills.
Clinical grading
This was known as the Whitley Council system. This placed nurses (and some other hospital staff) on "grades" between A and I (with A being the most junior, and I the most senior). Unregistered staff were employed on grades A and B (occasionally grade C). Second level nurses were employed on various grades (usually between C and E), with first level nurses taking up grades D-I.
This system puts registered staff on bands 5–8, unregistered staff such as Healthcare Assistants take up bands 2–4. Band 9 posts are for the most senior members of NHS management. Each band contains a number of pay points.
The idea of this system is "equal pay for work of equal value". There was a perceived discrepancy, under clinical grading, between ones grade (and therefore pay) and the work which one actually did, which Agenda for Change aimed to fix. Most NHS staff are now on the AfC system which took quite a long time to implement across the UK. A small percentage of staff went through an appeal procedure as they disagreed with the band that they have been placed on.
In 2015–16 the minimum starting salary for a registered nurse will be £21,692 in England, Wales while in Scotland it will be £21,818.[103]As of 4June2015[update] Northern Ireland have yet to announce their pay rates for 2015–16.[103]
NHS Pay Review Body (NHSPRB)
The NHS Pay Review Body is an independent body that makes recommendations to the government on the pay of nurses and NHS staff. The government then makes the final decision.[104]
In 2014 the government rejected the NHSPRB recommendation for a 1% pay rise.[105]
In 2016 the government announced that nurses would receive a 1% pay rise which would take effect from 1 April 2016.[106] The RCN Chief Executive Janet Davies stated that "The fact remains that pay awards for NHS staff have been severely constrained since 2010".[107]
Pay disputes
There have recently been complaints of Agenda for Change being a sexist system, as nurses, who are mostly female, claim that, as a profession, they are under-valued using this system.[108] In 2015 the RCN stated that Nurses had suffered a drop in pay equivalent to 9.8% in real terms since 2008.[109]
Agency Nurse Pay Cap
In 2015 the government announced that there would be a gradual introduction of pay caps for agency nurses working under NHS England. Starting in November 2015, further caps came in February 2016 with the final cuts introduced in April 2016. The aim of the cap was to save £1bn over three years. The implications of the pay cap means that trusts will not be able to pay staff who work for an agency including doctors and nurses, more than 55% more for a shift than a permanent member of staff.[110] Jeremy Hunt in his capacity as the Health Secretary said it would stop agencies "ripping off the NHS".[110] In response a petition started on the government website which received over 10,000 responses.
Nurses finance situation
In 2016, several publications appeared in the media, claiming nurses depend on food banks and payday loans to survive.[111] In October 2016, Western Circle published research, claiming that the sector of NHS Nurses are heavily dependent on payday loan. According to the research, the number of nurses using payday loans has doubled in 3 years, since 2013.[112] This research brought the matter of the low wages nurses received in the UK to the attention of media outlets. The claims were that nurses' salaries were frozen for more than 6 years and in some cases, resulted in financial distress, clearly as wages have not kept pace with the cost of living increases in this time. The lack of pay increases for, particularly nurses within the NHS continues to be an important topic of public discussion in the UK.[113]
The NHS pension is the main pension offered to NHS staff. There have been three distinct changes made to the NHS pension. The type of pension someone is enrolled onto is referred to by the year that it was introduced or changed 1995, 2008 & 2015.[114]
Nursing in culture
Nursing in the UK has been represented across popular books, television and films, including:
Mrs Gamp – Sarah or Sairey Gamp is a nurse in the novel Martin Chuzzlewit by Charles Dickens, first published as a serial in 1843–1844. Mrs. Gamp, as she is usually referred to, is dissolute, sloppy and generally drunk. She became a notorious stereotype of untrained and incompetent nurses of the early Victorian era, before the reforms of campaigners like Florence Nightingale. The caricature was popular with the British public.
Sue Barton – a British series of seven career novels aimed at teenage girls, beginning with Sue as a Student Nurse and working through different roles up to the final book as Staff Nurse. The books were written from 1936 to 1952, and republished several times up to 1991, with more recent vintage editions being available.[115]
Casualty–a BBC drama series airing from 1986 to 2023 focusing on a hospital accident and emergency department.[120] Casualty had a spin off Holby City airing from 1999 to 2021.[121]
Getting On – a satirical BBC sitcom based on a geriatric ward in an NHS hospital. It is written by its core cast, Jo Brand, Vicki Pepperdine, and Joanna Scanlan. Three series were aired between 2009 and 2012.[123]
A registered nurse (RN) is a nurse who has graduated or successfully passed a nursing program from a recognized nursing school and met the requirements outlined by a country, state, province or similar government-authorized licensing body to obtain a nursing license. An RN's scope of practice is determined by legislation, and is regulated by a professional body or council.
The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) is the regulator for nursing and midwifery professions in the UK. The NMC maintains a register of all nurses, midwives and specialist community public health nurses and nursing associates eligible to practise within the UK. It sets and reviews standards for their education, training, conduct and performance. The NMC also investigates allegations of impaired fitness to practise.
Nurse education consists of the theoretical and practical training provided to nurses with the purpose to prepare them for their duties as nursing care professionals. This education is provided to student nurses by experienced nurses and other medical professionals who have qualified or experienced for educational tasks, traditionally in a type of professional school known as a nursing school of college of nursing. Most countries offer nurse education courses that can be relevant to general nursing or to specialized areas including mental health nursing, pediatric nursing, and post-operative nursing. Nurse education also provides post-qualification courses in specialist subjects within nursing.
A licensed practical nurse (LPN), in much of the United States and Canada, is a nurse who provides direct nursing care for people who are sick, injured, convalescent, or disabled. In the United States, LPNs work under the direction of physicians, mid-level practitioners, and may work under the direction of registered nurses depending on their jurisdiction.
District Nurses work manage care within the community and lead teams of community nurses and support workers. The role requires registered nurses to take a NMC approved specialist practitioner course. Duties generally include visiting house-bound patients and providing advice and care such as palliative care, wound management, catheter and continence care and medication support. Their work involves both follow-up care for recently discharged hospital inpatients and longer-term care for chronically ill patients who may be referred by many other services, as well as working collaboratively with general practitioners in preventing unnecessary or avoidable hospital admissions.
The Frontier Nursing Service (FNS) provides healthcare services to rural, underserved populations since 1925, and educates nurse-midwives since 1939.
Nursing in Australia is a healthcare profession. Nurses and midwives form the majority (54%) of Australian health care professionals. Nurses are either registered or enrolled. Registered nurses have broader and deeper education than enrolled nurses. Nurse practitioners complete a yet higher qualification. Nurses are not limited to working in hospitals, instead working in a variety of settings. Australian nurses are in demand as traveling nurses, particularly those with advanced qualifications.
Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital is one of the oldest maternity hospitals in Europe, founded in 1739 in London. Until October 2000, it occupied a site at 339–351 Goldhawk Road, Hammersmith, but is now located between East Acton and White City, adjacent to the Hammersmith Hospital. It is managed by the Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust.
Georgetown UniversitySchool of Nursing is one of the eleven schools of Georgetown University. Founded in 1903 as the School of Nursing, it added three other health related majors in 1999 and appended its name to become the School of Nursing & Health Studies. In 2022, the school returned to the name School of Nursing, as the School of Health was divided from it. The school has been at the forefront of education in the health care field, offering many programs unique to America's elite institutions. Offering undergraduate and graduate programs in the health sciences, graduates are prepared to enter the complex fields of medicine, law, health policy, and nursing. The School of Nursing is made up of the Department of Health Systems Administration, the Department of Human Science, the Department of International Health, and the Department of Nursing.
Nursing is a health care profession that "integrates the art and science of caring and focuses on the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and human functioning; prevention of illness and injury; facilitation of healing; and alleviation of suffering through compassionate presence". Nurses practice in many specialties with varying levels of certification and responsibility. Nurses comprise the largest component of most healthcare environments. There are shortages of qualified nurses in many countries.
Dame Anne Marie Rafferty FRCN is a British nurse, academic and researcher. She is the professor of nursing policy and the former dean of the Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care at King's College London. She served as President of the Royal College of Nursing from 2019 to 2021.
Nursing in Kenya began in 1908 and was conducted without a formal framework until 1950. Over the decades, with demand for healthcare providers increasing due to marked growth in the population of Kenya, training programs were implemented.
The history of nursing in the United Kingdom relates to the development of the profession since the 1850s. The history of nursing itself dates back to ancient history, when the sick were cared for in temples and places of worship. In the early Christian era, nursing in the United Kingdom was undertaken by certain women in the Christian Church, their services being extended to patients in their homes. These women had no real training by today's standards, but experience taught them valuable skills, especially in the use of herbs and folk drugs, and some gained fame as the physicians of their era. Remnants of the religious nature of nurses remains in Britain today, especially with the retention of the job title "Sister" for a senior female nurse.
A midwife is a health professional who cares for mothers and newborns around childbirth, a specialization known as midwifery.
Midwives in South Africa are nurses who focus on the care of pregnant women and the delivery of babies. Midwives have the ability to work independently in cases of healthy pregnancies and problem-free deliveries; however, they can refer patients to gynaecologists or obstetricians when complications are diagnosed. The majority of pregnant women in South Africa use the public healthcare system, and most of this care is provided by midwives.
Project 2000 was a higher education scheme in the United Kingdom for nursing qualifications, introduced in 1990 by the United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting (UKCC), later the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC). The development was led by Margaret Dorothy Green.
Elizabeth Mary Chiarella AM is an Australian academic who specialises in issues relating to nursing, midwifery and the law. She is Professor Emerita at the University of Sydney, Australia and has been at the forefront of many regulatory changes to nursing practice and the nursing workforce and midwifery. These include the introduction of nurse practitioners into Australia, the move from a state based to a national regulatory system and, for midwifery, the introduction of the world's first Doctor of Midwifery and the establishment of the framework for state funded home birth midwifery in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. She is a nurse and midwife, who specialised initially in anaesthetic nursing and later in palliative care.
Jane Salvage(born 6 August 1953) is a British nursing policy activist, teacher, and writer. She has been described as "a hugely influential nurse leader who has contributed to advancing nursing in a wide number of roles throughout her career".
The Nursing & Health Care School, University of Glasgow, is a speciality area within the School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing in Glasgow, Scotland. The School has offered a degree course in Nursing since 1977, introduced under the Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the time, Professor Edward McGirr.
The Briggs Report (1972) was the Report of the Committee on Nursing in the United Kingdom, which reviewed the role of nurses and midwives in hospitals and in community care. It made recommendations on education, training, and professional regulation.
References
↑ "The NMC register"(PDF). Nursing and Midwifery Council. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
↑ "RCN Forums". Royal College of Nursing. 15 January 2023.
↑ First Report Of Nurses Salaries Committee Salaries And Emoluments Of Female Nurses In Hospitals. London: HMSO. 1943.
↑ Second Report of Nurses Salaries Committee Salaries and Emoluments of Male Nurses, Public Health Nurses, District Nurses And State Registered Nurses In Nurseries. HMSO. 1943.
↑ Platt, H (1964). Reform of Nursing Education. Royal College of Nursing.
↑ Royal College of Nursing Commission on Nursing Education (1985). The Education of Nurses: A New Dispensation (Judge Report). Royal College of Nursing.
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