The most severe cooling in the Northern Hemisphere in the last 2,000 years; likely caused crop failures and freezing for the Anglo-Saxons.[3]
10th century
Regular heatwaves
Extended droughts with regularity: also through the period summers lasted half a year and were often warm or very warm – some notably extreme summers.[4]
1014
Floods
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: "And in this year on St Michael's Eve [28 September], that great sea-flood came widely throughout this country, and ran further inland than it ever did before, and drowned many settlements and a countless number of human beings."[5]
Considered by some (e.g. Brooks[citation needed]) as the driest pair of consecutive years known in the record. The summer (and possibly the spring in London/south) of 1252 was outstandingly dry/hot, with the ensuing drought ruining crops and many people died from the excessive heat. Spring/summer 1253 was also noted as dry/hot London/south.[7][8]
Not known by that name, the flood killed hundreds in England. This flood, along with the South England flood of February 1287, contributed to the decline of Dunwich as a major port.
Dry, in 1538–39. In 1540–41, the River Thames was so low that seawater extended above London Bridge. Reports at the time suggest that there were many deaths due to the 'ague', and 1540 is described in contemporary chronicles as the 'Big Sun Year'.[10]
The bubonic plague spread north, but was stalled by the famous quarantine of Eyam.
1665–66
Long drought followed by a hot summer
Every month from November 1665 to September 1666 was dry. The climatological summer (June, July and August) of 1666 was amongst the top 10 or so of warm summers in the Central English Temperatures (CET) series (began 1659). CET also suggests that July 1666 had a mean value of 18°C (64°F), and August was 17°C (63°F). The heat and long drought added to a heightened risk of fire in populated areas. Lack of rain and hot temperatures helped spark the Great Fire of London (not itself classified as a natural disaster).[11] As a result, this year saw an end to the Great Plague of London due to extreme heat and fire.
1690s
Famine
Known as the seven ill years, it occurred throughout Scotland, killing 15% of the population.
1697
Hertfordshire hailstorm
The most severe hailstorm ever documented in the UK, travelling 25km from Hitchin (Hertfordshire) to Potton (Oxfordshire). At least one person was killed. Hailstones as large as bowling balls caused severe damage to homes.[12]
Series on tornados on 27 October, particularly in England and Wales. This day was the only known time in British history where two tornados exceeded F3 on the Fujita scale. One tornado in Edwardsville, Merthyr Tydfil, resulted in hundreds of injuries and six deaths and is the deadliest-known tornado to occur in the UK. The damage caused was around £100,000.
Right after WWII, blizzards blocked roads and cause blackouts, resulting in industrial stagnation. It was followed by heavy flooding in March, causing £250–375million of damage.
Hurricane-force winds cause 20 deaths in the Central Belt of Scotland. In Glasgow alone, over 300 houses were destroyed and 70,000 homes were damaged. Electrical power also failed in Glasgow, leaving the whole city in darkness. In total, the storm felled 8,000 hectares of forest across Scotland (1.6million cubic metres of timber). The storm, which affected Northern England, Scotland and Northern Ireland, received little attention from the BBC or the national press.[25]
The gale of 2–5 January resulted in severe wind damage across western and central Europe and coastal flooding around the southern North Sea coasts. At the time, this was the most severe storm over the British Isles.
1974–1975 was the mildest winter in England and Wales since 1869. However, during the first few days of June 1975, in and around London snow and sleet occurred. During the next week maximum temperatures of 27°C (81°F) were recorded each day across the country.[26] The summer of 1976 experienced five days of temperatures exceeding 35°C (95°F) somewhere in the UK. Between 23 June to 7 July, temperatures in London and other parts of Southern England reached above 32°C (90°F) for 15 consecutive days. The weather was settled and temperatures were above average, with many short and long periods of above 30°C (86°F) heat, between mid June to mid September. In 1976, the country suffered forest fires, grass fires and water shortages. Summer 1976 was followed by an extremely unsettled autumn.
A storm surge which occurred over 11–12 January caused extensive coastal flooding and considerable damage on the east coast of England between the Humber and Kent. Locally severe flooding occurred in Lincolnshire, The Wash, north Norfolk and Kent. Improvements in flood protection following the devastating flood of 1953 meant that the catastrophic losses seen during that storm were not repeated. The storm caused severe damage to many piers along the east coast of England.
The 1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak is regarded as the largest tornado outbreak in European history. 104 confirmed tornadoes touched down across Wales and central, northern and eastern England. 8 injuries were recorded but there were no casualties.
1981-now
AIDS outbreak
The first case of AIDS in the United Kingdom was reported in December 1981. The patient was a 49-year-old gay man who regularly visited Florida and was referred to a London hospital with opportunistic infections. The first UK death from AIDS was in London in July 1982, and was attributed to Terry Higgins, who was one of the first people in the UK to die of an AIDS-related illness. Millions of people have died from this plague since 1981.
After Michael Fish famously forecast "very windy" weather mainly over France, an unusually strong storm occurred in October 1987, with wind speeds widely over 100mph (160km/h) along England's southern coastline, and which killed 18 people in England. The great storm caused substantial damage over much of Southern England, downing an estimated 15million trees (including six of the seven eponymous oaks in Sevenoaks).
Periods of heavy snow and rainstorms lasting from December 1990 to February 1991 throughout the United Kingdom, Ireland and Western Europe. About 42 people died, almost all in the UK and Ireland.
The most violent winds ever successfully recorded unofficially hit the Northern isles of Scotland, with winds exceeding 200mph (320km/h), leading to the deaths of 2 people in Unst, Shetland and 1 person in Frei, Norway.
At the start of Easter 1998 (9–10 April) a stationary band of heavy rain affected the Midlands. This resulted in floods in which five people died and thousands had to be evacuated from their homes. The wettest area, with over 75mm (3.0in), stretched from Worcestershire towards The Wash and the flooded towns included Evesham, Leamington Spa, Stratford-upon-Avon, Bedford, Northampton and Huntingdon. On Maundy Thursday (9 April), thundery rain in the south of England moved northwards and became slow-moving from East Anglia through the Midlands to north Wales. This band gave some very heavy downpours with hail and thunder. On Good Friday (10th) the band rotated slowly anticlockwise spreading to Lincolnshire and the West Country and continued to rotate, with sleet and heavy bursts of rain in places. There was sleet and snow across the Pennines and north Wales during the evening.[27]
More than 2,000 people may have died in the UK alone as a result of the hottest summer recorded in Europe since 1540. Temperatures remained above 30°C (86°F) for 10 days, between 3 and 13 August. The highest temperature known and accepted was recorded at Faversham, Kent on 10 August when it reached 38.5°C (101.3°F). The death toll across Europe as a result of the heatwave was eventually estimated at 70,000.[35]
Killed 13 people. Gloucestershire suffered many road and rail closures, power cuts and evacuations, with 420,000 inhabitants left without drinking water requiring emergency assistance from the army. Other areas heavily affected included Yorkshire, Hull and Worcestershire. The disaster is estimated to have caused £6billion of damage.
River Wansbeck bursts its banks causing damage to 995 properties costing £40million. Flooding across the Midlands and North East England associated with a slow moving front of the low pressure system Mattea.[37]
Global outbreak of a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1. First cases confirmed 27 April 2009 in passengers returning from Mexico. 392 people were confirmed to have died in the UK.
Strong winds and heavy rain across the United Kingdom with the worst flooding concentrated in Cumbria. Four people were killed as a direct result of the flooding.[38]
The winter of 2010–2011 brought heavy snowfalls, record low temperatures, travel chaos and school disruption to Great Britain and Ireland. It included the UK's coldest December since Met Office records began in 1910, with a mean temperature of −1°C (30°F), breaking the previous record of 0.1°C (32.2°F) in December 1981.
A series of low pressure systems steered by the jet stream bring the wettest April in 100 years, and flooding across Britain and Ireland. Continuing through May and leading to the wettest beginning to June in 150 years, with flooding and extreme events occurring periodically throughout Britain and parts of Western Europe. On 9 June, severe flooding began around Aberystwyth, West Wales with people evacuated from two holiday parks. 150 people saved by lifeboats with 4–5ft (1.2–1.5m) of water. On 28 June, a large low-pressure area moved across Northern Ireland. Its fronts brought heavy rain and large hail to many areas in England. One man died from the storm.
Beginning in November 2012, there were a total of 1,219 cases of measles across Wales. 88 people were hospitalised during the epidemic and one person died.[39]
Torrential rain and winds of up to 100mph (160km/h) hit the south of England and Wales. 600,000 homes were left without power, and five people were killed. In Europe, another six people were killed by the same storm.
On 5 December 2013, a large depression that passed eastwards over Scotland brought strong northerly winds along the eastern coast of Britain. This coincided with the spring tide and caused a large tidal surge to affect large swathes of the east coast. Many settlements along the coast were severely flooded, with sea defences breached in many locations.
During the winter of 2013–14, the British Isles were in the path of several winter storms, which culminated in serious coastal damage and widespread persistent flooding. The storms brought the greatest January rainfall in Southern England since at least the year records began in 1910. The season saw persistent flooding on the Somerset Levels with recurrent fluvial flooding in Southern England of the non-tidal Thames, Severn and in Kent, Sussex and Hampshire and the Stour in Dorset. Briefer coastal flooding and wave battering damage took place in exposed parts of Dorset, Devon and Cornwall.
During the autumn of 2017, Ireland and the United Kingdom were hit by Hurricane Ophelia, which had completed its transition into an extratropical cyclone shortly before its landfall in Ireland and subjected the island to hurricane-force winds. Three people were killed by fallen trees in Ireland and 22,000 people were left without electricity. This also cut off internet access for some households across the UK.
Britain and Ireland were struck by a cold wave which began on 22 February and would affect most of Europe. Officially named Anticyclone Hartmut, the cold wave brought unusually low temperatures and heavy snowfall to the UK and would later combine with Storm Emma which would make landfall over South West England and Southern Ireland on 2 March. The lowest temperature recorded was −14.7 °C in Cairn Gorm. The cold spell was nicknamed the Beast from the East. 17 people in total died from this cold wave, with 95 casualties across Europe. This spell of cold weather cost £1.2billion in damages.
Summer 2018 was the fifth hottest in the CET records back to 1659, with the period May–July being the hottest such period on record.[40] During this period there was very little rainfall, with particularly low totals in North West England and South East England. Some places had more than 54 consecutive days without rainfall.[41] This led to wildfires. The dry weather continued into the autumn, with most places seeing less than 90% of average rainfall between September and November.[42] By November 2018, Northern England, the Northern Midlands, Eastern England and some parts of East Anglia were still ranked as 'severely dry'.[43]
From June 2018, many destructive wildfires struck the United Kingdom; the most prolonged and severe of these were in England, with some fires burning for over a month.[44]
Flooding in much of England in November. 2019 was the wettest year on record across parts of the Midlands, Central and Northern England.[45]Storm Ciara and Storm Dennis caused more flooding in February.
Worldwide pandemic of COVID-19, a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a new coronavirus originating in China, has caused over 188million cases and more than 4million deaths globally as of July 2021.[46] The United Kingdom recorded more than 22million cases and 178,064 COVID-19 deaths as of May 2022.[47]
Heavy rainfall on 12 July resulted in more than the average monthly rainfall total to be recorded in a 24-hour period across parts of the country. The London Fire Brigade received over 1000 calls relating to flooding, and Thames Water more than 2500 calls, as sewers filled up and flooded.[48] There was also flooding in Southampton.[49] By 14 July, the low pressure system moved over mainland Europe.
↑ Laing, Aislinn; Stokes, Paul; Bunyan, Nigel (20 November 2009). "Cumbria floods". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 22 November 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
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