List of lichen species of Montana

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Lichinella nigritella from Bears Paw Mountains, Montana Lichinella nigritella - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg
Lichinella nigritella from Bears Paw Mountains, Montana

There are at least 41 species of Lichens, Ascomycota known to exist in Montana. [1] The Montana Natural Heritage Program has identified a number of lichen species as Species of Concern. [2]

Contents

The Ascomycota are a Division/Phylum of the kingdom Fungi, and subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi. They are the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species. [3] The defining feature of this fungal group is the "ascus" (from Greek: ἀσκός (askos), meaning "sac" or "wineskin"), a microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores, are formed. However, some species of the Ascomycota are asexual, meaning that they do not have a sexual cycle and thus do not form asci or ascospores. Previously placed in the Deuteromycota along with asexual species from other fungal taxa, asexual (or anamorphic) ascomycetes are now identified and classified based on morphological or physiological similarities to ascus-bearing taxa, and by phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences. [4] [5]

Further reading

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Montana Field Guide-Sac Fungi". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
  2. ↑ Species of Concern are native taxa that are at-risk due to declining population trends, threats to their habitats, restricted distribution, and/or other factors. Designation as a Montana Species of Concern or Potential Species of Concern is based on the Montana Status Rank, and is not a statutory or regulatory classification. Rather, these designations provide information that helps resource managers make proactive decisions regarding species conservation and data collection priorities. See the latest Species of Concern Reports for more detailed explanations and assessment criteria. "Montana Field Guide-Species of Concern" . Retrieved 2010-12-07.
  3. ↑ Kirk et al., p. 55.
  4. ↑ Lutzoni F, et al. (2004). "Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1446–80. doi: 10.3732/ajb.91.10.1446 . PMID   21652303.
  5. ↑ James TY, et al. (2006). "Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny". Nature. 443 (7113): 818–22. Bibcode:2006Natur.443..818J. doi:10.1038/nature05110. PMID   17051209. S2CID   4302864.
  6. ↑ "Montana Field Guide- Arctomiaceae". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  7. ↑ "Montana Field Guide-Brigantiaceae". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  8. ↑ "Montana Field Guide- Cladoniaceae". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  9. ↑ "Montana Field Guide- Collemataceae". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  10. ↑ "Montana Field Guide- Coniocybaceae". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  11. ↑ "Montana Field Guide-Hymeneliaceae". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  12. ↑ "Montana Field Guide-Lecanoraceae". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  13. ↑ "Montana Field Guide-Lobariaceae". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  14. ↑ "Montana Field Guide- Pannariaceae". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  15. ↑ "Montana Field Guide- Parmeliaceae". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  16. ↑ "Montana Field Guide-Parmeliaceae". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  17. ↑ "Montana Field Guide- Pertusariaceae". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  18. ↑ "Montana Field Guide-Physciaceae". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  19. ↑ "Montana Field Guide-Psoraceae". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  20. ↑ "Montana Field Guide-Ramalinaceae". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  21. ↑ "Montana Field Guide-Sphaerophoraceae". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  22. ↑ "Montana Field Guide-Stereocaulaceae". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  23. ↑ "Montana Field Guide- Umbilicariaceae". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
  24. ↑ "Montana Field Guide- Verrucariaceae". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-08.

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Ascomycota Division or phylum of fungi

Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species. The defining feature of this fungal group is the "ascus", a microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores, are formed. However, some species of the Ascomycota are asexual, meaning that they do not have a sexual cycle and thus do not form asci or ascospores. Familiar examples of sac fungi include morels, truffles, brewers' and bakers' yeast, dead man's fingers, and cup fungi. The fungal symbionts in the majority of lichens such as Cladonia belong to the Ascomycota.

Lichen Symbiosis of fungi with algae or cyanobacteria

A lichen is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship. Lichens have properties different from those of their component organisms. They come in many colors, sizes, and forms and are sometimes plant-like, but are not plants. They may have tiny, leafless branches (fruticose); flat leaf-like structures (foliose); grow crust-like, adhering tightly to a surface (substrate) like a thick coat of paint (crustose); have a powder-like appearance (leprose); or other growth forms.

Cladoniaceae Family of fungi

The Cladoniaceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the order Lecanorales. It is one of the largest families of lichen-forming fungi, with about 560 species distributed amongst 17 genera. The reindeer moss and cup lichens (Cladonia) belong to this family. The latter genus, which comprises about 500 species, forms a major part of the diet of large mammals in taiga and tundra ecosystems. Many Cladoniaceae lichens grow on soil, but other can use decaying wood, tree trunks, and, in a few instances, rocks as their substrate. They grow in places with high humidity, and cannot tolerate aridity.

<i>Lobaria pulmonaria</i> Species of lichenised fungus in the family Lobariaceae

Lobaria pulmonaria is a large epiphytic lichen consisting of an ascomycete fungus and a green algal partner living together in a symbiotic relationship with a cyanobacterium—a symbiosis involving members of three kingdoms of organisms. Commonly known by various names like tree lungwort, lung lichen, lung moss, lungwort lichen, oak lungs or oak lungwort, it is sensitive to air pollution and is also harmed by habitat loss and changes in forestry practices. Its population has declined across Europe and L. pulmonaria is considered endangered in many lowland areas. The species has a history of use in herbal medicines, and recent research has corroborated some medicinal properties of lichen extracts.

Lecanorales Order of fungi

The Lecanorales are an order of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. The order contains 26 families, 269 genera, and 5695 species.

Edible lichen

Edible lichens are lichens that have a cultural history of use as a food. Although almost all lichen are edible, not all have a cultural history of usage as an edible lichen.

<i>Xanthoparmelia</i> Genus of fungi

Xanthoparmelia is a genus of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Xanthoparmelia is synonymous with Almbornia, Neofuscelia, Chondropsis, Namakwa, Paraparmelia, and Xanthomaculina. This genus of lichen is commonly found in the United States, as well as Australia, New Zealand and Ecuador.

Arctomiaceae Family of lichens

The Arctomiaceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota, class Baeomycetales. The family was named by Theodor Magnus Fries in 1861, with Arctomia as the type genus. Species in this family are found in arctic and subarctic habitats, usually associated with bryophytes.

Syo Kurokawa was a noted Japanese lichenologist and 1994 recipient of the Acharius Medal. He studied under Mason Hale and Yasuhiko Asahina.

Yasuhiko Asahina Japanese lichenologist

Yasuhiko Asahina was a Japanese chemist and lichenologist. The standard author abbreviation Asahina is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

Austromelanelixia is a genus of five species of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. All species are found in the Southern Hemisphere.

Isolichenan An α-glucan occurring in certain species of lichens

Isolichenan, also known as isolichenin, is a cold-water-soluble α-glucan occurring in certain species of lichens. This lichen product was first isolated as a component of an extract of Iceland moss in 1813, along with lichenin. After further analysis and characterization of the individual components of the extract, isolichenan was named in 1881. It is the first α-glucan to be described from lichens. The presence of isolichenan in the cell walls is a defining characteristic in several genera of the lichen family Parmeliaceae. Although most prevalent in that family, it has also been isolated from members of the families Ramalinaceae, Stereocaulaceae, Roccellaceae, and Cladoniaceae. Experimental studies have shown that isolichenan is produced only when the two lichen components – fungus and alga – are growing together, not when grown separately. The biological function of isolichenan in the lichen thallus is unknown.

Thomas Hawkes Nash III is an American lichenologist. His research is about the biology and ecology of lichens, and the effects of air pollution on plants and lichens. He is known as an authority on the family Parmeliaceae. During his long career at the Arizona State University, he helped develop the lichen herbarium into a world-class collection with over 100,000 specimens representing more than 5000 species. In 2010, the year of his retirement, he was awarded the Acharius Medal for lifetime achievements in lichenology, and the following year had a Festschrift published in his honor.

Outline of lichens Overview of and topical guide to lichens

The following outline provides an overview of and topical guide to lichens.

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