List of parasites of the marsh rice rat

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The lone star tick is one of the parasites that the marsh rice rat shares with other mammals. Amblyomma americanum tick.jpg
The lone star tick is one of the parasites that the marsh rice rat shares with other mammals.

A variety of parasites have been recorded from the marsh rice rat (Oryzomys palustris), a semiaquatic rodent found in the eastern and southern United States, north to New Jersey and Kansas and south to Florida and Texas, and in Tamaulipas, far northeastern Mexico. [1] Some of these parasites are endoparasites, internal parasites, while others are ectoparasites, external parasites. [2]

Contents

Parasitologist John Kinsella compared the endoparasites of marsh rice rats in a saltwater marsh at Cedar Key and a freshwater marsh at Paynes Prairie, both in Florida, in a 1988 study. He found a total of 45 species, a number unequaled in rodents. [3] This may be related to the diverse habitats the rice rat uses and to its omnivorous diet; it eats a variety of animals which may serve as intermediate hosts of various parasites. The endoparasites in the saltwater marsh were dominated by trematodes (flukes), and those of the freshwater marsh by nematodes (roundworms). [3] Endoparasites were found in the gastric mucosa (which lines the stomach), the cavity of the stomach, the small intestine, the cecum, the large intestine, the pancreatic duct, the bile ducts, the mucus of the liver, the pulmonary arteries, the abdominal cavity, and the pleural cavity. [4] While the marsh rice rat harbors a number of host-specific species, [5] such as the nematode Aonchotheca forresteri , other parasite species, such as the lone star tick (pictured), are shared with other mammals. [6] Compared to the hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus), Florida marsh rice rats usually harbor fewer individual ectoparasites of each species. [7] Borrelia , the bacterium that causes Lyme disease, has been identified in some ticks that infect the marsh rice rat and it has been identified as a possible natural reservoir for Borrelia. [8]

Key

NameThe scientific name of the parasite species. A note is given where a species has been recorded on the marsh rice rat under different scientific names. Unnamed species are indicated with "sp." and parasites that could not be identified to species level are indicated with "unidentified".
Geographic occurrenceU.S. states where the parasite has been recorded on the marsh rice rat (no parasite records are available from the Mexican distribution of the marsh rice rat). This information is unavailable for some parasites.
Prevalence Prevalence of infection with the parasite in a studied marsh rice rat population. The prevalence is given either as a percentage (e.g., 10%) or as a fraction (e.g., 5/50, meaning that 5 out of 50 examined animals were infected with the parasite), together with the site of study. Prevalence figures are unavailable for some parasites.
Present on other species?"Yes" indicates that the parasite has also been recorded on other host species, "no" that it is (as far as known) specific to the marsh rice rat. For some unnamed species, the sources do not indicate whether or not the species is specific to the marsh rice rat.

Ectoparasites

Acari

The Acari include the mites and ticks. Many are parasites of other animals. [9] One study in South Carolina failed to find ticks on marsh rice rats living in marshes, which are an unsuitable habitat for the parasites. [10]

NameGeographic occurrencePrevalencePresent on other species?
Amblyomma americanum Georgia [11] –Yes [11]
Amblyomma maculatum South Carolina [12] –Yes [12]
Androlaelaps casalis [13] ––Yes [13]
Androlaelaps fahrenholzi [Note 1] Florida; [14] Georgia [15] 50% (Everglades, Florida); 60% (Hillsborough Co., Florida); [14] 3/29 (southwestern Georgia) [16] Yes [17]
Dermacentor variabilis Florida; [18] Georgia; [16] Missouri; [19] South Carolina; [20] Tennessee [21] 47% (Everglades); 65% (Hillsborough Co.); [18] 12/29 (southwestern Georgia); [16] 21% (Chester Co., South Carolina) [12] Yes, [11] but marsh rice rat is among most important hosts [19]
Euschoengastia peromysci Georgia [22] –Yes [22]
Euschoengastia setosa Georgia [22] –No [22]
Euschoengastia sp.Georgia [23] –No [23]
Eutrombicula batatas Florida [24] –No [24]
Eutrombicula splendens Florida; [24] Georgia [16] 95% (Hillsborough Co.); [24] 1/29 (southwestern Georgia) [16] Yes [24]
Gigantolaelaps mattogrossensis [Note 2] Florida; [24] Georgia; [16] Texas [25] 35% (Everglades); [24] 14/29 (southwestern Georgia) [16] Yes, but in the United States occurs mainly in rice rats [16]
Haemogamasus , unidentified speciesGeorgia [11] ––
Ixodes affinis Georgia [11] –Yes [11]
Ixodes brunneus Georgia [23] –Yes [23]
Ixodes cookei Virginia [26] –Yes [26]
Ixodes minor South Carolina [12] –Yes [12]
Ixodes scapularis Georgia; [11] North Carolina; [27] South Carolina; [28] Virginia [29] 30% (Outer Banks, North Carolina) [27] Yes [11]
Ixodes texanus Georgia [11] –Yes [11]
Ixodes , unidentified speciesFlorida [30] ––
Laelaps manguinhosi [Note 3] Florida; South Carolina; Texas [31] –None north of Mexico [31]
Laelaps sp.Florida; [24] Georgia [16] 50% (Everglades); 10% (Hillsborough Co.); [24] 4/29 (southwestern Georgia) [16] Yes, but occurs mainly in rice rats [24]
Listrophoridae, unidentified speciesFlorida; [18] Georgia [11] ––
Listrophorus , unidentified speciesGeorgia [16] 8/29 (southwestern Georgia) [16] –
Ornithonyssus bacoti [Note 4] Florida; [14] Georgia [16] 20% (Everglades); 50% (Hillsborough Co.); [14] 11/29 (southwestern Georgia) [16] Yes [14]
Ornithonyssus sp. [Note 5] Georgia [16] 1/29 (southwestern Georgia) [16] Yes [16]
Oryzomysia oryzomys [Note 6] Georgia [34] –No [34]
Prolistrophorus bakeri [Note 7] ––Yes [36]
Prolistrophorus grassii [Note 8] Georgia [34] –Yes [36]
Radfordia palustris [37] Florida; Georgia; South Carolina [37] –No [37]

Anoplura

Sucking lice (Anoplura) are a diverse group infecting placental mammals. [38] Species found on marsh rice rats include three of the common genus Hoplopleura [39] and Polyplax spinulosa , which more usually infects black and brown rats. [40]

NameGeographic occurrencePrevalencePresent in other species?
Hoplopleura hirsuta Georgia [16] 1/29 (southwestern Georgia) [16] Yes; usually occurs in cotton rats [41]
Hoplopleura oryzomydis [Note 9] Delaware; Florida; [42] Georgia; [22] Louisiana; [43] South Carolina; [42] Tennessee; Texas [43] 18% (Everglades); 35% (Hillsborough Co.); [30] 1/21 (Shelby County, Tennessee) [43] Yes [44]
Polyplax spinulosa Georgia; [16] Tennessee [40] 2/29 (southwestern Georgia) [16] Yes; normally infects Rattus [40]

Siphonaptera

Fleas (Siphonaptera) are common parasites of vertebrates, mainly mammals. [45] Several species of fleas have been found on the marsh rice rat. [46]

NameGeographic occurrencePrevalencePresent in other species?
Ctenocephalides felis Georgia [22] –Yes [22]
Ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes Missouri; [47] Tennessee [48] 2/21 (Shelby Co., Tennessee) [48] Yes [47]
Epitedia wenmanni Missouri [47] –Yes [47]
Polygenis gwyni Florida; [49] Georgia; [16] Mississippi; [50] South Carolina [51] 4/29 (southwestern Georgia); [16] 33% (Marion Co., Mississippi) [50] Yes; mainly found on the hispid cotton rat [51]
Stenoponia americana South Carolina; [52] Tennessee [53] 1/39 (Shelby Co.) [53] Yes [53]

Endoparasites

Unless otherwise specified, all information in this section is from Kinsella (1988, table 1).

Nematoda

Nematodes are among the largest animal phyla and include at least 12,000 known species that are parasites of vertebrates. [54] In Kinsella's 1988 study in Florida, species diversity was higher in the saltwater marsh (Cedar Key) than the freshwater marsh (Paynes Prairie), but nematodes at Paynes Prairie occurred more commonly [55] and made up the bulk of the parasites found in rice rats there. [3]

NameGeographic occurrencePrevalencePresent in other species?
Aonchotheca forresteri [Note 10] Florida46% (Paynes Prairie, Florida); 1% (Cedar Key, Florida)No [58]
Capillaria gastrica Florida4% (Paynes Prairie, Florida); 6% (Cedar Key, Florida)Yes [59]
Capillaria hepatica Florida8% (Paynes Prairie, Florida); 6% (Cedar Key, Florida)Yes [60]
Hassalstrongylus forresteri Florida92% (Paynes Prairie, Florida); 9% (Cedar Key, Florida) [Note 11] No [61]
Hassalstrongylus lichtenfelsi FloridaNo [61]
Hassalstrongylus musculi FloridaYes [61]
Litomosoides scotti Florida57% (Cedar Key, Florida)No [62]
Mastophorus muris Georgia; [63] Florida [64] 36% (Paynes Prairie, Florida); 1% (Cedar Key, Florida)Yes [63]
Monodontus sp.Florida1% (Cedar Key, Florida)–
Parastrongylus schmidti [Note 12] Florida7% (Paynes Prairie, Florida); 3% (Cedar Key, Florida)Not in the wild, but is able to infect other rodents in experiments [67]
Pterygodermatites ondatrae Florida20% (Paynes Prairie, Florida); 5% (Cedar Key, Florida) [Note 13] Yes [64]
Pterygodermatites sp.Florida–
Physaloptera hispida Florida35% (Paynes Prairie, Florida)Yes [64]
Physaloptera sp.Florida4% (Cedar Key, Florida)–
Skrjabinoclava kinsellai [Note 14] Florida28% (Cedar Key, Florida)No [68]
Spiruridae, unidentified larvaeFlorida5% (Cedar Key, Florida)–
Strongyloides sp.Florida30% (Paynes Prairie, Florida)–
Syphacia oryzomyos Florida42% (Paynes Prairie, Florida)No [69]
Trichostrongylus affinis Florida14% (Paynes Prairie, Florida); 6% (Cedar Key, Florida)Yes [64]
Trichostrongylus sigmodontis Florida8% (Paynes Prairie, Florida); 3% (Cedar Key, Florida)Yes [64]

Cestoda

Four tapeworms are known from the marsh rice rat, all in Florida, but three of those are usually found in other species and only rarely in the rice rat. [55]

NameGeographic occurrencePrevalencePresent in other species?
Hymenolepis diminuta Florida19% (Paynes Prairie, Florida); 1% (Cedar Key, Florida)Yes [55]
Taenia rileyi Florida1% (Cedar Key, Florida)Yes; usually infects bobcats [55]
Taenia mustelae Florida0.5% (Paynes Prairie, Florida)Yes; usually infects skunks and mustelids [55]
Cladotaenia circi Florida0.5% (Paynes Prairie, Florida); 1% (Cedar Key, Florida)Yes; usually infects hawks [55]

Digenea

Flukes (Trematoda) from the subclass Digenea are common parasites of small mammals with complex life cycles. [70] In his 1988 study, Kinsella found an unprecedented 21 species of trematodes in Florida marsh rice rats. The intermediate hosts of these trematodes include a variety of invertebrates, fish, and amphibians, which are eaten by the marsh rice rat. [3] Trematodes were generally more common at the Cedar Key saltwater marsh than at the freshwater marsh in Paynes Prairie. [55]

NameGeographic occurrencePrevalencePresent in other species?
Acanthotrema cursitans [Note 15] Florida52% (Cedar Key, Florida)Yes [72]
Ascocotyle angrense Florida25% (Cedar Key, Florida)Yes; occurs mainly in birds [73]
Ascocotyle pindoramensis [Note 16] Florida9% (Cedar Key, Florida)Yes; occurs mainly in birds [75]
Brachylaima virginianum [Note 17] Florida15% (Paynes Prairie, Florida)Yes; occurs mainly in the Virginia opossum [76]
Catatropis johnstoni Florida30% (Cedar Key, Florida)No other natural definitive host known, but occurs outside the range of the marsh rice rat and the normal host may be a bird [77]
Echinochasmus schwartzi Florida19% (Cedar Key, Florida)Yes [78]
Fibricola lucida Florida67% (Paynes Prairie, Florida); 11% (Cedar Key, Florida)Yes [79]
Gymnophalloides heardi [Note 18] Florida [80] 26% (Cedar Key, Florida)No [80]
Gynaecotyla adunca Florida15% (Cedar Key, Florida)Yes; normally infects birds [81]
Levinseniella deblocki [Note 19] Florida [82] 49% (Cedar Key, Florida)Yes [82]
Lyperosomum intermedium Florida45% (Cedar Key, Florida)No [83]
Maritrema heardi [Note 20] Florida [84] 19% (Cedar Key, Florida)No [86]
Maritrema prosthometra [Note 21] Florida5% (Cedar Key, Florida)Yes [87]
Maritrema sp. IFlorida69% (Cedar Key, Florida)Yes [55]
Microphallus basodactylophallus Florida94% (Cedar Key, Florida)Yes [88]
Microphallus nicolli Florida9% (Cedar Key, Florida)Yes [89]
Microphallus sp.Florida10% (Cedar Key, Florida)Yes [55]
Notocotylus fosteri Florida [90] 3/4 (Cedar Key, Florida) [90] No [90]
Odhneria odhneri Florida6% (Cedar Key, Florida)Yes [91]
Probolocoryphe glandulosa Florida56% (Cedar Key, Florida)Yes [88]
Urotrema scabridum Florida23% (Cedar Key, Florida)Yes [92]
Zonorchis komareki Florida1% (Cedar Key, Florida)Yes [93]

Pentastomida

Pentastomida is an enigmatic group of parasites that may be related to maxillopod crustaceans. [94] One species, Porocephalus crotali , is known from the marsh rice rat. [95] It infects various mammals in the southeastern United States, which serve as intermediate hosts; snakes which eat those mammals are the definitive hosts. [96]

NameGeographic occurrencePrevalencePresent in other species?
Porocephalus crotali Florida; [97] South Carolina [98] 12/105 (Levy County, Florida); [97] 3/17 (Bear Island, South Carolina) [98] Yes [97]

Apicomplexa

Apicomplexa is a major group of unicellular eukaryotes that encompasses several important parasites, including the malaria parasite Plasmodium . [99] Three species are known from the marsh rice rat, [95] all of which belong to the Eimerina clade. [100] Two are in the genus Eimeria , members of which cause the economically significant disease coccidiosis in poultry. [101] The third is a member of Isospora , which includes species that are pathogenic in humans and pigs. [102]

NameGeographic occurrencePrevalencePresent in other species?
Eimeria kinsellai Florida [103] –No [103]
Eimeria palustris Alabama [104] 7/19 (Tuskegee National Forest, Alabama) [105] No [105]
Isospora hammondi Alabama [104] 3/19 (Tuskegee National Forest, Alabama) [106] No [106]

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Previously reported as Haemolaelaps glasgowi, [14] but that name is a synonym of Androlaelaps fahrenholzi. [13]
  2. ↑ The Gigantolaelaps mite from the marsh rice rat was first described as Gigantolaelaps cricetidarum, a separate species, but later considered identical with G. mattogrossensis; some still consider the two to be different species. [25]
  3. ↑ Laelaps oryzomydis is a synonym. [31]
  4. ↑ Previously known as Bdellonyssus bacoti, [14] but since reassigned to Ornithonyssus . [32]
  5. ↑ Originally assigned to Bdellonyssus (spelled Bdelonyssus), [16] but that name is a synonym of Ornithonyssus. [33]
  6. ↑ Previously reported as Chilodiscoides oryzomys, [34] but now assigned to Oryzomysia . [35]
  7. ↑ Previously known as Listrophorus bakeri, [34] but since assigned to the genus Prolistrophorus. [36]
  8. ↑ Previously known as Listrophorus bakeri, [34] but since assigned to the genus Prolistrophorus. [36]
  9. ↑ Listed as Hoplopleura quadridentata by Worth (1950), [30] but later described as a separate species, Hoplopleura oryzomydis. [42]
  10. ↑ Originally placed in the genus Capillaria , [56] but later reassigned to Aonchotheca . [57]
  11. ↑ Because females of these three species cannot be distinguished, data were combined.
  12. ↑ Originally named Angiostrongylus schmidti by Kinsella (1971), [65] but moved to Parastrongylus by Ubelaker (1986). [66]
  13. ↑ Females of these two species cannot be distinguished, so data were combined.
  14. ↑ Listed as Skrjabinoclava thapari by Kinsella (1988), [4] but later described as a separate species. [68]
  15. ↑ Listed as Stictodora cursitans by Kinsella (1988), [4] but moved to Acantothrema in 2003. [71]
  16. ↑ Listed as Ascocotyle mollienisicola by Kinsella (1988), but that name is a synonym of A. pindoramensis. [74]
  17. ↑ Spelled Brachylaeme by Kinsella (1988).
  18. ↑ Reported as Parvatrema sp. by Kinsella (1988), but later described as Gymnophalloides heardi. [80]
  19. ↑ Reported as Levinseniella sp. by Kinsella (1988), and described as L. deblocki in 1995. [82]
  20. ↑ Reported as Maritrema sp. II by Kinsella (1988), [4] then described as the only member of its own genus, Floridatrema heardi, [84] and later again assigned to the genus Maritrema. [85]
  21. ↑ This species was called prosthrometra by Kinsella (1988); [4] the correct spelling is prosthometra. [87]

Related Research Articles

<i>Oryzomys</i> Genus of semiaquatic rodents

Oryzomys is a genus of semiaquatic rodents in the tribe Oryzomyini living in southern North America and far northern South America. It includes eight species, two of which—the marsh rice rat (O. palustris) of the United States and O. couesi of Mexico and Central America—are widespread; the six others have more restricted distributions. The species have had eventful taxonomic histories, and most species were at one time included in the marsh rice rat; additional species may be recognized in the future. The name Oryzomys was established in 1857 by Spencer Fullerton Baird for the marsh rice rat and was soon applied to over a hundred species of American rodents. Subsequently, the genus gradually became more narrowly defined until its current contents were established in 2006, when ten new genera were established for species previously placed in Oryzomys.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marsh rice rat</span> North American species of rodent

The marsh rice rat is a semiaquatic North American rodent in the family Cricetidae. It usually occurs in wetland habitats, such as swamps and salt marshes. It is found mostly in the eastern and southern United States, from New Jersey and Kansas south to Florida and northeasternmost Tamaulipas, Mexico; its range previously extended further west and north, where it may have been a commensal in corn-cultivating communities. Weighing about 40 to 80 g, the marsh rice rat is a medium-sized rodent that resembles the common black and brown rat. The upperparts are generally gray-brown, but are reddish in many Florida populations. The feet show several specializations for life in the water. The skull is large and flattened, and is short at the front.

Eimeria kinsellai is an apicomplexan parasite of the genus Eimeria that infects the marsh rice rat. It was discovered in 1970 at Paynes Prairie, Alachua County, Florida. A different Eimeria, Eimeria palustris, has been found in Alabama marsh rice rats. E. kinsellai differs from other Eimeria found in rice rats, such as Eimeria couesii, Eimeria oryzomysi, Eimeria ojastii, and E. palustris, in anatomical details. It was named after parasitologist John M. Kinsella.

Maritrema heardi is a parasitic fluke that infects the marsh rice rat in a salt marsh at Cedar Key, Florida. It was first listed as Maritrema sp. II in 1988, then described as the only species of a new genus, Floridatrema heardi, in 1994, and eventually reassigned in 2003 to Maritrema as Maritrema heardi. Its intermediate host is the fiddler crab Uca pugilator and it lives in the intestine of the marsh rice rat, its definitive host. Together with two other species of Maritrema, it is very common in affected marsh rice rats; it infects 19% of studied rats at Cedar Key. According to Tkach and colleagues, M. heardi is probably primarily a parasite of birds that has secondarily infected the marsh rice rat. Floridatrema was distinguished from Maritrema on the basis of its possession of loops of the uterus that extend forward to the place where the intestine is forked or even to the pharynx. Genetically, M. heardi may be closest to the morphologically similar M. neomi, which infects Neomys water shrews in the Carpathians.

Gigantolaelaps mattogrossensis is a mite from the Americas. It has been found on the marsh rice rat, hispid cotton rat, black rat, brown rat, and white-footed mouse in the United States. In Venezuela, it has been recorded from Holochilus brasiliensis, Sigmodon hirsutus, and Marmosa robinsoni. In Argentina, it has been found on Scapteromys aquaticus, Oligoryzomys flavescens, and Holochilus brasiliensis. The North American form was first described as a separate species, Gigantolaelaps cricetidarum, and is still occasionally considered as such.

Ascocotyle pindoramensis is a fluke in the genus Ascocotyle that occurs along the eastern coast of the Americas from Brazil to Nicaragua, Mexico, Louisiana, and Florida and doubtfully in Egypt. It occurs in the intestine of its definitive hosts. Hosts recorded in the wild include the least bittern, roseate spoonbill, great blue heron, striated heron, stripe-backed bittern, yellow-crowned night heron, black-crowned night heron, osprey, Neotropic cormorant, and marsh rice rat. In the marsh rice rat, it infected 9% of rats examined in a 1970–1972 study in the salt marsh at Cedar Key, Florida, but none in a freshwater marsh. A. pindoramensis has been experimentally introduced into the domestic duck, chicken, dog, house mouse, and golden hamster. It occurs in various body parts of its intermediate hosts—the poeciliid fish Phalloptychus januarius, Poecilia catemaconis, Poecilia mexicana, Poecilia mollienisicola, Poecilia vivipara, and a species of Xiphophorus and the cichlid Tilapia. It was first described as Pygidiopsis pindoramensis in 1928 and subsequently as Pseudoascocotyle mollienisicola in 1960. The latter species was moved to Ascocotyle in 1963, but only in 2006 it was recognized that the two represent the same species, which is now known as Ascocotyle pindoramensis. Other flukes from Argentina and Mexico that were identified as Pygidiopsis pindoramensis instead represent a different species of Pygidiopsis.

<i>Catatropis johnstoni</i> Species of fluke

Catatropis johnstoni is a fluke from the United States. It was first described in 1956 by Martin, who had found cercariae released by the snail Cerithidea californica in southwestern California. When the cercaria were fed into chickens, they developed into mature worms; Martin speculated that the natural host was a waterbird. In 1970, a study of helminths of the marsh rice rat in a saltmarsh at Cedar Key, Florida, found flukes similar to C. johnstoni. The fluke was present in 30% of 110 examined rice rats, with the number of worms per rat varying from 1 to 500. Some Cerithidea scalariformis snails from this marsh also released cercariae similar to C. johnstoni from California. When introduced into chickens, marsh rice rats, Mongolian gerbils, golden hamsters, and house mice, these cercariae developed into infectious flukes. Bush and Kinsella, who reported on the result in 1972, regarded the Florida and California flukes as the same species, as there were only minor size differences between them. Because no marsh-inhabiting rodent occurs in both California and Florida, they agreed with Martin that the normal host of C. johnstoni was most likely a bird, perhaps a rail or shorebird. Nevertheless, the rate of infection in the rice rat is too high for it to be just an accidental host; perhaps C. johnstoni is restricted to saltmarshes but not host-specific.

<i>Echinochasmus schwartzi</i> Species of fluke

Echinochasmus schwartzi is a fluke that infects dogs, muskrats, and marsh rice rats. It uses Fundulus fish as its intermediate host. Adults are similar to Echinochasmus microcaudatus, but differ in features of the oral sucker.

Ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes is a species of fleas in the family Hystrichopsyllidae. It is widespread in North America, east of the Rocky Mountains, and is found mainly on small mammals. In Missouri, it has been recorded on the Virginia opossum, northern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, raccoon, eastern chipmunk, Florida woodrat, prairie vole, woodland vole, white-footed mouse, including nests, marsh rice rat, hispid cotton rat, house mouse, and brown rat. Hosts recorded in Tennessee include the Virginia opossum, northern short-tailed shrew, eastern mole, eastern chipmunk, southern red-backed vole, rock vole, woodland vole, white-footed mouse, golden mouse, hispid cotton rat, marsh rice rat, and house mouse.

Epitedia wenmanni is a species of flea in the family Hystrichopsyllidae. It is common throughout North America and associated mainly with Peromyscus (deermice), although many other hosts have been recorded. In Missouri, it has been found on the cat, white-footed mouse, including nests, marsh rice rat, and western harvest mouse. Hosts recorded in Tennessee include the northern short-tailed shrew, eastern chipmunk, southern red-backed vole, white-footed mouse, and golden mouse.

Stenoponia americana is a species of large flea in the family Hystrichopsyllidae. It is widespread in North America east of the Great Plains and is found mainly on rodents, notably deermice (Peromyscus) and voles (Microtus). In Missouri, it has been recorded on the fox squirrel, brush mouse, cotton mouse, prairie vole, woodland vole, and white-footed mouse. Hosts recorded in Tennessee include the northern short-tailed shrew, woodland vole, white-footed mouse, hispid cotton rat, marsh rice rat, and house mouse. In South Carolina, recorded hosts include the cotton mouse, hispid cotton rat, and marsh rice rat.

Maritrema is a genus of trematodes (flukes) in the family Microphallidae, although some have suggested its placement in the separate family Maritrematidae. It was first described by Nikoll in 1907 from birds in Britain. Species of the genus usually infect birds, but several have switched hosts and are found in mammals, such as the marsh rice rat. Several species use the fiddler crab Uca pugilator as an intermediate host.

Odhneria odhneri is a digenean parasite in the genus Odhneria of family Microphallidae. It infects several species of shorebirds, including the willet, as well as the marsh rice rat.

Acanthotrema cursitans is a species of fluke in the genus Acanthotrema. It infects the marsh rice rat Oryzomys palustris, the raccoon Procyon lotor, the Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana, the snail Cerithidea scalariformis, and killifishes of the genus Fundulus on the Gulf Coast of Florida. It was first described as Cercaria cursitans in 1961, then moved to Stictodora in 1974, and to Acanthotrema in 2003.

Urotrema scabridum is a fluke in the genus Urotrema of family Urotrematidae. Recorded hosts include:

Monodontus is a genus of parasitic nematodes in the subfamily Bunostominae of family Ancylostomatidae. Most of its species occur in rodents and suids, but Monodontus louisianensis is from the white-tailed deer and Monodontus giraffae from the giraffe. An unspecified Monodontus has been recorded from the marsh rice rat in Florida.

<i>Amblyomma maculatum</i> Species of tick

Amblyomma maculatum is a species of tick in the genus Amblyomma. Immatures usually infest small mammals and birds that dwell on the ground; cotton rats may be particularly favored hosts. Some recorded hosts include:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Listrophoridae</span> Family of mites

Listrophoridae is a family of mites in the suborder Psoroptidia of the order Sarcoptiformes. The family contains small, long mites specialized for grasping the hairs of mammals. North American genera include:

Radfordia palustris is a species of mite in the subgenus Hesperomyobia of the genus Radfordia. It has been recorded on the marsh rice rat in Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina.

References

  1. ↑ Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1152; Wolfe, 1982, p. 1; Schmidt and Engstrom, 1994, p. 914
  2. ↑ Wolfe, 1982, p. 3; Whitaker and Hamilton, 1998, p. 281
  3. 1 2 3 4 Kinsella, 1988, p. 278
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Kinsella, 1988, table 1
  5. ↑ Kinsella, 1988, p. 275
  6. ↑ Kinsella, 1988, p. 279
  7. ↑ Worth, 1950, p. 334
  8. ↑ Sonenshine et al., 1993, p. 10; Levin et al., 1993, p. 12
  9. ↑ Borror and White, 1970, p. 52
  10. ↑ Clark et al., 2001, p. 1382
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Wilson and Durden, 2003, table 1
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Clark et al., 2001, p. 1381
  13. 1 2 3 Whitaker and Wilson, 1974, p. 4
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Worth, 1950, p. 329
  15. ↑ Wilson and Durden, 2003, table 3
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Morlan, 1952, table 2
  17. ↑ Whitaker and Wilson, 1974, p. 5
  18. 1 2 3 Worth, 1950, p. 331
  19. 1 2 Kollars et al., 2000, p. 640
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