List of vehicle speed records

Last updated

The following is a list of speed records for various types of vehicles. This list only presents the single greatest speed achieved in each broad record category; for more information on records under variations of test conditions, see the specific article for each record category. As with many world records, there may be some dispute over the criteria for a record-setting event, the authority of the organization certifying the record, and the actual speed achieved.

Contents

Land vehicles

By type of vehicle

CategorySpeed (km/h)Speed (mph)VehicleOperatorDateCertifierRefs
Land speed record [lower-alpha 1] 1,227.985763.035 ThrustSSC Andy Green 15 Oct 1997 FIA [2]
Wheel-driven [lower-alpha 2] 745.187463.038 Vesco Turbinator IIDave Spangler14 Aug 2018 SCTA [3] [4]
Piston-engine [lower-alpha 3] 722.204448.757Challenger 2 Danny Thompson 12 Aug 2018 SCTA [6]
Motorcycle [lower-alpha 4] 605.698376.363 Ack Attack Rocky Robinson25 Sep 2010 FIM [7]
Diesel-powered [lower-alpha 5] 563.998350.452 JCB DieselMax Andy Green 23 Aug 2006 FIA [8]
Electric-powered [lower-alpha 5] 550.627342.144Venturi Buckeye Bullet 3 Roger Schroer19 Sep 2016 FIA [8]
Steam-powered [lower-alpha 5] 238.679148.308 Inspiration Don Wales25 Aug 2009 FIA [8]
Wind-powered [lower-alpha 6] 225.58140.17Horonuku Glenn Ashby 24 Feb 2023 FISLY [10]
Human-powered [lower-alpha 7] 144.1789.58AeroVelo EtaTodd Reichert17 Sep 2016 IHPVA [12]
Solar-powered [lower-alpha 8] 91.33256.751Sky Ace TIGA Kenjiro Shinozuka 20 Aug 2014 GWR [13]
Tracked vehicle 121.975.7modified M113 APC Carl MayJul/Aug 1979 US Army [14]
Radio-controlled car (rocket-powered)338.14210.11Black KnightAnthony Lovering4 May 2016 GWR [15] [16]
Radio-controlled car (battery-powered)325.12202.02RC Bullet Nic Case 25 Oct 2014 GWR [17] [18]
  1. ↑ Average over two subsequent runs in opposite directions over a 1 mile (1.6 km) course, with flying start [1]
  2. ↑ Average over 1 mile (1.6 km), with a flying start
  3. ↑ Average over two subsequent runs with four hours to work on the vehicle in impound [5]
  4. ↑ Average over 1 kilometre (0.62 mi), with a flying start
  5. 1 2 3 Average over two subsequent runs in opposite directions over a 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) course, with flying start [1]
  6. ↑ Average over 50 metres (160 ft) [9]
  7. ↑ Unpaced on a straight surface -0.6% grade; [11] average over 200 metres (660 ft), with flying start (For other cycling records, see cycling records )
  8. ↑ For vehicles powered directly by solar power, without batteries

By surface

CategorySpeed (km/h)Speed (mph)VehicleOperatorDateCertifierRefs
On ice 335.7208.6 Audi RS 6 Janne Laitinen9 Mar 2013 FIA [19]
On the Moon 18.011.2 Apollo 17 Lunar Roving Vehicle
(LRV‑003)		 Eugene Cernan 11 Dec 1972(unofficial) [20]
On Mars 0.180.11 Mars Exploration Rovers
Spirit and Opportunity		 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, with semi‑autonomous controlJul 2004 GWR [21]

Rail vehicles

CategorySpeed (km/h)Speed (mph)VehicleOperatorDateCertifierRefs
Rocket sled 10,3266,416Super Roadrunner(uncrewed) / USAF 29 Apr 2003 [22]
Maglev rocket sled 1,019633(unnamed)(uncrewed) / USAF 4 Mar 2016 [23]
Rocket sled (crewed)1,017632Sonic Wind No. 1 John Stapp / USAF 10 Dec 1954 [24]
Maglev train (crewed)603375 SCMaglev L0 Series Central Japan Railway Company 21 Apr 2015 GWR [25]
Wheeled 574.8357.2 TGV POS V150 Eric Pieczac3 Apr 2007 [26] [27]
Propeller-driven230140 Schienenzeppelin Franz Kruckenberg 21 Jun 1931 [28] [29]
Steam-driven 202.6125.9 LNER Class A4
4468 Mallard 		Joseph Duddington and Thomas Bray3 Jul 1938 [30] [31] [32]

Aircraft

Aircraft speed records are based on true airspeed, rather than ground speed.

CategorySpeed (km/h)Speed (mph) Mach No. [lower-alpha 1] VehicleCrewDateCertifierRefs
Uncrewed aerial vehicle21,24513,201~20 HTV‑2 (uncrewed)22 Apr 2010(unofficial) [33]
Crewed, rocket-powered 7,2704,5206.7 North American X‑15A‑2 William J. Knight 3 Oct 1967 GWR [34] [35]
Crewed, air-breathing3,529.562,193.173.3 Lockheed SR‑71A Blackbird
#61‑7958		 Eldon W. Joersz 28 Jul 1976 FAI [36] [37]
Propeller-driven 927.4576.3~ 0.85 Piaggio P.180 Avanti Joseph J. Ritchie, Steve Fossett 6 Feb 2003 FAI [38] [39]
Piston-engined 850.24528.310.69 Grumman F8F Bearcat (modified)
Rare Bear 		Lyle Shelton 21 Aug 1989 FAI [40] [41]
Electric [lower-alpha 2] 555.9345.40.45 Rolls-Royce Accel
Spirit of Innovation 		Steve Jones19 Nov 2021 FAI [42]
Helicopter [note 1] 400.87249.090.33 Westland Lynx 800
G‑LYNX		John Egginton11 Aug 1986 FAI [43] [44]
Glider (sailplane) [lower-alpha 3] 306.8190.60.25 Schempp‑Hirth Nimbus‑4DM Klaus Ohlmann (pilot), Matias Garcia Mazzaro22 Dec 2006 FAI [45]
Airship [note 2] 115.171.50.09 Zeppelin Luftschifftechnik
LZ N07‑100 (DLZFN)		 Steve Fossett (pilot), Hans‑Paul Ströhle27 Oct 2004 FAI [47] [48]
Human-powered 44.3227.540.03 Musculair 2 Holger Rochelt2 Oct 1985 FAI [49] [50]
Ground effect vehicle See entry under § Watercraft.
  1. ↑ Mach number depends on ambient temperature, and thus altitude, as well as speed; it is not a direct measure of speed.
  2. ↑ Over a 3-kilometer course
  3. ↑ Average speed over an out-and-return course of 500 km

Noted unofficial records

  1. ↑ Unofficial helicopter speed records by the Sikorsky X2 (460 km/h on 15 September 2010) and the Eurocopter X3 (472 km/h on 7 June 2013) would surpass this record if accepted.
  2. ↑ Greater speeds reportedly achieved by rigid airships, including 140.3 kilometres per hour (87.2 mph) by the American USS Macon (ZRS-5), are not recognized by the FAI, because these runs did not account for wind speed by flying a set course in both directions. [46]

Watercraft

CategorySpeed
(knots)		Speed
(km/h)		Speed
(mph)		VehicleOperatorDateCertifierRefs
Water speed record 275.98511.11317.59 Spirit of Australia Ken Warby 8 Oct 1978 UIM [51] [52]
Propeller-driven226.78420.00260.97Problem ChildDaryl Ehrlich22 Nov 2009 IHBA, GWR [53] [54]
Wind-powered65.45121.2175.32 Vestas Sailrocket 2 Paul Larsen24 Nov 2012 WSSRC [55] [56]
Hovercraft [lower-alpha 1] 74.2137.485.4Universal UH19P
Jenny II		Bob Windt1 Jan 1995 WHF, GWR [57]
Human-powered 18.534.321.3 Decavitator Mark Drela27 Oct 1991 IHPVA [58] [59]
Human-powered submarine 8.03514.8819.247 Omer 5 Sebastien Brisebois,
Joel Brunet		28 Jun 2007 ISR [60]
Ground effect vehicle [lower-alpha 2] 350650400 Korabl Maket
"Caspian Sea Monster" 		Soviet Navy ca. 1966–1980(unofficial) [62]
Underwater vehicle There is no officially recognized speed record for underwater craft, due to the secretive nature of military vessels. In 1968, a Soviet November-class submarine reportedly tracked an American carrier group traveling at 31 knots (57 km/h; 36 mph). [63] Uncrewed torpedo speed claims range from 60 knots (110 km/h; 69 mph) for the British Spearfish torpedo [64] to 200 knots (370 km/h; 230 mph) for the Russian VA-111 Shkval. [65]
  1. ↑ Measured over 1 km with a flying start
  2. ↑ Ground effect vehicles (a.k.a. "Wing-In-Ground effect vehicles") are classified as maritime vessels, rather than aircraft, by the International Maritime Organization. [61]

Spacecraft

In order to unambiguously express the speed of a spacecraft, a frame of reference must be specified. Typically, this frame is fixed to the body with the greatest gravitational influence on the spacecraft, as this is the most relevant frame for most purposes. [66] Velocities in different frames of reference are not directly comparable; thus the matter of the "fastest spacecraft" depends on the reference frame used.

Because of the influence of gravity, maximum velocities are usually attained when a spacecraft is close to its primary body: either just after launch, at a point of closest approach (periapsis), or during the early stages of atmospheric entry.

Frame of referenceCategorySpeed relative to frame of referenceVehicleOperatorCrewDateRefs [lower-alpha 1]
km/hkm/smph
Sun Periapsis 635,000176395,000 Parker Solar Probe Flag of the United States.svg NASA (uncrewed)27 Sep 2023 [lower-alpha 2] [68]
Earth Escape 58,53616.2636,370 New Horizons Flag of the United States.svg NASA (uncrewed)19 Jan 2006 [69]
Entry 46,10012.828,600 Stardust Flag of the United States.svg NASA (uncrewed)15 Jan 2006 [70]
Entry (crewed) 39,89711.0824,790 Apollo 10 CSM Charlie Brown Flag of the United States.svg NASA Thomas Stafford, John Young,
Eugene Cernan 		26 May 1969 [71]
Mars Entry 27,0007.617,000 Mars Pathfinder Flag of the United States.svg NASA (uncrewed)4 Jul 1997 [72]
Jupiter Orbit insertion 209,00058130,000 Juno Flag of the United States.svg NASA (uncrewed)4 Jul 2016 [73] [66]
Entry 173,73648.26108,000 Galileo Flag of the United States.svg NASA (uncrewed)21 Sep 2003 [74]
Saturn Periapsis 122,0003476,000 Cassini Flag of the United States.svg NASA (uncrewed)27 Apr 2017 [75]
  1. ↑ Speed records in this class are generally reported by the spacecraft operator and not independently verified.
  2. ↑ Following one more gravity assist at Venus, the Parker Solar Probe is expected to beat this record, reaching a maximum speed at perihelion of approximately 200 km/s (720,000 km/h; 450,000 mph) on 24 December 2024. [67]

See also

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    "This large aircraft has flown at 650 km/h (350 knots) ..."
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  72. ↑ Edquist, Karl T.; Dyakonov, Artem T.; Wright, Michael J.; Tang, Chun Y. (25 June 2011). "Aerothermodynamic Design of the Mars Science Laboratory Backshell and Parachute Cone" (PDF). American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics . Retrieved 27 September 2016.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  73. ↑ Kremer, Ken (9 July 2016). "Welcome to Jupiter– NASA's Juno Achieves Orbit Around 'King of the Planets'" . Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  74. ↑ Bond, Peter (21 September 2003). "Galileo spacecraft crashes into Jupiter". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
  75. ↑ R. Thompson, Jay (27 April 2017). "Cassini's two speeds".
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