Jacobaea maritima

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Silver ragwort
Senecio cineraria Ghajn Tuffieha Malta 01.jpg
Mature plant at Għajn Tuffieħa, Malta
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Jacobaea
Species:
J. maritima
Binomial name
Jacobaea maritima
Synonyms [1] [2] [3]
  • Othonna maritimaL. (basionym)
  • Cineraria maritima(L.) L.
  • Senecio maritimus(L.) Rchb. [non L.f.]
  • Maritima bicolorWilld.
  • Senecio bicolor(Willd.) Tod. [non Viv.]
  • Senecio cinerariaDC.
  • Cineraria gibbosaGuss.
  • Cineraria nebrodensisGuss.
  • Cineraria ambiguaBiv.
  • Senecio bicolor subsp. cineraria(DC.) Chater
  • Senecio cineraria subsp. bicolor(Willd.) Arcang.

Jacobaea maritima, commonly known as silver ragwort, is a perennial plant species in the genus Jacobaea in the family Asteraceae, native to the Mediterranean region. It was formerly placed in the genus Senecio , and is still widely referred to as Senecio cineraria; see the list of synonyms (right) for other names.

Contents

It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant for its white, felt-like tomentose leaves; in horticultural use, it is also sometimes called dusty miller, a name shared with several other plants that also have silvery tomentose leaves, including Centaurea cineraria and Silene coronaria .

Description

Flowers, Port-Cros National Park, France Fly at flower.jpg
Flowers, Port-Cros National Park, France

Silver ragwort is an herbaceous perennial to evergreen subshrub (depending on location), growing to 0.5–1 m (1.6–3.3 ft) tall, with naturally teal-green foliage; however, nearly the entire plant appears to be a greyish-white or beige hue, as it is covered in a fine, powder-like dusting of "farina", as it is sometimes called—technically known as epicuticular wax—and a very fine coating of crystalline trichomes, both of which act as a natural sunblock for the plant, as well as protecting against overheating and dehydration in warmer months. The stems are stiff and woody at the base, densely branched, and covered in long, matted grey-white to white hairs. The leaves are pinnate or pinnatifid, 5–15 centimetres (2.0–5.9 in) long and 3–7 centimetres (1.2–2.8 in) broad, stiff, with oblong and obtuse segments; like the stems, the foliage is covered with long, sparsely- to thickly-matted grey-white hairs, with the lower leaves being petiolate and more deeply lobed. The plant’s upper leaves are sessile and less lobed.

The tomentum (trichomes) is thickest on the underside of the leaves, and may naturally be worn-off on the upper sides, leaving the top surface glabrous with age. The flowers are yellow and daisy-like, typical of the Asteraceae, forming in dense capitula 12–15 millimetres (0.47–0.59 in) in diameter, with central disc florets surrounded by a ring of 10–13 ray florets, and enclosed in a common whorl of bracts at the base of the capitulum. The seeds are cylindrical achenes. [4] [5] [6]

Distribution

Jacobaea maritima is native to the western and central Mediterranean region, in northwest Africa (Morocco, northern Algeria, Tunisia), southern Europe (Spain, Gibraltar, southern France including Corsica, Italy including Sardinia and Sicily, Malta, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Albania, Montenegro, Serbia, Macedonia, and Greece), and the far west of Asia (Turkey). It occurs primarily on cliffs and rocky coastal sites, more rarely inland. [2] [3] [5]

It is also naturalised further north in Europe (north to Great Britain and Ireland, where occurring mainly in mild coastal areas [4] [5] ) and locally in North America. [7]

Ecology

As with many other densely tomentose plants, the tomentum, or hair-like pieces on the stems and leaves, is used by some species of bees (e.g. Anthidium manicatum and Anthidium oblongatum in Megachilidae) for nest-building. [8]

Hybrids are known with Jacobaea erucifolia and Jacobaea vulgaris. TheJ. vulgaris variant is fertile producing a wide range of intermediate progeny. [4] [5]

Cultivation and uses

Jacobaea maritima is widely used in horticulture for its silvery foliage. It is winter-hardy in USDA Zones 8-10, tolerating winter temperatures down to -12° to -15 °C, [6] [9] tolerant of light shade but preferring full sun. [6] In colder areas it is grown as an annual plant. Many cultivars have been selected for particularly dense silvery tomentum, such as 'Cirrus', 'New Look', 'Ramparts', 'Silverdust', 'Silver Filigree', and 'White Diamond'. [6] It has been recommended in North America for its fire resistance [10] resistance to browsing by deer, [11] [12] and its salt tolerance. [13]

The cultivar 'Silver Dust' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. [14]

Confusion in the horticultural trade exists between J. maritima and Centaurea cineraria , which has resulted in confusion regarding which cultivars pertain to either species, which has also resulted in much confusion in photographs of these species on the internet. [15]

Related Research Articles

<i>Senecio</i> Genus of flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae

Senecio is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family (Asteraceae) that includes ragworts and groundsels.

<i>Jacobaea vulgaris</i> Flowering plant, daisy family Asteraceae

Jacobaea vulgaris, syn. Senecio jacobaea, is a very common wild flower in the family Asteraceae that is native to northern Eurasia, usually in dry, open places, and has also been widely distributed as a weed elsewhere.

<i>Senecio vulgaris</i> Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae

Senecio vulgaris, often known by the common names groundsel and old-man-in-the-spring, is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is an annual herb, native to the Palaearctic and widely naturalised as a ruderal species in suitable disturbed habitats worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Senecioneae</span> Tribe of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae

Senecioneae is the largest tribe of the Asteraceae, or the sunflower family, comprising over 150 genera and over 3,500 species. Almost one-third of the species in this tribe are placed in the genus Senecio. Its members exhibit probably the widest possible range of form to be found in the entire plant kingdom, and include annuals, minute creeping alpines, herbaceous and evergreen perennials, shrubs, climbers, succulents, trees, and semi-aquatic plants.

<i>Silene coronaria</i> Species of flowering plant

Silene coronaria, the rose campion, is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae, native to Eurasia. Other common names include dusty miller, mullein-pink and bloody William. In the United Kingdom it is still widely referenced under its synonym Lychnis coronaria.

<i>Centaurea cineraria</i> Species of flowering plant

Centaurea cineraria, the velvet centaurea, also known as dusty miller and silver dust, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae endemic to southern Italy. In natural settings, it grows on coastal cliffs, ranging from 0–350 m above sea level, hence the plant's Italian name, fiordaliso delle scogliere. Mature plants may reach 80 centimetres (31.5 in) in height. The species produces purple flowers.

<i>Senecio pulcher</i> Species of flowering plant

Senecio pulcher is an ornamental plant native to the wet valleys & slopes and flooded rocky habitats in Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. Cited in Flora Brasiliensis by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius. After dusty miller, S. pulcher is perhaps one of the most popular species of the genus for horticulture along with German ivy and purple ragwort or it was in 1917.

Dusty Miller may refer to:

<i>Senecio eboracensis</i> Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae

Senecio eboracensis, the York groundsel or York radiate groundsel, is a flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. It is a hybrid between a native and a non-native introduced species, which naturalised in England but the population failed to sustain itself. It was brought back by captive cultivation. It is a self-pollinating hybrid species of ragwort and one of only six new plant species to be discovered in either the United Kingdom or North America in the last 100 years.

<i>Brachyglottis</i> Genus of flowering plants

Brachyglottis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. The genus was erected on November 29, 1775, by Johann Reinhold Forster and Georg Forster. The name was derived from the Greek brachus ("short") and glottis a reference to the size of the ray florets.

<i>Centaurea gymnocarpa</i> Species of flowering plant

Centaurea gymnocarpa, also known as Capraian cornflower or centaury of Capraia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is a rare species endemic to Italy found only on Capraia, a small island located in the Tuscan Archipelago, with the species being distributed across 8 subpopulations on the island's surface. Its natural habitats are Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation and rocky areas, colonizing in the cracks and fissures of cliffs.

<i>Tephroseris palustris</i> Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae

Tephroseris palustris, also known by its common names swamp ragwort, northern swamp groundsel, marsh fleabane, marsh fleawort, clustered marsh ragwort and mastodon flower, a herbaceous species of the family Asteraceae. It can be seen most easily when its bright yellow umbel flowers appear from May to early July standing 3 to 4 feet along marshes, stream banks and slough areas where it likes to grow.

<i>Jacobaea erucifolia</i> Species of flowering plant

Jacobaea erucifolia, the hoary ragwort, is a species of the genus Jacobaea and the family Asteraceae.

<i>Jacobaea gibbosa</i> Species of flowering plant

Jacobaea gibbosa is a species of the genus Jacobaea and the family Asteraceae.

<i>Jacobaea paludosa</i> Species of flowering plant

Jacobaea paludosa, syn. Senecio paludosus, the fen ragwort, is a species of the genus Jacobaea and the family Asteraceae that can be found in northern Italy, and everywhere in Europe.

<i>Ligularia dentata</i> Species of flowering plant

Ligularia dentata, the summer ragwort or leopardplant, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Ligularia and the family Asteraceae, native to China and Japan.

<i>Senecio inaequidens</i> Species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae

Senecio inaequidens, known as narrow-leaved ragwort and South African ragwort, is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae.

<i>Euphorbia characias</i> Species of flowering plant in the spurge family Euphorbiaceae

Euphorbia characias, the Mediterranean spurge or Albanian spurge, is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae typical of the Mediterranean vegetation. It is an upright, compact evergreen shrub growing to 1.2 m tall and wide.

<i>Alniaria folgneri</i> Species of plant in the genus Alniaria

Alniaria folgneri, Folgner's whitebeam, is a species of flowering plant in the family Rosaceae, native to central China. A small tree, the abaxial side of its soft leaves are covered in a silvery-white tomentose layer. Its autumn foliage often turns golden pink, set off by the white undersides, but the intensity of the color varies from year to year. Its cultivar 'Emiel' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

<i>Senecio quadridentatus</i> Species of flowering plant

Senecio quadridentatus is native to Australia and New Zealand. In New Zealand it is known by its Māori name pahokoraka or pekapeka. Senecio quadridentatus is an annual or perennial herbaceous flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is also known as Erechtites quadridentata Labill by the synonyms.

References

  1. ↑ Pelser, P. B.; Gravendeel, B.; van der Meijden, R. (2002). "Tackling speciose genera: species composition and phylogenetic position of Senecio sect. Jacobaea (Asteraceae) based on plastid and nrDNA sequences". American Journal of Botany . 89 (6). Botanical Society of America: 929–939. doi: 10.3732/ajb.89.6.929 . PMID   21665692.
  2. 1 2 Botanic Garden; Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem. "Details for: Jacobaea maritima". Euro+Med PlantBase. Freie Universität Berlin . Retrieved 2008-02-19.
  3. 1 2 "Jacobaea maritima". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2008-02-27.
  4. 1 2 3 Interactive Flora of NW Europe: Senecio cineraria Archived 2012-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
  5. 1 2 3 4 Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN   0-340-40170-2
  6. 1 2 3 4 Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN   0-333-47494-5.
  7. ↑ Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). "PLANTS Profile, Senecio cineraria DC". The PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2008-02-27.
  8. ↑ Shane R. Miller, Robert Gaebel, Randall J. Mitchell, and Mike Arduser; University of Akron. "Occurrence of two species of Old World bees, Anthidium manicatum and A. oblongatum (Apoidea: Megachilidae), in northern Ohio and southern Michigan" (PDF). The Great Lakes Entomologist. 35 (1): 65–69. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-05. Retrieved 2008-03-03.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ↑ "Cinéraire maritime, Senecio cineraria, Séneçon cinéraire". nature.jardin.free.fr. Retrieved May 1, 2023.
  10. ↑ J. Knutson-Pedersen (July 2005). "Tree Notes" (PDF). Fire Safe Landscaping. Plumas Fire Safe Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
  11. ↑ F. W. Appleton (2003-09-29). "Coping with the deer by the use of deer resistant plants". Texas A&M University . Retrieved 2008-02-29.
  12. ↑ "PLANTanswers". aggie-hort.tamu.edu. Retrieved May 1, 2023.
  13. ↑ York County Office. "Salt Tolerant Plants for Water-front Applications" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-24. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
  14. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Senecio cineraria 'Silver Dust'" . Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  15. ↑ Hind, Nicholas; Hashi, Mayumi; Brown, Andrew (March 2022). "1009. CENTAUREA CINERARIA: Compositae". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 39 (1): 35–54. doi: 10.1111/curt.12431 . ISSN   1355-4905.

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