History of the Jews in Chicago

The 2020 estimate of the Jewish population in metropolitan Chicago is around 319,600, according to Brandeis University's Chicago Report. ^[1] The population of Jewish people within the City of Chicago's limits is estimated to be around 120,000, with another 200,000 residing in the suburbs surrounding the major city. ^[1] At the end of the 20th century there were a total of 270,000 Jews in the Chicago area, with 30% in the city limits. ^[2] In 1995, over 80% of the suburban Jewish population lived in the northern and northwestern suburbs of Chicago. ^[3] At this time, West Rogers Park was - and continues to be - the largest Jewish community within the city of Chicago. Over time, the Jewish population within the city has declined and today tends to be older and more well-educated than the Chicago average ^[4] ; however, recent decades have seen a resurgence in urban Chicago's Jewish population, particularly beyond the boundaries of traditional Jewish neighborhoods. The Jewish immigrants to Chicago came from many different countries, with the most common being Eastern Europe and Germany. ^[2]

History

Jews arrived in Chicago immediately after its 1833 incorporation. ^[2] The Ashkenazim were the first Jewish group settling in Chicago. In the late 1830s and early 1840s a group of mostly Bavarian German Jews came to Chicago. ^[5] On Yom Kippur 1845 the first Jewish religious service in Chicago was held. ^[6] Many Jews peddled items on streets. They later opened small stores, which were the basis of several companies. ^[2] In this time the Jewish community was constantly growing, and when the American Civil War began, the community itself recruited a company of 100 Jews to join the 82nd Regiment of Illinois Volunteers. ^[7]

Most Jewish Chicagoans lived downtown until Great Chicago Fire. Starting in the 1870s, many moved to the South Side. The South Side Jewish community was initially centered in what is now known as Bronzeville. Eventually, Jews began moving farther south to lakefront neighborhoods such as Hyde Park, Kenwood, and South Shore. ^[2]

Immigration from Eastern Europe

The first wave of Eastern European Jewish immigration, with many coming from shtetls in Poland and Russia, started in the 1870s. The Eastern European and German Jewish communities mostly remained separate until the mid-20th century due to different cultural and religious practices. The Eastern European Jews originally moved to the Maxwell Street area on the Near Westside, which at the time was one of the poorest areas of Chicago. Jews founded the legendary Maxwell Street Market and 40 synagogues in the area. Many of the Jews worked as artisans, workers in factories, peddlers, and petty merchants. The factory workers were primarily in the clothing sector. Irving Cutler wrote that the Jews in the Maxwell Street area "created a community with some resemblance to the Old World shtetl with its numerous Jewish institutions". ^[2]

By 1910 Eastern European Jews were moving to new communities due to educational opportunities and income from entrepreneurial activities. The largest group went to the west side neighborhood of North Lawndale. Other neighborhoods receiving Eastern European Jews included northwestern communities such as Albany Park, Humboldt Park, and Logan Square. Northern communities along the lake receiving Eastern European Jews included Lake View, Rogers Park, and Uptown. A group of Eastern European Jews moved into the German Jewish community on the South Side of Chicago. ^[2]

Post-1945 and suburbanization

In the post-World War I era a group of Jews, mostly consisting of wealthy descendants of immigrants from Germany, settled in the exclusive North Shore suburbs of Chicago, including Glencoe and Highland Park. ^[8]

There were 275,000 Jews in Chicago by 1930, making it the third largest Jewish population after New York City and Warsaw. ^[9] In that year, 80% of Chicago's Jews were of Eastern European heritage. ^[2] The Chicago Jews were 8% of the city's population. ^[9]

In 1950, 5% of the Chicago area Jews lived in suburbs. As part of the first wave of suburbanization, in the early 1950s Jews began moving to Lincolnwood and Skokie because of white flight, relatively inexpensive vacant land, and the 1951 opening of the Edens Expressway. ^[8] Homebuilders, often Jewish homebuilders who advertised to Jewish communities, constructed single family houses in Skokie and Lincolnwood. Ultimately most northern suburbs were settled by Jews except those which Jews were barred from: Kenilworth and Lake Forest had prevented Jews from moving in. ^[10] The number of Jews in the suburbs increased to 40% by the early 1960s. ^[8]

Jewish movement to the Cook County suburbs of the Calumet Region began in the late 1940s with the development of Park Forest, Illinois. ^[11] By the 1970s, Jews were also living in the nearby suburbs of Homewood, Flossmoor, Olympia Fields, and Glenwood. In recent decades, this community has grown smaller due to, among other factors, white flight and its isolation from most other Jewish communities in Chicagoland. Only one synagogue remains in this region, Shir Tikvah of Homewood.

Movement of Jews within the city was also occurring in the 1950s. The Jewish population of North Lawndale shrunk from almost 65,000 in 1946 to around 500 in 1956 due to white flight and the ensuing mass disinvestment of Jewish institutions from the neighborhood. A 1951 University of Chicago study made the following community area Jewish population estimates: ^[12]

• North Lawndale – 42,300
• Albany Park – 26,400
• Rogers Park – 18,400
• South Shore – 17,800
• Uptown and Edgewater – 16,400
• Lakeview – 16,100
• Hyde Park – 14,700
• West Town and Humboldt Park – 11,400
• West Ridge (West Rogers Park) – 11,200
• Austin – 7,400
• Logan Square – 6,700
• North Center/Irving Park/Avondale – 6,500
• East Garfield Park – 5,600
• West Garfield Park – 5,300
• Chatham/Avalon Park/South Chicago – 5,300
• Kenwood – 5,300
• Near North Side and Lincoln Park – 5,000
• North Park – 3,700
• West Lawn/Chicago Lawn (Marquette Park)/West Englewood – 3,500
• Englewood and Grand Crossing – 2,800
• Lincoln Square – 2,100
• Woodlawn – 1,900

In the 1950s, South Side Jewish communities also formed in Jeffery Manor, Beverly, and Calumet Heights. A rapid exodus of Jews from the South Side began in the 1960s due to white flight. By the mid-1970s, Kenwood and Hyde Park were the only South Side neighborhood with large Jewish populations, although synagogues continued to operate in South Chicago and Marquette Park.

A 1982 study found there were about 248,000 Jews in the Chicago metropolitan area, making up about 4% of the population. By this time, the Jewish communities on the west and northwest sides of the city had almost completely disappeared. The city neighborhoods with the highest percentage of Jewish residents in 1982 were West Rogers Park and North Park. Outside of these neighborhoods, the vast majority of Jews who remained in the city lived in the lakefront neighborhoods north of the Loop. A smaller, but still sizable community, remained in Kenwood-Hyde Park. A small, shrinking, mostly elderly community remained in Albany Park, which only a few decades before had been one of the largest Jewish neighborhoods in the Midwest.

The 1982 study also noted the suburbs with the highest percentage of Jewish residents were Skokie, Lincolnwood, Bannockburn, Deerfield, Highland Park, Glencoe, and Buffalo Grove. Jewish suburban populations also existed in Des Plaines, Evanston, Glenview, Morton Grove, Niles, Northbrook, Wheeling, and Wilmette.

In the latter half of the 20th century, the Jewish population in Chicagoland declined due to declining Jewish immigration, lower birth rates, intermarriage, and younger generations feeling alienated from the community. Assimilation became more widespread, which led to the decline of Yiddish being spoken in the Jewish community. ^[13]

Present day

In 2020 there are reported to be 319,600 Jewish people living in Cook, DuPage, Kane, Lake, McHenry and Will Counties—about 3.8% of the metro population. These residents are spread out among a total of 175,800 households with an additional 100,700 non-Jewish people living in these Jewish households. ^[14] Of the Jewish adult population in metropolitan Chicago, 86% are Ashkenazi, followed by No particular heritage (9%), Sephardi (4%), Mizrahi (1%), and Other (2%). ^[14]

According to the study, approximately 37% of Chicago-area Jews live within city limits, 34% in North suburbs, 18% in the Northwest suburbs, 8% in West suburbs, and 3% in South suburbs. The total Chicago-area Jewish population is estimated to have risen 3% between 2010 and 2020, with Jewish households increasing 19% over the same period - indicating that household sizes are decreasing over time. ^[1]

Reform and Conservative synagogues have continued to shrink and close while Jewish organizations including The Rohr Jewish Learning Institute aim to make Judaism relevant to the community. ^{[15] [16] [17] [18] [19]}

Geography

K.A.M. Isaiah Israel Temple in the Chicago neighborhood of Kenwood

Temple Sholom in Chicago's neighborhood of Lakeview

In 1995, of the 248,000 Jews living in Chicago area, over 80% lived north of Lawrence Avenue, and over 62% lived in suburban communities ^[8] with Glencoe, Highland Park, Lincolnwood, and Skokie had estimates of being nearly 50% Jewish; Buffalo Grove and Deerfield had estimates of being over 25% Jewish; and Evanston, Glenview, Morton Grove, Niles, Northbrook, Wilmette, and Winnetka had estimates of being 10-25% Jewish. As more young Jewish families moved to the Far Northwest Suburbs, the suburban Jewish population continued "to be dispersed over a widening geographic area" which inhibited the ability to supply Jewish-oriented services. ^[10] Irving Cutler wrote that inter-suburban movement was occurring among Jews. ^[10] As of 2020, the highest concentration of Jews is in the North Suburbs Cook metropolitan division, with 32% of individuals being Jewish, followed by City Far North, Near North Suburbs, and Near NW Suburbs (all 11%); and City North and North Suburbs Lake (both 10%). The lowest Jewish concentrations were observed in the West and South suburbs, with just 1% of individuals in those regions being Jewish. ^[1]

In 1995 Cutler wrote that the Jewish populations of Deerfield and Northbrook had experienced recent growth; he also stated that the Jewish community of Buffalo Grove was "large and growing". ^[10] The Jewish Federation of Metropolitan Chicago estimated in 1975 that of the almost 70,000 residents in Skokie, Jewish people made up 40,000 of them. In 1995 Irving Cutler wrote that there had been a recent decline of Jews in Skokie due to children of post-World War II households growing up and moving out, and that there had especially been inter-suburban movement of Jews from Skokie. ^[10] The 2020 Metropolitan Chicago Jewish Study confirms this with its finding that the Jewish population of the Near North Suburbs, which includes Skokie, Glenview, Niles, and Morton Grove decreased 16% from 2010-2020. However, every other metropolitan division experienced Jewish growth. ^[1] Notably, the North Shore, which includes northern suburbs within Cook County as well as Lake County such as Northbrook, Deerfield, and Highland Park, saw a substantial 25% increase in the Jewish population over the period, and the adjacent Northwest Suburbs also saw Jewish growth of 17% from 2010-2020, which suggests that much of the exodus from Skokie and near suburbs is being absorbed by communities further to the north and west.

In 1995, 85,000 Jews lived in the City of Chicago, with 80,000 of them living in contiguous Jewish communities within the city and in a series of northside lakefront communities. The contiguous Jewish communities included West Rogers Park and West Ridge as well as the lakefront area extending from the Chicago Loop to Rogers Park. In that year, the Hyde Park-Kenwood area also had a substantial population of Jews. ^[8] In 1995 Cutler wrote that in the city the Jewish population was being concentrated in fewer and fewer neighborhoods. ^[10] This trend has abated somewhat more recently as data shows that, on a percentage basis, from 2010-2020 the Jewish population grew the fastest within areas of the city outside of the Far North Side. Indeed, the Jewish population in the "City North" region, which includes the heavily Jewish neighborhoods of West Ridge and Rogers Park, grew 32% from 2010-2020 as compared with 57% in the rest of Chicago. ^[1] These two growth rates were the highest observed amongst Chicagoland metropolitan divisions, indicating that the urban / suburban population distribution is rebalancing toward the city once more.

Irving Cutler, author of the article "The Jews of Chicago: From Shtetl to Suburb," stated that Jews living in southern and western suburbs of Chicago and in Northwest Indiana "often feel removed from the mainstream of Chicago Jewry" since they do not have Jewish services and have smaller numbers than the main group of Jews to the north. ^[8] In 1995, the Oak Park-River Forest-Westchester area to the west had a Jewish community. In the same year, the Glenwood-Homewood-Flossmoor-Olympia Fields-Park Forest area to the south had another Jewish community. In 1995, some Northwest Indiana cities such as East Chicago, Hammond, and Michigan City had Jewish populations in 1996; Cutler stated that the Northwest Indiana Jewish populations were "small and often declining". ^[8]

Institutions

Illinois Holocaust Museum and Education Center

The United Hebrew Relief Association (UHRA) was founded in 1859. Fifteen Jewish organizations, including some B'nai B'rith lodges and some women's organizations, together founded the UHRA. ^[2]

Chicago’s German Jewish community founded several institutions including Michael Reese Hospital, The Drexel Home for Aged Jews in the Woodlawn neighborhood, and The Standard Club (an exclusive private club located in the Loop). Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe founded the Jewish Training School in 1890, the Chicago Maternity Center in 1895, and the Chicago Hebrew Institute in 1903. ^[2] Beth Moshev Z'elohim (Orthodox Jewish Home for the Aged) was founded in North Lawndale in 1900.

In 1968, the Gerontological Council of the JF was established. In 1971, The Council for Jewish Elderly, later renamed to become CJE SeniorLife, was founded by the Jewish Federation to provide services to elderly Jews in their residences and provide housing.

The Illinois Holocaust Museum and Education Center is located in Skokie.

Education

In 1995 Jews in Chicago attend universities at twice the rate of the overall population, and this contributes to the overall higher than average incomes. ^[13]

Spertus Institute for Jewish Learning and Leadership is located in Chicago.

Universities include:

• Hebrew Theological College

Primary and secondary schools:

• Akiba-Schechter Jewish Day School
• Bernard Zell Anshe Emet Day School
• Chicago Jewish Day School
• Fasman Yeshiva High School
• Ida Crown Jewish Academy
• Rochelle Zell Jewish High School (former Chicagoland Jewish High School)
• Telshe Yeshiva

There is also a museum, Illinois Holocaust Museum and Education Center.

Congregations

The first synagogue in Chicago was the Kehilath Anshe Mayriv (KAM), located at the intersection of Lake and Wells. German Jewish immigrants founded it in 1847. Kehilath B'nai Sholom, the second congregation, was founded by 20 Polish Jews in 1852 who dissatisfied with KAM. Kehilath B'nai Shalom was more Orthodox than KAM. In 1861 the Sinai Reform Congregation formed, using a church near the intersection of LaSalle and Monroe as its place of worship. The founders were a group of former KAM members with Rabbi Bernhard Felsenthal as the leader. ^[2]

In 1920 a synagogue opened in Glencoe. This synagogue, the first synagogue in the North Shore, was a branch of the Sinai Congregation (Reform) of the South Side and eventually became the North Shore Congregation Israel, an independent synagogue. In 1952 the first synagogue serving Lincolnwood and Skokie, the Niles Township Jewish Congregation, opened. ^[8]

In 1995, there were about 24 Jewish congregations in Lincolnwood and Skokie. Most of them are Conservative or Orthodox-Traditional synagogues. One rabbinical college is in Skokie. In 1995 the North Shore suburbs further from the Chicago Loop have mostly Reform congregations. In the same year, the following further-out suburbs with newer Jewish settlement have synagogues: Buffalo Grove, Des Plaines (now closed), Hoffman Estates, Vernon Hills, and Wheeling. In that year, six synagogues were in the area around Buffalo Grove. West Rogers Park had a larger group of Orthodox synagogues. ^[10]

The majority of synagogues that remain in the city of Chicago are Orthodox and concentrated in West Rogers Park. There are three Conservative synagogues within city limits: Central Synagogue in the Loop (formerly the South Side Hebrew Congregation of South Shore until the 1970s), Congregation Rodfei Zedek in East Hyde Park, and Anshe Emet in Lakeview. There are four Reform synagogues within city limits: Temple Sinai on the Near North Side (formerly in East Hyde Park until the 1990s), Emanuel Congregation in Edgewater, Temple Sholom in Lakeview, and KAM Isaiah Israel in Kenwood.

Notable Jews of metropolitan Chicago

• Max Adler
• Saul Alinsky
• Morey Amsterdam
• Bob Balaban
• Felix Biederman
• Saul Bellow
• Mike Bloomfield
• Neil Bluhm
• Leonard Chess
• Henry Crown
• Larry Ellison
• Ari Emanuel
• Ezekiel Emanuel
• Rahm Emanuel, Mayor of Chicago
• Ephraim Epstein
• Milton S. Florsheim
• Richard Garfinkle
• Neil Giuntoli
• Arthur Goldberg
• Maurice Goldblatt
• Benny Goodman
• Albert Grossman
• Ernest A. Grunsfeld Jr., Prominent Architect of Chicago Planetarium
• Seymour Hersh
• Albert H. Loeb
• Henry Horner, Governor of Illinois
• Peter Jacobson
• Karen Lewis
• Edward H. Levi
• Steven Levitan
• David Mamet
• Edward Morris
• Ira Nelson Morris
• Nelson Morris
• Arnie Morton ^[20]
• William S. Paley
• Mandy Patinkin
• Jeremy Piven
• Sol Polk
• Abram Nicholas Pritzker
• Daniel Pritzker
• Donald Pritzker
• Gigi Pritzker
• Harry Nicholas Pritzker
• Jack Nicholas Pritzker
• Jay Pritzker
• J. B. Pritzker – Governor of Illinois
• John Pritzker
• Nicholas J. Pritzker
• Penny Pritzker
• Rhoda Pritzker
• Robert Pritzker
• Thomas Pritzker
• Julius Rosenwald
• Lessing J. Rosenwald
• William Rosenwald
• Abram M. Rothschild
• Jack Ruby
• Ernest Samuels
• Allan Sherman
• Edwin Silverman
• Gene Siskel
• Joseph Spiegel
• Marcus M. Spiegel
• Morris (Moshe) Soller
• Jill Stein
• Fisher Stevens
• Studs Terkel
• Mel Torme – grew up in Kenwood
• Sam Zell
• Warren Zevon

References

• Cutler, Irving. "The Jews of Chicago: From Shtetl to Suburb" (Chapter 5). In: Holli, Melvin G. and Peter d'Alroy Jones. Ethnic Chicago: A Multicultural Portrait. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1995. Start page 122. ISBN   978-0802870537.

Notes

1. "2020 Metropolitan Chicago Jewish Population Study". www.brandeis.edu. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
2. Cutler, Irving. "Jews." Encyclopedia of Chicago History. Retrieved on March 4, 2014.
3. Cutler, "The Jews of Chicago: From Shtetl to Suburb,"Ethnic Chicago: A Multicultural Portrait, p. 165-166.
4. Cutler, "The Jews of Chicago: From Shtetl to Suburb,"Ethnic Chicago: A Multicultural Portrait, p. 165.
5. Cutler, "The Jews of Chicago: From Shtetl to Suburb,"Ethnic Chicago: A Multicultural Portrait, p. 123.
6. Cutler, "The Jews of Chicago: From Shtetl to Suburb,"Ethnic Chicago: A Multicultural Portrait, p. 123-124.
7. "The Jewish Community of Chicago". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot.
8. Cutler, "The Jews of Chicago: From Shtetl to Suburb,"Ethnic Chicago: A Multicultural Portrait, p. 166.
9. Cutler, "The Jews of Chicago: From Shtetl to Suburb,"Ethnic Chicago: A Multicultural Portrait, p. 122.
10. Cutler, "The Jews of Chicago: From Shtetl to Suburb,"Ethnic Chicago: A Multicultural Portrait, p. 168
13. 1 2 Cutler, "The Jews of Chicago: From Shtetl to Suburb,"Ethnic Chicago: A Multicultural Portrait, p. 169.
14. "JUF Population Study 2020 @ Jewish United Fund". Jewish United Fund . Retrieved 2022-05-09.
15. Wilkinson, Phaedra (October 21, 2014). "From the community: Exciting Class on Jewish Positive Psychology to be Presented in Northbrook". Chicago: Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 16 November 2014. The Jewish Learning Institute's (JLI) Newest Class Looks at Positive Psychology through the 3,000-year-old lens of Jewish thought. Northbrook, IL – When Israeli-born psychologist Tal Ben-Shahar began teaching a class called Positive Psychology at Harvard in 2006, a record 855 undergraduate students signed up for his class. Droves of students at the academically-intense university came to learn, as the course description puts it, about "psychological aspects of a fulfilling and flourishing life".
16. "Economic crisis from a Jewish perspective". The Naperville Sun (Chicago Tribune). The Sun – Naperville (IL). January 27, 2012. Archived from the original on March 29, 2015. Money Matters has been developed by the Rohr Jewish Learning Institute and will be taught in 300 locations throughout the world
17. "Torah and Torts". Chicago Jewish News (original publisher). Archived article at JLI Central. February 20, 2009. At a time when every other news story seems to involve a matter of ethics, Rabbi Meir Hecht is teaching his adult students – many of them lawyers – how to understand complicated ethical issues with help from the Torah. Hecht is the coordinator for the Jewish Learning Institute, which is currently offering a class called "You Be The Judge," with Thursday morning and evening classes at Lubavitch Chabad of Skokie. (Childcare is available during the morning classes.) Lawyers can receive Continuing Legal Education and ethics credits through the class, but its lessons are for anyone – Jewish or non-Jewish-who is interested in pursuing the intersection between law and ethics, Hecht said in a recent phone conversation.
18. Independent Press (October 26, 2014). "Happiness and Positive living series starts Nov. 5 at Chabad of SE Morris County in Madison". New Jersey On-Line. Retrieved 3 November 2014. How Happiness Thinks was created by the Rohr Jewish Learning Institute – an internationally acclaimed adult education program running on over 350 cities worldwide, which boast over 75,000 students. This particular course builds on the latest observations and discoveries in the field of positive psychology. How Happiness Thinks offers participants the chance to earn up to 15 continuing education credits from the American Psychological Association (APA), American Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) and the National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC).
19. Open Source Contributor. "Promoting Jewish Medical Awareness In Northbrook". Chicago Tribune.{{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
20. "HPHS Jewish "Fame and Fortune" Alumni" (PDF). Chicago Jewish Historical Society. Fall 2007.

Further reading

• Bregstone, Philip P. Chicago and Its Jews: A Cultural History. Philip P. Bregstone, 1933.
• Brinkmann, Tobias. "Sundays at Sinai" A Jewish Congregation in Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012. ISBN   978-0226074542.
• Chicago Jewish History. Chicago: Chicago Jewish Historical Society, 1989–current.
• Chicago Sinai Congregation: A Pictorial History. Chicago: Chicago Sinai Congregation, 1986.
• Cutler, Irving. The Jews of Chicago: From Shtetl to Suburb. University of Illinois Press, 1996. ISBN   978-0252021855
• Cutler, Irving. Chicago's Jewish West Side. Arcadia Publishing, 2009. ISBN   978-0738560151.
• Cutler, Irving. Jewish Chicago: A Pictorial History. Arcadia Publishing, 2000. ISBN   978-0738501307
• Meites, Hyman Louis (editor). History of the Jews of Chicago. Chicago Jewish Historical Society, 1924. ISBN   978-0922984046 1990 reprint available.
• Rosen, Rhoda (editor). The Shaping of a Community: The Jewish Federation of Metropolitan Chicago. Chicago: Spertus Press, 1999.
• Roth, Walter. Looking Backward: True Stories from Chicago's Jewish Past. Academy Chicago Publishers, Limited, 2005. ISBN   978-0897335409
• The Sentinel's History of Chicago Jewry, 1911–1986. Chicago: Sentinel Pub. Co., 1986.
• Synagogues of Chicago. Chicago: Chicago Jewish Historical Society, 1991.

External links

• Jewish United Fund/Jewish Federation of Metropolitan Chicago
• "Chicago Jewish History Archived 2014-03-17 at the Wayback Machine ." Spertus.
• Russian-Jews on Maxwell Street, University of Illinois Chicago