Kupala, Kupalo is an alleged Slavic deity who is first mentioned in the 17th century and compared to the Greek goddess Ceres. However, modern scholars of Slavic mythology deny the existence of such a deity.
Kupala, Kupalo is an alleged Slavic deity who is first mentioned in the 17th century and compared to the Greek goddess Ceres. However, modern scholars of Slavic mythology deny the existence of such a deity.
The first source that mentions the deity Kupalo is the Hustyn Chronicle dating back to the 17th century:
The fifth Kupalo was, as I believe, the God of Abundance, like Ceres for the Greeks, To him, the foolish people gave thanks during harvest-tide. The commemoration of this demon Kupalo is still being celebrated in some of our lands by the foolish, from the 23rd of June, the eve of the birth of St. John the Baptist, up to the harvest and longer in the following way: in the evening, the plain folk of both sexes come together, and they wind wreaths from edible herbs or from roots. When they have wound the herbs around themselves, they light a fire. In another place, they erect a green branch and, holding hands, they circle around this fire, singing their songs in which Kupalo is mentioned. Then they jump over the aforesaid fire, dedicating themselves to this demon. [1]
In the 17th century, Kupala is also recognized as a deity by the Kievan Synopsis and the Live of St. Vladimir. [2]
Modern researchers usually deny the existence of a Slavic deity named Kupala. According to Vladimir Toporov, mythological figures known from later sources, such as Yarilo, Kupala, Pogvizd, Lada, Polel and others, cannot be considered gods. [3] Folklorist and ethnographer Andrey Toporkov stated that Kupalo was only a folk holiday, and that recognizing him as a deity is questionable. [4] According to Stanislaw Urbańczyk, Kupala is "literary fiction, persistently upheld by mythologists as truth." [2] There is no information about the deity in earlier sources mentioning the Kupala Night celebrations. [5]
Some researchers, such as Martin Pitro and Petr Vokáč, [6] and Linda Ivantis, [7] believe that Kupalo was not a deity, but a ritual figure or effigy used during Kupala Night. Source material confirms the existence of effigies with such a name, e.g. Ukrainian dial.kupalo "ritual effigy, used in Saint John's Eve celebrations," or Belarusian dial.kupala "person leading the way in Saint John's Eve games." [8]
Chernobog and Belobog are an alleged pair of Polabian deities. Chernobog appears in Helmold's Chronicle as a god of misfortune worshipped by the Wagri and Obodrites, while Belobog is not mentioned – he was reconstructed in opposition to Chernobog. Both gods also appear in later sources, but they are not considered reliable. Researchers do not agree on the status of Chernobog and Belobog: many scholars recognize the authenticity of these theonyms and explain them, for example, as gods of good and evil; on the other hand, many scholars believe that they are pseudo-deities, and Chernobog may have originally meant "bad fate", and later associated with the Christian devil.
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