Hydnellum ferrugineum

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Hydnellum ferrugineum
Hydnellum ferrugineum Glieres.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Thelephorales
Family: Bankeraceae
Genus: Hydnellum
Species:
H. ferrugineum
Binomial name
Hydnellum ferrugineum
(Fr.) P.Karst. (1879)
Synonyms [1] [2]
  • Hydnum ferrugineumFr. (1815) [3]
  • Hydnum carbunculus Secr. (1833) [4]
  • Calodon ferrugineus(Fr.) P.Karst. (1881) [5]
  • Phaeodon ferrugineus(Fr.) J.Schröt. (1888) [6]
  • Hydnellum sanguinarium Banker (1906) [7]
  • Calodon hybridus(Bull.) Lindau (1911) [8]
  • Hydnellum hybridum(Bull.) Banker (1913) [9]
  • Hydnellum pineticola K.A.Harrison (1964)

Hydnellum ferrugineum, commonly known as the mealy tooth or the reddish-brown corky spine fungus, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. A widely distributed species, it is found in north Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. The fungus fruits on the ground singly or in clusters in conifer forest, usually in poor (low nutrient) or sandy soil. Fruit bodies are somewhat top-shaped, measuring 3–10 cm (1–4 in) in diameter. Their velvety surfaces, initially white to pink, sometimes exude drops of red liquid. The lower surface of the fruit body features white to reddish-brown spines up to 6 mm long. Mature fruit bodies become dark reddish brown in color, and are then difficult to distinguish from other similar Hydnellum species. H. ferrugineum forms a mat of mycelia in the humus and upper soil where it grows. The presence of the fungus changes the characteristics of the soil, making it more podzolized.

Contents

Taxonomy

The species was originally described scientifically by Elias Magnus Fries, who named it Hydnum ferrugineum in 1815. Its taxonomic history includes transfers to the genera Calodon by Petter Karsten in 1881, and Phaeodon by Joseph Schröter in 1888. [1] [2] It was assigned its current binomial name by Karsten when he transferred it to its current genus, Hydnellum , in 1879. [10]

In 1964, Canadian mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison described a hydnoid fungus found with Pinus resinosa in Michigan and Pinus banksiana in Nova Scotia. The fungus, which Harrison named Hydnellum pineticola, [11] is considered to be synonymous with Hydnellum ferrugineum by the nomenclatural database Index Fungorum. [12] Harrison noted "The attempts to recognize European species in North American collections has only increased the confusion in this country, and until someone has worked critically in the field on both continents, it is better to make a recognizable grouping of our own population as that to guess that they may be the same as those that grow in Europe." [11] Other taxa considered synonymous with H. ferrugineum are Pierre Bulliard's 1791 Hydnum hybridum (including later synonyms Calodon hybridus (Bull.) Lindau, and Hydnellum hybridum (Bull.) Banker); Louis Secretan's Hydnum carbunculus (1833); and Howard James Banker's 1906 Hydnellum sanguinarium. [1] Banker explained the difficulty in identifying old Hydnellum specimens: "A considerable number of collections have had to be set aside, as in the dried state, with no notes on the fresh characters, it was impossible to decide with any degree of satisfaction whether the plants represented H. sanguinarium, H. concrescens, H. scrobiculatum, or some undescribed form." [7]

Common names given to the species include the "reddish-brown corky spine fungus", [2] and the British Mycological Society-sanctioned name "mealy fungus". [13] The specific epithet ferrugineum is Latin for "rust-colored". [14]

Description

Closeup of hymenium showing the spines Hydnellum ferrugineum 59272.jpg
Closeup of hymenium showing the spines

The fruit bodies of Hydnellum ferrugineum are more or less top-shaped with caps that are 3–10 cm (1.2–3.9 in) in diameter. They are at first convex, then pulvinate (cushion-shaped), later flattening or becoming slightly depressed in the center. The cap surface of young fruit bodies is uneven, with a velvety to felted texture, and a whitish to pink color. It sometimes exudes blood-red drops of fluid in the depressions. The surface later becomes flesh-colored to dark reddish brown, but with wavy margin remaining whitish. The lower surface of the fruit body bears the hymenium, the fertile spore-bearing tissue. It comprises a dense arrangement of white to reddish brown spines up to 6 mm long, hanging vertically downwards. The stout stipe measures 1–6 cm (0.4–2.4 in) long by 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) thick, and is the same color as the cap. [15] Fruit bodies have a "distinctly mealy" odor (similar to the smell of freshly ground flour), [16] but are inedible. [17]

Fruit bodies can envelop obstacles as they grow. Hydnellum ferrugineum 181546.jpg
Fruit bodies can envelop obstacles as they grow.

The flesh is reddish or purplish-brown with white flecks. [15] Initially spongy and soft, it becomes tough and corky as the fruit body matures. In the stipe, the flesh can become blackish in age. [18] Like other Hydnellum species, fruit body tissue is made of generative hyphae that do not expand. This slows the growth of the fruit body, often enabling it to persist for several months. [19] The fungus employs an indeterminate growth pattern, in which the fruit body formation begins from a vertical column of hyphae that eventually expand at the top to form the cap. Any solid objects encountered during growth, such as grass or twigs, can be enveloped by the expanding fruit body. Similarly, closely neighboring caps can fuse together during growth. [20]

The broadly ellipsoid to roughly spherical spores are 5.5–7.5 by 4.5–5.5  μm. Their surfaces are covered with small rounded bumps. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are narrowly club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 25–30 by 6–7.5 μm. The hyphae of the flesh are brownish with thin walls, and measure 4–6 μm; hyphae in the spines are thin-walled, septate, and sometimes branched, measuring 3.5–4.5 μm. The hyphae do not have clamp connections. [2]

Similar species

Hydnellum peckii is similar in appearance, but has an acrid taste, and clamp connections in its hyphae. [2] Hydnellum spongiosipes is readily confused with H. ferrugineum, and several authors have historically considered the two species to be the same; molecular studies, however, indicate that the two fungi are closely related, but distinct. [21] In contrast with H. ferrugineum, H. spongiosipes has a darker cap when young, darker flesh, and occurs in deciduous woods. [2] Old fruit bodies of H. ferrugineum can be confused with those of Hydnellum concrescens . [17]

Habitat and distribution

Young fruit bodies Hydnellum ferrugineum 59273.jpg
Young fruit bodies

Hydnellum ferrugineum is found mainly in coniferous woodland, often near pines, but occasionally with spruce. Fruit bodies have a preference for sandy soil with low levels of organic matter and nutrients, [2] and grow singly or in clusters. [15] They are more likely to be found in older-growth forests. [22] The fungus occurs in North America, including Mexico. It is widespread but generally uncommon throughout Europe, although there may be local areas where it is common. In Britain, H. ferrugineum is provisionally classified as endangered, and is protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981; [23] it was included as one of 14 species considered in the United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan for stipitate hydnoid fungi (i.e., hydnoid fungi with a cap and stipe) in 2004. [21] The fungus is protected in Montenegro. [24] It has been collected in India [25] and North Africa. [2]

The fungus forms a tough mat of mycelia in the humus and upper soil of pine forests. This mycelial mat grows larger with old trees, and can cover an area of several square meters. These areas generally lack dwarf shrubs and promote the vigorous growth of mosses; reindeer lichens often occur in the center of large mats. The presence of the fungus changes the nature of the soil, resulting in a thinner humus layer, decreased groundwater penetration, decreased soil pH, and increases in the level of root respiration as well as the quantity of roots. [26] The fungus also decreases the organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations. Soil with the mycelium becomes more podzolized than the surrounding soil. [26] Similar to some other Hydnellum species, H. ferrugineum is sensitive to the increased nitrogen deposition resulting from clear-cutting, a forestry practice used in some areas of Europe. [27] The fungus forms an unusual type of mycorrhiza with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in which the ectomycorrhiza appears normal at the leading edge of the mycelial mat, but leaves behind dead and atrophied roots at the trailing edge, showing saprophytic tendencies. [28]

Bioactive compounds

Hydnellum ferrugineum fruit bodies contain the pigments hydnuferrigin (dark violet) and hydnuferruginin (yellow), as well as small amounts of the polyphenol compound atromentin. Hydnuferrigin has a chemical structure that closely resembles that of thelephoric acid, a pigment found in other species of Hydnellum and Hydnum , and they may originate from a common precursor compound. [29]

Related Research Articles

<i>Hydnum repandum</i> Species of edible fungus of the family Hydnaceae distributed in Europe

Hydnum repandum, commonly known as the sweet tooth, pig's trotter, wood hedgehog or hedgehog mushroom, is a basidiomycete fungus of the family Hydnaceae. First described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, it is the type species of the genus Hydnum. The fungus produces fruit bodies (mushrooms) that are characterized by their spore-bearing structures—in the form of spines rather than gills—which hang down from the underside of the cap. The cap is dry, colored yellow to light orange to brown, and often develops an irregular shape, especially when it has grown closely crowded with adjacent fruit bodies. The mushroom tissue is white with a pleasant odor and a spicy or bitter taste. All parts of the mushroom stain orange with age or when bruised.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydnellum peckii</span> Species of fungus

Hydnellum peckii is a fungus in the genus Hydnellum of the family Bankeraceae. It is a hydnoid species, producing spores on the surface of vertical spines or tooth-like projections that hang from the undersurface of the fruit bodies. It is found in North America, Europe, and was recently discovered in Iran (2008) and Korea (2010). Hydnellum peckii is a mycorrhizal species, and forms mutually beneficial relationships with a variety of coniferous trees, growing on the ground singly, scattered, or in fused masses.

<i>Hydnellum</i> Genus of fungi in the family Bankeraceae

Hydnellum is a genus of tooth fungi in the family Bankeraceae. Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, the genus contains around 40 species. The fruitbodies of its members grow by slowly enveloping nearby bits of grass and vegetation. There is great variability in the form of Hydnellum fruitbodies, which are greatly influenced by environmental conditions such as rainfall and humidity, drying winds, and temperature. They are too tough and woody to eat comfortably. Several species have become the focus of increasing conservation concern following widespread declines in abundance.

<i>Hydnellum caeruleum</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum caeruleum, commonly known as the blue-gray hydnellum, blue-green hydnellum, blue spine, blue tooth, or bluish tooth, is an inedible fungus found in North America, Europe, and temperate areas of Asia.

<i>Phellodon</i> Genus of tooth fungi in the family Bankeraceae

Phellodon is a genus of tooth fungi in the family Bankeraceae. Species have small- to medium-sized fruitbodies with white spines on the underside from which spores are released. All Phellodon have a short stalk or stipe, and so the genus falls into the group known as stipitate hydnoid fungi. The tough and leathery flesh usually has a pleasant, fragrant odor, and develops a cork-like texture when dry. Neighboring fruitbodies can fuse, sometimes producing large mats of joined caps. Phellodon species produce a white spore print, while the individual spores are roughly spherical to ellipsoid in shape, with spiny surfaces.

<i>Hydnellum aurantiacum</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum aurantiacum is an inedible fungus, commonly known as the orange spine or orange hydnellum for its reddish orange or rusty red colored fruit bodies. Like other tooth fungi, it bears a layer of spines rather than gills on the underside of the cap. Due to substantial declines in sightings, this species is listed as critically endangered in the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydnoid fungi</span> Group of fungi

The hydnoid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota with basidiocarps producing spores on pendant, tooth-like or spine-like projections. They are colloquially called tooth fungi. Originally such fungi were referred to the genus Hydnum, but it is now known that not all hydnoid species are closely related.

<i>Hericium abietis</i> Species of fungus

Hericium abietis, commonly known as the bear's head, conifer coral hericium, or western coral hedgehog, is an edible mushroom in the tooth fungus group. It grows on conifer stumps or logs in North America, producing a cream white fruit body up to 10–75 cm (4–30 in) tall and wide. It fruits from after the start of the fall rains to mid-season.

<i>Hydnellum fuscoindicum</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum fuscoindicum, commonly known as the violet hedgehog, is a species of tooth fungus in the genus Hydnellum. It is found in the Pacific Northwest in moss around western hemlocks. It produces fruit bodies with a violet-black cap, violet flesh, and violet spines on the cap underside. The odor and taste are very farinaceous. The fungus was first described by Kenneth A. Harrison in 1964 as a species of Hydnum, then transferred to Sarcodon in 1967 by Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus. He placed this species in section Violacei of Sarcodon, along with H. fuligineoviolaceum and H. joeides.

<i>Hydnellum compactum</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum compactum is a rare tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It is characterised by its astringent taste, yellowish flesh. It is found in Europe, where it grows in deciduous forest, typically under beech. Fruit bodies of the fungus grow singly or in groups.

<i>Hydnellum cyanopodium</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum cyanopodium, commonly known as the blue foot or bleeding blue tooth, is an inedible fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It occurs in the Pacific Northwest region of North America.

Hydnellum frondosum is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Nova Scotia, Canada, it was described as new to science in 1961 by mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison. Its fruitbodies have caps that individually measure 1.8–4 cm (0.7–1.6 in) across, but can coalesce to create larger fused structures up to 14 cm (5.5 in). The cap surface is greyish brown, with broad whitish margins in age. The spines on the cap underside are small–up to 1 mm long, and extend quite a ways down the length of the stipe. The spore print is fawn; individual spores are roughly spherical and measure 3.5–4.5 by 3–4 µm. Fruit bodies have been found growing near pine and hemlock, in mixed forest of Kings County, Nova Scotia.

<i>Hydnellum scrobiculatum</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum scrobiculatum, commonly known as the ridged tooth or rough hydnellum, is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, it is found in Asia, Europe, and North America.

<i>Phellodon niger</i> Species of fungus

Phellodon niger, commonly known as the black tooth, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae, and the type species of the genus Phellodon. It was originally described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1815 as a species of Hydnum. Petter Karsten included it as one of the original three species when he circumscribed Phellodon in 1881. The fungus is found in Europe and North America, although molecular studies suggest that the North American populations represent a similar but genetically distinct species.

<i>Phellodon melaleucus</i> Species of fungus

Phellodon melaleucus, commonly known as the grey tooth, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was originally described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1815 as a species of Hydnum. In 1881, Petter Karsten included it as one of the original three species in his newly circumscribed genus Phellodon. The fungus is widely distributed in Europe and North America, where it associates mycorrhizally with a wide range of host trees. It is considered vulnerable in Switzerland.

<i>Sarcodon rimosus</i> Species of fungus

Sarcodon rimosus, commonly known as the cracked hydnum, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in the Pacific Northwest region of North America, it was described as new to science in 1964 by mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison, who initially called it Hydnum rimosum. He transferred it to the genus Sarcodon in 1984. Fruit bodies of S. rimosum have convex to somewhat depressed caps that are 4–12 cm (1.6–4.7 in) in diameter. The surface becomes scaly in age, often developing conspicuous cracks and fissures. It is brown with violet tints. The flesh lacks any significant taste and odor. Underneath the cap cuticle, the flesh turns a bluish-green color when tested with a solution of potassium hydroxide. The brownish-pinks spines on the cap underside are typically 2.5–7 mm long, extending decurrently on the stipe. Spores are roughly spherical with fine warts on the surface, and measure 5–6.5 by 4.5–5 µm. The hyphae do not have clamp connections.

<i>Hydnellum joeides</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum joeides is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae.

<i>Hydnellum gracilipes</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum gracilipes is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was first described scientifically in 1886 by Petter Karsten, who called it Hydnum gracilipes. He transferred it to the genus Hydnellum in 1879. Fruit bodies of the fungus have a pinkish to reddish-brown colour, a delicate texture described as "felty or papery", and flimsy stipes. Its spores are roughly spherical with a diameter of no more than 5 µm. H. gracilipes is found in northern Europe, where it is mycorrhizal with pine. Collections made in Scotland have been found by lifting the dense ground cover of common heather, which the fungus seems to use to as support to compensate for its flimsy stipe.

<i>Metuloidea murashkinskyi</i> Species of fungus

Metuloidea murashkinskyi is a species of tooth fungus in the family Steccherinaceae. It is found in Europe and Asia, where it causes a white rot on the wood of deciduous trees.

Mycorrhaphium pusillum is a species of tooth fungus in the family Steccherinaceae. It is a rare European fungus that has only been officially recorded a few times.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "GSD Species Synonymy: Hydnellum ferrugineum (Fr.) P. Karst". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2014-12-14.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pegler, Roberts, Spooner (1997), p. 86.
  3. ↑ Fries EM. (1815). Observationes mycologicae (in Latin). Copenhagen: Gerhard Bonnier. p. 133.
  4. ↑ Secretan L. (1833). Mycographie Suisse, ou Description des Champignons, qui Croissent en Suisse, Particulièrment dans le Canton de Vaud, aux Environs de Lausanne (in French). Vol. 2. Geneva: Bonnant. p. 515.
  5. ↑ Karsten P. (1881). "Enumeratio Hydnearum Fr. Fennicarum, systemate novo dispositarum". Revue Mycologique Toulouse (in Latin). 3 (9): 19–21.
  6. ↑ Schröter J. (1888). Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien (in German). Vol. 3–1(4). Lehre, Germany: Cramer. p. 459.
  7. 1 2 Banker HJ. (1906). "A contribution to a revision of the North American Hydnaceae". Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club. 12: 99–194 (see p. 152).
  8. ↑ Lindau G. (1911). Kryptogamenflora für Anfänger (in German). Berlin: Springer. p. 44.
  9. ↑ Bulliard JBF. (1790). Herbier de la France (in French). Vol. 10. Paris. p. t. 453:2.
  10. ↑ Karsten PA. (1879). "Symbolae ad mycologiam Fennicam. VI". Meddelanden Af Societas Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica (in Latin). 5: 15–46 (see p. 41).
  11. 1 2 Harrison KA. (1964). "New or little known North American stipitate Hydnums" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Botany. 42 (9): 1205–33 (see p. 1226). doi:10.1139/b64-116.
  12. ↑ "Hydnellum pineticola K.A. Harrison". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2014-12-14.
  13. ↑ "English Names for Fungi 2014". British Mycological Society. June 2014. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2014-12-14.
  14. ↑ Harrison L. (2012). Latin for Gardeners: Over 3,000 Plant Names Explained and Explored. University of Chicago Press. p. 88. ISBN   978-0-226-00919-3.
  15. 1 2 3 Ellis JB, Ellis MB (1990). Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes): An Identification Handbook. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 106. ISBN   978-0-412-36970-4.
  16. ↑ Roberts P, Evans S (2011). The Book of Fungi. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 470. ISBN   978-0-226-72117-0.
  17. 1 2 Deconchat C, Polèse JM (2002). Champignons: l'encyclopédie. Paris: Editions Artemis. p. 138. ISBN   978-2-84416-145-1.
  18. ↑ Rea C. (1922). British Basidiomycetae: A Handbook to the Larger British Fungi. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge at the University Press. pp. 634–5.
  19. ↑ Pegler, Roberts, Spooner (1997), p. 3.
  20. ↑ Pegler, Roberts, Spooner (1997), p. 5.
  21. 1 2 Brodge PD, Panchal G (2004). Number 557. Population diversity and speciation in Hydnellum and Phellodon species (PDF) (Report). English Nature Research Reports. English Nature. ISSN   0967-876X.
  22. ↑ Nitare J. (2006). Signalarter. Indikatorer på skyddsvärd skog. Flora över kryptogamer [Signal-species – indicators of forests in need of protection] (in Swedish) (3 ed.). Jönköping, Sweden: Skogsstyrelsens Förlag. ISBN   978-9188462688.
  23. ↑ Marren, Peter (2000). Stipitate hydnoid fungi in Britain. English Nature Research Report No. 420 (PDF) (Report). Peterborough: English Nature.
  24. ↑ Kasom G, Miličković N (2010). "Protected species of macrofungi in Montenegro" (PDF). Natura Montenegrina, Podgorica. 9 (2): 195–203.
  25. ↑ Sultana K, Aleem Qureshi R (2007). "Checklist of Basidiomycetes (Aphyllo. and Phragmo.) of Kaghan Valley II" (PDF). Pakistan Journal of Botany. 39 (7): 2626–49.
  26. 1 2 Hintikka V, Näykki O (1967). "Tutkimuksia ruosteorakkaan, Hydnellum ferrugineum, vaikutuksesta metsämaaperään ja-kasvillisuuteen [Notes on the effects of the fungus Hydnellum ferrugineum (Fr.) Karst. on forest soil and vegetation]". Communicationes Instituti Forestalis Fenniae. 62 (2): 1–23.
  27. ↑ Arnolds E. (2010). "The fate of hydnoid fungi in The Netherlands and Northwestern Europe". Fungal Ecology. 3 (2): 81–88. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2009.05.005.
  28. ↑ Trappe MJ, Cromack Jr K, Caldwell BA, Griffiths RP, Trappe JM (2012). "Diversity of mat-forming fungi in relation to soil properties, disturbance, and forest ecotype at Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, USA". Diversity. 4 (2): 196–223. doi: 10.3390/d4020196 .
  29. ↑ Gripenberg J. (1981). "Fungus Pigments. XXIX. The pigments of Hydnellum ferrugineum (Fr.) Karsten and H. zonatum (Batsch) Karsten" (PDF). Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 35b: 513–519. doi: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.35b-0513 .

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