Leiobunum

Last updated

Leiobunum
Temporal range: Jurassic–present
Leiobunum.rotundum.female.jpg
female L. rotundum
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Opiliones
Family: Sclerosomatidae
Genus: Leiobunum
C. L. Koch, 1839
Type species
Phalangium rotundum
Latreille, 1798
Species

See text

Diversity
c. 120 species

Leiobunum is a genus of the harvestman family Sclerosomatidae with more than 100 described species. Contrary to popular belief, they are not spiders, although they share a resemblance. They are arachnids, in the order Opiliones, harvestmen. Species in Leiobunum tend to have relatively long legs compared with other harvestmen, and some species are gregarious.

Contents

Body form

The teguments are soft or subcoriaceous. The striae of the cephalothorax and of the three last abdominal segments are very distinct; those of the anterior segments are scarcely or not at all distinct. The anterior and lateral borders of the cephalothorax are smooth. The eye eminence is relatively small; smooth or, rarely, provided with small, slightly distinct, tubercles; widely separated from the cephalic border. Lateral pores small, oval, and marginal. Anal piece large, transverse-oval or semicircular, much wider than long, and much wider than the reflected borders of the eighth segment. Mandibles short, similar in the two sexes ; first joint furnished at the base below with an acute tooth. Palpi simple ; femur, patella, and tibia without any process and without projecting angles ; maxillary lobe provided at the base with two strong, conical teeth. Maxillary lobe of the second pair of feet very long, nearly straight from the base, not attenuated, directed mesad nearly horizontally, and united on the ventro-meson to the lobe from the opposite side without forming a sensible angle; the two together lightly arched on the cephalic border, and forming an even curve. Sternal piece large, slightly contracted between the fourth pair of coxae, gradually enlarging and obtusely truncate cephalad. The feet are very long and slender; tibia of the second pair with a few false articulations. Palpal claw denticulate. [1] Many Leiobunum species tend to form clusters of several, but some up to 1,000 and more individuals.

Invasive species in Europe

Leiobunum spec. from the Netherlands Mainz fg03.jpg
Leiobunum spec. from the Netherlands
Leiobunum vittatum Leiobunum vittatum P1060093a.jpg
Leiobunum vittatum
Leiobunum aldrichi Leiobunum aldrichi Tennessee 052314.jpg
Leiobunum aldrichi

An as yet undescribed species of Leiobunum was first found in the Netherlands in October 2004, although reports date back to at least 2002. Since then, it has been identified from Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. It is distinct from all known Central European species and was probably introduced. This species has a strong tendency to group together, most of the time protected from wind and direct sunlight, and stay in one place for weeks. They swarm out at night to hunt on their own. When disturbed, they move their bodies up and down in a fast, rhythmic motion, with individuals moving away from the disturbance. The first juvenile stages seem to live on the ground below rocks and debris. The largest observed aggregation counted 770 individuals. [2]

Species

  • Leiobunum hiraiwai hiraiwai (Sato & Suzuki, 1939) (Japan)
  • Leiobunum hiraiwai fujiSuzuki, 1976 (Japan)
  • Leiobunum hiraiwai izuenseSuzuki, 1976 (Japan)
  • Leiobunum hiraiwai longumSuzuki, 1976 (Japan)
  • Leiobunum hiraiwai shiranenseSuzuki, 1976 (Japan)
  • Leiobunum ischionotatum ischionotatum (Dugès, 1884) (Mexico)
  • Leiobunum ischionotatum luteovittatumRoewer, 1912 (Mexico)
  • Leiobunum japanense japanense (Müller, 1914) (Japan)
  • Leiobunum japanense japonicum (Suzuki, 1940) (Japan, Korea, Taiwan)
  • Leiobunum japanense uenoiSuzuki, 1964 (Japan)
  • Leiobunum longipes longipesWeed, 1890 (USA – northern)
  • Leiobunum longipes aldrichiWeed, 1893 (USA – northern)
  • Leiobunum maximum distinctumSuzuki, 1973 (Japan)
  • Leiobunum maximum formosumSuzuki, 1976 (Taiwan)
  • Leiobunum maximum maximumRoewer, 1910 (China, Japan, Taiwan)
  • Leiobunum maximum yushanSuzuki, 1976 (Taiwan)
  • Leiobunum montanum montanumSuzuki, 1953 (Japan)
  • Leiobunum montanum sobosanumSuzuki, 1976 (Japan)
  • Leiobunum politum politumWeed, 1890
  • Leiobunum politum magnumWeed, 1893 (USA – Mississippi)

[see also Leiobunum albigenium Sorensen, 1911 (Syria)]

  • Leiobunum ventricosum ventricosum (Wood, 1870)
  • Leiobunum ventricosum hiemale (Weed, 1890) (USA – southeastern)
  • Leiobunum ventricosum floridanumDavis, 1934 (Florida)
  • Leiobunum vittatum vittatum (Say, 1821)
  • Leiobunum vittatum dorsatumSay, 1821 (USA -northern)
  • Leiobunum vittatum minorWeed, 1892 (USA – South Dakota)

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Opiliones</span> Order of arachnids

The Opiliones are an order of arachnids, colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, harvest spiders, or daddy longlegs. As of July 2024, over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, although the total number of extant species may exceed 10,000. The order Opiliones includes five suborders: Cyphophthalmi, Eupnoi, Dyspnoi, Laniatores, and Tetrophthalmi, which were named in 2014.

<i>Theridion</i> Genus of spiders

Theridion is a genus of tangle-web spiders with a worldwide distribution. Notable species are the Hawaiian happy face spider (T. grallator), named for the iconic symbol on its abdomen, and T. nigroannulatum, one of few spider species that lives in social groups, attacking prey en masse to overwhelm them as a team.

<i>Pardosa</i> Genus of spiders

Pardosa is a large genus of wolf spiders, commonly known as the thin-legged wolf spiders. It was first described by C. L. Koch, in 1847, with more than 500 described species that are found in all regions of the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phalangodidae</span> Family of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

The Phalangodidae are a family of harvestmen with about 30 genera and more than 100 described species, distributed in the Holarctic region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sclerosomatidae</span> Family of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

The Sclerosomatidae are a family of harvestmen with about 1,300 known species. One former subfamily has been recently removed to form a new family, Globipedidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Triaenonychidae</span> Family of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

The Triaenonychidae are a family of harvestmen with about 120 genera and more than 440 described species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nemastomatidae</span> Family of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

The Nemastomatidae are a family of harvestmen with about 170 described species in 16 recent genera. Several fossil species and genera are known.

The Stygnopsidae are a small family of harvestmen, with almost all species found in Mexico.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samoidae</span> Family of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

Samoidae is a family of the harvestman infraorder Grassatores with about fifty described species.

<i>Prionostemma</i> Genus of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

Prionostemma is a large genus of harvestmen in the family Sclerosomatidae from Mexico, Central America, and South America.

<i>Metopilio</i> Genus of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

Metopilio is a genus of harvestmen in the family Globipedidae from Mexico and Central America.

<i>Nelima</i> Genus of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

Nelima is a genus of harvestmen in the family Sclerosomatidae.

<i>Taracus</i> Genus of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

Taracus is a genus of harvestman, or Opiliones, typically found living in limestone and lava caves in the United States. They grow to a size of 2.0–5.5 mm (0.08–0.22 in).

References

  1. ↑ Weed, Clarence M., 1889: A descriptive catalogue of the Phalangiinae of Illinois. In: Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Urbana, Ill., 3(5):81–82:
  2. ↑ Wijnhoven et al. 2007
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Leiobunum". GBIF. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  4. ↑ "Leiobunum Genus Information". BugGuide.net. Archived from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.