Limoniastrum monopetalum

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Limoniastrum monopetalum
Salgado plant on the beach.jpg
Limoniastrum monopetalum in Ria Formosa, the Algarve, Portugal
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Plumbaginaceae
Genus: Limoniastrum
Species:
L. monopetalum
Binomial name
Limoniastrum monopetalum
Synonyms [1]
  • Bubania monopetala(L.) Girard
  • Limoniastrum articulatumMoench
  • Limoniastrum multiflorumBonhomme & P.Fourn.
  • Limonium monopetalum(L.) Hill
  • Limonium siculumMill.
  • Statice denudataRegel & Körn.
  • Statice monopetalaL.
  • Statice scabraPers.
  • Taxanthema monopetalum(L.) Sweet

Limoniastrum monopetalum ('grand statice'), is a species of flowering plant in the family Plumbaginaceae that is native to between Europe, Northern Africa and Western Asia. It has been found in salt marshes, dunes and other coastal areas with high salinity levels. It has silver-grey or light green leaves on multi branching stems. At the ends of the stems are the summer blooming flowers, in shades of pink, purple, lavender and violet. It is known to be salt and drought tolerant (as a Halophyte), as well as having the ability to withstand some forms of soil pollution.

Contents

Description

Branch and leaves of Limoniastrum monopetalum Limoniastrum monopetalum1.jpg
Branch and leaves of Limoniastrum monopetalum

Limoniastrum monopetalum is a small evergreen shrub, [2] [3] that has long thread-like and tufted fine roots, with ephemeral roots that are produced in a wet season and then vanish afterwards. The wide spread of the roots helps the plant withstand the high salinity conditions and they can also travel down to at least 50 cm to reach the water table. [4]

It can grow up to between 90–120 cm (35–47 in) tall, [5] [6] [7] with much branched, [6] [7] and leafy stems. [5] [8] They are terete (round in cross-section) and grey in colour. [5] The leaves are normally at the top of the branches, leaving the base of the branch, bare with leaf scars. [9]

It has light green, [10] green-grey, [11] or silvery blue-green, [7] leather-like, [8] stiff, narrowly spathulate (spoon-shaped) leaves. [12] [11] They are covered with white granulations; [9] calcareous (carbonate deposits [9] ) tubercles. [12] This gives the plant a whitish grey aspect. [12]

It blooms between mid Spring and early Summer. [3] [7] Variously; between March to November, [9] between July and August, [10] or June to August. [6] The numerous flowers, [7] come in shades of pink, [6] [9] lavender pink, [13] purple-pink, [10] [7] or lavender flowers. [3] As they die they fade to violet. [9] [11]

They have articulated rachis (spine) and tubular [9] or funnel-shaped corolla (the petals of a flower), [8] they appear at the ends of the branches. [6] [7] [11] They have leathery bracts, the external sepals are 2.5-7 mm and the internal sepals are 7.5-9 mm long, scarious (dry and membranous), covered almost entirely by the internal bract. It also has 5 stamens. [9]

After flowering it produces a fruit (or seed capsule), which is membranous, indehiscent and included in the calyx. [9]

Biochemistry

Limoniastrum monopetalum, Parque Natural Bahia de Cadiz, San Fernando, Cadiz, Spain Limoniastrum monopetalum 2.JPG
Limoniastrum monopetalum, Parque Natural Bahía de Cádiz, San Fernando, Cádiz, Spain

It is a halophyte plant, [8] and the leaves of Limoniastrum monopetalum have been studied to determine how the plants phenolic contents and biological activities coped with various solvent effects. [14] [15]

In 2014, the salt excretion crystals on the leaf surface of the plant were studied as a possible metal detoxification mechanism. [16]

Taxonomy

Illustration of Limoniastrum monopetalum by Sydenham Edwards in The Botanical Register Edwards' botanical register, or, Ornamental flower-garden and shrubbery .. (1829-1847) (20552012764).jpg
Illustration of Limoniastrum monopetalum by Sydenham Edwards in The Botanical Register

It is known in Mali as 'zeïta' and 'zita' in Arabic. [5] It is known in Spanish as 'Salado' or 'Verdolaga seca', [17] and in Catalan as 'Ajocagripaus'. [6]

It has the common name of 'Grand statice', [8] [18] (reflecting the former name of the genus).

The Latin specific epithet monopetalum derived from 'monopetalus', [9] and refers to 'mono' and 'petal' meaning one petal. [19]

Using an earlier description by Carl Linnaeus when he had named it as Statice monopetala in his book Species Plantarum in 1753. [20] After the genus Statice was re-classified as 'Limoniastrum', it was then first published as Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss by Pierre Edmond Boissier in 'Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis' Vol.12 on page 689 in 1848. [21]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 9 August 1995, as Limoniastrum monopetalum, [22] and it is an RHS Accepted name and was last-listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2016. [23]

Distribution and habitat

Plants growing in the sand dunes, Ria Formosa in the Algarve, Portugal Salgado plants in dunes.jpg
Plants growing in the sand dunes, Ria Formosa in the Algarve, Portugal

Limoniastrum monopetalum is native to temperate areas between Europe, Northern Africa and Western Asia. [22]

Range

It is found in Europe, in the Mediterranean countries of Portugal, [23] [24] Corsica, [8] Spain, France, Greece, [1] [25] Balearic Islands of Mallorca and Menorca, [6] and Italy (incl. Sardinia and Sicily). [22] Within North Africa and Asia, [5] it is found in Algeria, Libya and Egypt. [22] [26]

It has been introduced to Morocco and Tunisia. [22] [27]

Since 1995, it has been found in the Canary Islands. [28]

Habitat

In Egypt, it is found in salt marshes, [24] [29] coastal sand dunes and rocky ridges habitats. [6] [26] It is also found in the dunes of the salt marsh around Lake Manzala and Lake Mariut, on the west Mediterranean coast and also the salt marshes near Sallum. [29] In Portugal, it is found in salt marshes with Atriplex portulacoides . [24]

It is often found growing alone. [30]

Protection status

It appears on the list of plant species protected throughout mainland France. [31] [32]

Cultivation

Close-up of the flowers, taken in Ibiza, Spain Limoniastrum monopetalum (748324786).jpg
Close-up of the flowers, taken in Ibiza, Spain

L. monopetalum is hardy enough for a Mediterranean climate. It can take sporadic frosts down to -5 ºC. [11] This means between USDA Zone 10a to Zone 11. [3]

They can grow in any type of soil, even in poor and salty soils, [7] [11] and it grows well in sandy soils, [10] and can tolerate neutral or acidic soils (with pH levels between 6.6 – 7.8). [3]

It prefers to grow in positions in full sun, [11] [7] [3] but is very resistant to drought, [3] [7] and pollution. [11]

It is suitable for coastal planting, [7] [11] and they have been used in Mediterranean coastal gardens to cover slopes, planted in bushy groups and in pots and planters. They can combine well with plants of the genus; Cistus, Salvia, Rosmarinus, Eriocephalus and Bupleurum. [11] In the Baleares, it has been grown as a groundcover for motorway roadsides, [6] although in some littoral (near shore) areas it has become naturalized. [33]

They are not usually attacked by the usual Mediterranean pests and diseases. [11]

Propagation

Limoniastrum monopetalum can be propagated in summer by cuttings, [11] using the stem-tip method or by In vitro micropropagation. [34] It was noted that cuttings taken in the winter or the spring, were more successful than those collected in summer or autumn. [35]

Cultivars

There is one known cultivar; Limoniastrum monopetalum 'Carnaval' which is an evergreen subshrub that forms a mound, and has fleshy, spoon-shaped to narrowly lance-shaped, grey-green leaves and magenta flowers that bloom from early summer to early autumn. It is frost hardy. [36] [37]

Uses

Limoniastrum monopetalum is a traditional medicinal species which a leaf infusion exhibits anti-dysenteric properties against infectious diseases. [14] [34] L. monopetalum and Limoniastrum guyonianum have been studied for antioxidant status. [27]

Limoniastrum monopetalum is used as fodder for camels, [5] especially during the winter. [38] It is also used in farms as a fuel source. [5]

The shrub is also an ecological habitat of a large number of insects such as Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera (including Oecocecis guyonella , Acalyptris limoniastri),as the larvae feed on the plant and they create a gall on a branch, in which to pupate. [27]

In southern Tunisia, these galls are used to tan leather and in the dyeing of hair. [34] They can also be used medically, an infusion (tea) of galls and the leaf is used against infectious or parasitic disease causing diarrhoea. [34] [39]

Limoniastrum monopetalum is a potential plant to be used for xeriscaping, [3] and landscape architecture in semi-arid Mediterranean areas, especially with poor, saline, neglected or degraded soils. It also has ecological value, as a sand accumulator (using the roots), salt tolerant windbreak. [34]

Soil Contamination

In Al-Alamein, Egypt near (El-Hammra station, the main crude oil pipeline terminal) the environment is contaminated with crude oil spill as a result of various activities from refineries; such as oilfield blowouts, tanker and pipeline break-ups. The area was previously was a mixture of various common halophytes species. However, Limoniastrum monopetalum is now the only recorded species found growing in the oil-contaminated soil, since 2002. [40] A 2011 study was carried out on the L. monopetalum populations established on the crude oil polluted soil. [41]

It has been also found that the plant's salt glands can also absorb small amounts of cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb). [16] It can also absorb Zinc (Zn). [42] This means the plant has phytoremediation potentials. [16] [2]

Related Research Articles

Halotolerance is the adaptation of living organisms to conditions of high salinity. Halotolerant species tend to live in areas such as hypersaline lakes, coastal dunes, saline deserts, salt marshes, and inland salt seas and springs. Halophiles are organisms that live in highly saline environments, and require the salinity to survive, while halotolerant organisms can grow under saline conditions, but do not require elevated concentrations of salt for growth. Halophytes are salt-tolerant higher plants. Halotolerant microorganisms are of considerable biotechnological interest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Halophyte</span> Salt -tolerant plant

A halophyte is a salt-tolerant plant that grows in soil or waters of high salinity, coming into contact with saline water through its roots or by salt spray, such as in saline semi-deserts, mangrove swamps, marshes and sloughs and seashores. The word derives from Ancient Greek ἅλας (halas) 'salt' and φυτόν (phyton) 'plant'. Halophytes have different anatomy, physiology and biochemistry than glycophytes. An example of a halophyte is the salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora. Relatively few plant species are halophytes—perhaps only 2% of all plant species. Information about many of the earth's halophytes can be found in the ehaloph database.

<i>Kosteletzkya pentacarpos</i> Species of aquatic plant

Kosteletzkya pentacarpos, the seashore mallow, also known as the saltmarsh mallow, sweat weed, Virginia saltmarsh mallow, or hibiscus à cinq carpelles, is an herb found in marshes along the eastern seashore of North America, parts of coastal Southern Europe, southwestern Russia, and Western Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plumbaginaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Plumbaginaceae is a family of flowering plants, with a cosmopolitan distribution. The family is sometimes referred to as the leadwort family or the plumbago family.

<i>Limonium</i> Genus of flowering plants

Limonium is a genus of about 600 flowering plant species. Members are also known as sea-lavender, statice, caspia or marsh-rosemary. Despite their common names, species are not related to the lavenders or to rosemary. They are instead in Plumbaginaceae, the plumbago or leadwort family. The generic name is from the Latin līmōnion, used by Pliny for a wild plant and is ultimately derived from the Ancient Greek leimon.

<i>Portulaca oleracea</i> Annual succulent in the family Portulacaceae

Portulaca oleracea is an annual succulent in the family Portulacaceae.

<i>Salsola soda</i> Species of plant

Salsola soda, the opposite-leaved saltwort, oppositeleaf Russian thistle, or barilla plant, is a small, annual, succulent shrub that is native to the Mediterranean Basin. It is a halophyte that typically grows in coastal regions and can be irrigated with salt water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Riserva naturale integrale Saline di Trapani e Paceco</span> Italian nature reserve

Riserva naturale orientata Saline di Trapani e Paceco is an Italian nature reserve in the Province of Trapani between the municipalities of Trapani and Paceco on the west coast of Sicily. It was founded in 1995 and in the framework of the Ramsar Convention entrusted to WWF Italy. Its area of 987 hectares consists of two zones. Besides Mediterranean flora and fauna, there is a saline work museum in an old salt mill.

<i>Atriplex semibaccata</i> Species of plant

Atriplex semibaccata, commonly known as Australian saltbush, berry saltbush, or creeping saltbush, is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae and is endemic to Australia. It is a perennial herb native to Western Australia, South Australia, Queensland and New South Wales, but has been introduced into other states and to overseas countries. It flowers and fruits in spring, and propagates from seed when the fruit splits open. This species of saltbush is adapted to inconsistent rainfall, temperature and humidity extremes and to poor soil. It is used for rehabilitation, medicine, as a cover crop and for fodder. Its introduction to other countries has had an environmental and economic impact on them.

<i>Cakile maritima</i> Species of plant

Cakile maritima, sea rocket or European searocket, is a common plant in the mustard family Brassicaceae. It is widespread in Europe, North Africa and western Asia, especially on coastlines. It can now be found in many other areas of the world where it has been introduced. It is present on the west and east coasts of North America, where it has the potential to become an invasive species. This is an annual plant which grows in clumps or mounds in the sand on beaches and bluffs. The shiny leaves are fleshy, green and tinted with purple or magenta, and long-lobed. It has white to light purple flowers and sculpted, segmented, corky brown fruits one to three centimetres long. The fruits float and are water-dispersed.

<i>Nitraria retusa</i> Species of plant in the family Nitrariaceae

Nitraria retusa, commonly known as Nitre bush, is a salt-tolerant and drought-resistant shrub in the family Nitrariaceae. It can grow to heights of 2.5 metres, although it seldom exceeds more than 1 m in height. It produces small white/green coloured flowers and small edible red fruit. The plant is native to desert areas of northern Africa, where it grows in primary succession on barren sand dunes, and in areas with high salinities such as salt marshes.

<i>Juncus roemerianus</i> Species of flowering plant

Juncus roemerianus is a species of flowering plant in the rush family known by the common names black rush, needlerush, and black needlerush. It is native to North America, where its main distribution lies along the coastline of the southeastern United States, including the Gulf Coast. It occurs from New Jersey to Texas, with outlying populations in Connecticut, New York, Mexico, and certain Caribbean islands.

<i>Salicornia europaea</i> Species of flowering plant in the amaranth family Amaranthaceae

Salicornia europaea, known as common glasswort or just glasswort, is a halophytic annual dicot flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae. Glasswort is a succulent herb also known as ‘Pickle weed’ or ‘Marsh samphire’. As a succulent, it has high water content, which accounts for its slightly translucent look and gives it the descriptive name “glasswort.” To some people, it is known as “chicken toe” because of its shape. To others, it is called “saltwort.” It grows in various zones of intertidal salt marshes, on beaches, and among mangroves.

<i>Batis maritima</i> Species of flowering plant

Batis maritima, the saltwort or beachwort, is a halophyte. It is a C3-plant, long-lived perennial, dioecious, succulent shrub. The plant forms dense colonies in salt marshes, brackish marshes, and mangrove swamps and frequently is found on the margins of saltpans and wind-tidal flats. Batis maritima is a pioneer plant, covers quickly areas where hurricanes have destroyed the natural vegetation.

Suaeda fruticosa is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae. It is a small shrub, with very variable appearance over its wide range. It is a halophyte, and occurs in arid and semi-arid saltflats, salt marshes and similar habitats.

<i>Limonium narbonense</i> Species of flowering plant

Limonium narbonense is a species of sea lavender belonging to the family Plumbaginaceae.

<i>Limoniastrum</i> Genus of shrubs

Limoniastrum is a genus of plants in the family Plumbaginaceae, containing two known species of subshrubs found the Mediterranean region, within Africa and southern Europe.

<i>Arthrocaulon macrostachyum</i> Species of flowering plant

Arthrocaulon macrostachyum, synonym Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, is a species of flowering plant in the amaranth family. It is native to coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea and parts of the Middle East, where it grows in coastal and inland salt marshes, alkali flats, and other habitats with saline soils.

<i>Halocnemum strobilaceum</i> Species of plant

Halocnemum strobilaceum is a species of flowering plant in the subfamily Salicornioideae of the family Amaranthaceae. It is native to coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea and parts of the Middle East and central Asia, where it grows in coastal and inland salt marshes, alkali flats, and other habitats with saline soils.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biosaline agriculture</span> Production of crops in salt-rich conditions

Biosaline agriculture is the production and growth of plants in saline rich groundwater and/or soil. In water scarce locations, salinity poses a serious threat to agriculture due to its toxicity to most plants. Abiotic stressors such as salinity, extreme temperatures, and drought make plant growth difficult in many climate regions. Integration of biosaline solutions is becoming necessary in arid and semiarid climates where freshwater abundance is low and seawater is ample. Salt-tolerant plants that flourish in high-salinity conditions are called halophytes. Halophyte implementation has the potential to restore salt-rich environments, provide for global food demands, produce medicine and biofuels, and conserve fresh water.

References

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  21. ↑ "Limoniastrum monopetalum | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. International Plant Names Index.
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  27. 1 2 3 Debouba, Mohamed; Zouari, Sami; Zouari, Nacim (September 2013). "Evaluation of Antioxidant Status of Two Limoniastrum Species Growing Wild in Tunisian Salty Lands". Antioxidants. 2 (3): 122–131. doi: 10.3390/antiox2030122 . PMC   4665439 . PMID   26784341.
  28. ↑ Barone, Rubén; Mesa, Ricardo; Scholz, Stephan (November 1995). "Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss. (Plumbaginaceae), adición a la flora de Fuerteventura (Islas Canarias)". Botánica Macaronésica. 21: 59–60.
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  31. ↑ Inventory of Protected Plants in France , Philippe Danton and Michel Baffray, Nathan, 1995, page 160.
  32. ↑ Red Book of Threatened Flora of France , volume 1: Priority species. National Museum of Natural History , 1995, page 274.
  33. ↑ Barone, Rubén; Scholz, Stephan; Mesa, Ricardo (16 November 1995). "Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss. (Plumbaginaceae), adición a la flora de Fuerteventura (Islas Canarias)". Botánica Macaronésica. 21: 59–60.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 Martini, Aikaterini N.; Papafotiou, Maria (20 February 2020). "In Vitro Propagation and NaCl Tolerance of the Multipurpose Medicinal Halophyte Limoniastrum monopetalum". HortScience. 55 (4): 436–443. doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI14584-19 .
  35. ↑ Martini, A.N.; Papafotiou, M. (2016). "Micropropagation of Limoniastrum monopetalum L.". Acta Hortic. 1113 (1113): 195–200. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1113.29.
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  37. ↑ Gay, Jennifer. "Thoughts on Gardening on the Island of Andros" . Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  38. ↑ Laudadio V., Dario M., Hammadi M., Tufarelli V. Nutritional composition of three fodder species browsed by camels (Camelus dromedarius) on arid area of Tunisia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 2008; 41: pages 1219–1224
  39. ↑ Chaieb M., Boukhris M. Flore Suscinte et Illustrée des Zones Arides et Sahariennes de Tunisie. Association de la Protection de la Nature et de l’Environnement; Sfax, Tunisia: 1998. pp. 204–205
  40. ↑ Hussein, Hussein S.; Terry, Norman (April 2002). "Phytomonitoring the unique colonization of oil-contaminated saline environment by Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss in Egypt". Environment International. 28 (1): 127–135. doi:10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00016-8. PMID   12046949.
  41. ↑ Ranya El-Bakatoushi, 'Identification and characterization of up-regulated genes in the halophyte Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss grown under crude oil pollution', Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2011, Pages 137-148
  42. ↑ Cambrollé, Jesús; Mancilla-Leytón, J.M.; Muñoz Vallés, Sara; Figueroa-Luque, Enrique (January 2013). "Evaluation of zinc tolerance and accumulation potential of the coastal shrub Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss". Environmental and Experimental Botany. 85: 50–57. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.08.007.

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