List of wave power projects

For a list of active wave power stations, see List of wave power stations.

Main article: Wave power

This article contains a list of proposed and prototype wave power devices.

Project	Developer	Location	Technology	Site	Distribution	Operation	Description
150 kW Indian Wave Energy Program	IIT Madras	Vizhinjam, India	OWC	Bottom Standing Near Shore	Electric to Grid	1991	The Wave Energy Group at Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras, funded by the Department of Ocean Development, Government of India built, operated, instrumented, and tested a 150 kW OWC Wave Energy nearshore bottom standing caisson with different turbines over a period of multiple decades. [1] Since the wave power in the equatorial region where this device was tested was low about 13 kW/m, the choice was for a multi-functional breakwater unit that could provide a safe harbor for fishing vessels and produce power more economically by sharing the costs of the structure. Electric power pumped to the grid was demonstrated. [2] The group has also researched directly producing desalinated water and thermal storage using refrigeration. These technologies alleviate the need for an electric grid and demonstrate alternate power generation appropriate for the location. [3]
Azura wave power device	US Navy Wave Energy Test Site	Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii	Submerged	Offshore	Electric	2016	45-ton wave energy converter located at a depth of 30 metres (98 ft). [4] [5] [6]
Albatern WaveNET	Albatern	Scotland, UK	Multi Point Absorber array	Offshore		2010	Albatern are working with their third iteration devices with a 14-week deployment on a Scottish fishfarm site in 2014, [7] and a 6 unit array deployment for full characterisation at Kishorn Port in 2015. [8] Initially working with smaller devices and arrays, the company is targeting off grid markets where diesel generation is presently used in offshore fish farms, coastal communities and long endurance scientific platforms. Demonstration projects are under development for fishfarm sites and an island community. [9]
AMOG, AEP WEC	Falmouth	Cornwall, UK	Surface dynamic vibration absorber	Offshore	Electric	2019	The AMOG Wave Energy Converter (WEC), in operation off SW England (2019) 1/3rd scale device was successfully deployed in the European 2019 summer at FaBTest. Financial support for the deployment came from the Marine-i scheme under the European Union Regional Development Grant and Cornwall Development Company. The device was built by Mainstay Marine in Wales, installed by KML from SW England and tank tested at AMC/Uni of Tasmania and Uni of Plymouth. [10] [11] It has a barge shaped hull with an in-air pendulum tuned to absorb the wave motion, rather than the hull. A PTO is situated on top of the pendulum with electricity generated and dissipated locally through immersion heaters submerged in the seawater. The device's maximum rating is 75 kW.
Anaconda Wave Energy Converter	Checkmate SeaEnergy.		Surface-following attenuator	Offshore	Hydroelectric turbine	2008	In the early stages of development, the device is a 200 metres (660 ft) long rubber tube which is tethered underwater. Passing waves will instigate a wave inside the tube, which will then propagates down its walls, driving a turbine at the far end. [12] [13]
AquaBuOY	Finavera Wind Energy, later SSE Renewables Limited	Ireland-Canada-Scotland	Buoy	Offshore	Hydroelectric turbine	2003	In 2009 Finavera Renewables surrendered its wave energy permits from FERC.[27] In July 2010 Finavera announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement to sell all assets and intellectual property related to the AquaBuOY wave energy technology. [14] [15] [16] [17]
Atmocean	Atmocean Inc.	USA	Point Absorber array	Nearshore & offshore	Pump-to-shore	2006	The Atmocean array consists of 15, 3m diameter surface buoys. Instead of direct seafloor connections, the entire array is anchored at 6 points. Each buoy uses passing waves to pump seawater into the system and send it onshore where it goes directly into an R/O desalination process without the need for an external energy source. Advantages of smaller modular system include using standard shipping containers and small boat operations. Two full scale trials were deployed off the coast of Ilo Perú in 2015. Additional are set for 2017. [18] Single Atmocean pump being deployed in Ilo, Perú (2015)
AWS-iii	AWS Ocean Energy	UK (Scotland)	Surface-following attenuator?	Offshore	Air turbine	2010	The AWS-III is a floating toroidal vessel. It has rubber membranes on the outer faces which deform as waves pass, moving air inside chambers which in turn drive air-turbines to generate electricity. AWS Ocean tested a 1/9 scale model in Loch Ness in 2010, and are now working on a full sized version which will be 60m across and should generate 2.5 MW. It is envisage these will be installed in offshore farms moored in around 100m depth of water. [19] [20] [21] [22]
	CalWave Inc.	US	Submerged pressure differential	Offshore			In 2021, CalWave Power Technologies, Inc. [23] commissioned its pilot unit device off the coast of San Diego. [24]
CCell	Zyba Renewables	United Kingdom	Oscillating wave surge converter	Nearshore & offshore	Hydraulic	2015	CCell is a directional WEC consisting of a curved flap operating mainly in the surge direction of wave propagation. Being curved gives the device two advantages over flat paddle oscillating wave surge converters: the energy is dissipated over a long arc reducing the wave height, and the shape cuts through the waves which reduces turbulence on the boundaries. In addition, unlike other oscillating wave surge converters, the latest version of CCell is designed to float just under the water surface, maximising the available wave energy. The developers claim this makes CCell the world's most efficient wave energy device. [25]
CETO Wave Power	Carnegie	Australia	Buoy	Offshore	Pump-to-shore	1999	As of 2008, the device is being tested off Fremantle, Western Australia,[35] the device consists of a single piston pump attached to the sea floor with a float (buoy) tethered to the piston. Waves cause the float to rise and fall, generating pressurized water, which is piped to an onshore facility to drive hydraulic generators or run reverse osmosis water desalination. [26] [27]
Crestwing	Crestwing ApS	Denmark	Surface-following attenuator	Offshore	Mechanical	2011	The device consists of two floats connected by a hinge and uses the atmospheric pressure acting on its large surface to stick to the ocean. This allows it to follow the waves, using the motion of the two floats to convert both kinetic and potential energy to electricity by a mechanical power take-off system. In 2014, there was a 1:5 scale model being tested in the sea near Frederikshavn. In 2017 the successor, a full-scale prototype is ready to be tested. This will be the last test before Crestwing is going commercial. This technology has multiple benefits over comparable wave energy technologies. The device will break the waves and draw the power from it in such a way, it gives it an extra function as a coastal protection device in exposed coastal areas. [28]
Cycloidal Wave Energy Converter	Atargis Energy Corporation	USA	Fully Submerged Wave Termination Device	Offshore	Direct Drive Generator	2006	In the tank testing stage of development, the device is a 20 metres (66 ft) diameter fully submerged rotor with two hydrofoils. Numerical studies have shown greater than 99% wave power termination capabilities. [29] These were confirmed by experiments in a small 2D wave flume [30] as well as a large offshore wave basin.
Energen Wave Power		South Africa	Attenuating Wave Device	Offshore
FlanSea (Flanders Electricity from the Sea)	FlanSea	Belgium	Buoy	Offshore	Hydroelectric turbine	2010	A point absorber buoy developed for use in the southern North Sea conditions.[31][32][33] It works by means of a cable that due to the bobbing effect of the buoy, generates electricity. [31] [32] [33]
HiWave-5/CorPower Ocean C4 WEC	CorPower Ocean	Portugal	Point absorber buoy	Offshore	Gearbox and generator	2023	300 kW rated power, part of the HiWave-5 array demonstration project [34] [35]
Islay LIMPET	Islay LIMPET	Scotland	oscillating water column	Onshore	Air turbine	1991	500 kW shoreline device uses an oscillating water column to drive air in and out of a pressure chamber through a Wells turbine. [36] [37] [38]
Lysekil Project	Uppsala University	Sweden	Buoy	Offshore	Linear generator	2002	Direct driven linear generator placed on the seabed, connected to a buoy at the surface via a line. The movements of the buoy will drive the translator in the generator. [39] [40]
Neptune Wave Engine	Neptune Equipment Corp.	Vancouver Canada	Multiple Point Absorbers	Near Shore – Small 0.1 to 5 m Waves	Direct Drive Mechanical PTO	2010 Updated 2019	Wave energy is captured with multiple float-pistons constrained to move vertically up and down piles. Reciprocation motion of float-piston is converted to one way rotation motion by patented PTO with allows for power to be applied to generator from both the up and down strokes. [41] 5 full size test units have been deployed, [42] page 55. The sixth, deployed September 24–25, 2019 includes the ″Vancouver Wave Energy Testing Station″ for 3rd parties to verify with their own equipment that the corporation's claims for continuous ″firm″ electricity output and to verify how much electricity is output from waves of various sizes. [43] The NeptuneWave.ca web site has many .PDF papers for download, such as: ″Neptune Wave Engine History – 11 years of development″; ″Wave Energy Primer – 9 Wave Energy Methods with Examples and Update of Top 10 WECs of 2014: Status in 2019″; ″Electricity Generation Plant Comparisons 2019″ (Fossil, Nuclear, Hydro Dam and Renewable Energy). [44]
Ocean Grazer	University of Groningen	The Netherlands	Buoy	Offshore	hydraulic multi-piston pump	2011	Wave energy is captured with multiple hydraulic pistons placed on a floater. Main advantages it has over other systems is that it adapts itself to any wave, and thus has very high efficiency (70%). [45]
Oceanlinx	Oceanlinx	Australia	OWC	Nearshore & Offshore	air turbine	1997	Wave energy is captured with an Oscillating Water Column and electricity is generated by air flowing through a turbine. The third medium scale demonstration unit near Port Kembla, NSW, Australia, a medium scale system that was grid connected in early 2010. [46] In May 2010, the wave energy generator snapped from its mooring lines in extreme seas and sank on Port Kembla's eastern breakwater. [47] A full scale commercial nearshore unit, greenWAVE, with a capacity of 1MW will be installed off Port MacDonnell in South Australia before the end of 2013. [48]
Oceanus 2	Seatricity Ltd	UK	Buoy	Nearshore and Offshore	Pump-to-shore	2007	The Oceanus 2 device is the first and only device yet to have been deployed and tested at the UK's WaveHub test site as a full-scale prototype (2014-2016). The 3rd generation device consists of a single piston patented pump mounted on a gimbal and supported by an aluminium 12m diameter buoy/float. The pump is then tethered to the seabed. Vertical wave motion is used to pump seawater to hydraulic pressures which is then piped to an onshore facility to drive hydraulic generators or run reverse osmosis water desalination. Multiple devices deployed in arrays provide modularity, resilience and redundancy.
OE buoy	Ocean Energy	Ireland	Buoy	Offshore	Air turbine	2006	In September 2009 completed a 2-year sea trial in one quarter scale form. The OE buoy has only one moving part. [49] A full-scale version commenced construction in Oregon in 2018 and is scheduled to deploy to the US Navy's Wave Energy Test Site (WETS) in 2019. [50]
OWEL	Ocean Wave Energy Ltd	UK	Wave Surge Converter	Offshore	Air turbine	2013	The surging motion of long period waves compresses air in a tapered duct which is then used to drive an air turbine mounted on top of the floating vessel. [51] The design of a full scale demonstration project was completed in Spring 2013, ready for fabrication. [52]
Oyster wave energy converter	Aquamarine Power	UK (Scots-Irish)	Oscillating wave surge converter	Nearshore	Pump-to-shore (hydro-electric turbine)	2005	A hinged mechanical flap attached to the seabed captures the energy of nearshore waves. It drives hydraulic pistons to deliver high pressure water to an onshore turbine which generates electricity. In November 2009, the first full-scale demonstrator Oyster began producing power at the European Marine Energy Centre's wave test site at Billia Croo in Orkney. In 2015, Aquamarine entered administration. [53]
Pelamis Wave Energy Converter	Pelamis Wave Power	UK (Scottish)	Surface-following attenuator	Offshore	Hydraulic	1998	As waves pass along a series of semi-submerged cylindrical sections linked by hinged joints, the sections move relative to one another. This motion activates hydraulic cylinders which pump high pressure oil through hydraulic motors which drive electrical generators. [54] The first working Pelamis machine was installed in 2004 at the European Marine Energy Center (EMEC) in Orkney. Here, it became the world's first offshore wave energy device to generate electricity into a national grid anywhere in the world. [55] The later P2, owned by E.ON, started grid connected tests off Orkney in 2010. [56] The company went into administration in November 2014 [57] and the device is no longer being developed. Agucadoura Wave Farm in Portugal, first commercial application of the Pelamis design (2008)
Penguin	Wello Oy	Finland	Rotating mass	Offshore	Direct Conversion	2008	First 0.5 MW device deployed at EMEC test site in Summer 2012. [58] The unit has been modified and has been reinstalled early 2017 at Billia Croo as part of the Horizon 2020 funded Clean Energy From Ocean Waves (CEFOW) research project. [59] CEFOW is a 5-year project, targeting to deploy 3 MW (three 1 MW units) Penguin wave energy converters in real world offshore conditions in a grid-connected testing environment. The project is coordinated by utility company Fortum. Wello penguin deployed at Orkney waters 2014.
PowerBuoy	Ocean Power Technologies	US	Buoy	Offshore	Hydroelectric turbine	1997	The Pacific Northwest Generating Cooperative is funding construction of a commercial wave-power park at Reedsport, Oregon using buoys. [60] The rise and fall of the waves moves a rack and pinion within the buoy and spins a generator. [61] The electricity is transmitted by a submerged transmission line. The buoys are designed to be installed one to five miles (8.0 km) offshore in water 100 to 200 feet (30 to 61 m) deep. [62]
R38/50 kW, R115/150 kW	40South Energy	UK	Underwater attenuator	Offshore	Electrical conversion	2010	These machines work by extracting energy from the relative motion between one Upper Member and one Lower Member, following an innovative method which earned the company one UKTI Research & Development Award in 2011. [63] A first generation full-scale prototype for this solution was tested offshore in 2010, [64] [65] and a second generation full-scale prototype was tested offshore during 2011. [66] In 2012 the first units were sold to clients in various countries, for delivery within the year. [67] [68] The first reduced scale prototypes were tested offshore during 2007, but the company decided to remain in a "stealth mode" until May 2010 [69] and is now recognized as one of the technological innovators in the sector. [70] The company initially considered installing at Wave Hub in 2012, [71] but that project is on hold for now. The R38/50 kW is rated at 50 kW while the R115/150 kW is rated at 150 kW.
Sanze shoreline gully		Japan	OWC	Onshore	Wells turbines	1984	This 40 kW Japanese OWC was the first full-scale wave energy device constructed (apart from the French OWC installation on the top of a natural cliff in 1910). It was operated for six months with good results. It was built in a shoreline gully; a naturally tapered channel that focuses the energy to the head where the device is put. [72]
Sea Power (company)	Seapower Ltd.	Ireland	Surface-following attenuator	Offshore or Nearshore	RO Plant or Direct Drive	2008	Sea Power carry out ongoing tank testing and development. Currently reducing LCOE targets further. [73] [74] |
SDE Sea Waves Power Plant	SDE Energy Ltd.	Israel	Buoy	Nearshore	Hydraulic ram	2010	A breakwater-based wave machine, this device is close to the shore and utilizes the vertical pumping motion of the buoys for operating hydraulic rams, thereby powering generators. One version ran from 2008 to 2010, at peak producing 40KWh. [75]
Seabased	Seabased AB.	Sweden	Buoy	Offshore	Linear generator on seabed	2015	Seabased Industry AB in cooperation with Fortum and the Swedish Energy Agency is developing its first wave power park, northwest of Smögen on the Swedish West coast. The first phase of the wave power park was deployed during the week commencing 23 March 2015 and comprises 36 wave energy converters and one substation.r. [73] [76]
SeaRaser	Alvin Smith (Dartmouth Wave Energy)\Ecotricity	UK	Buoy	Nearshore	Hydraulic ram	2008	Consisting of a piston pump(s) attached to the sea floor with a float (buoy) tethered to the piston. Waves cause the float to rise and fall, generating pressurized water, which is piped to reservoirs onshore which then drive hydraulic generators. [77] [78] It is currently "undergoing extensive modelling ahead of a sea trial" [79]
SINN Power wave energy converter	SINN Power GmbH | Wave Energy	Germany	Buoy	Nearshore	Linear generator	2014	SINN Power wave energy converter (single module) on Crete in August 2016 The SINN Power WEC consists of a variable number of buoys which are attached to an inflexible steel frame. Electricity is generated when the up-and-down motion of the waves lifts the buoys. The floating bodies lift a rod that runs through a generator unit. [80] Since 2015, SINN Power is testing a single wave energy converter module on the Greek island Crete. [81] A floating wave energy converter will be deployed in 2018, market entry with single module WECs is planned for 2017.
Tapchan - tapered channel	Norwave AS	Norway	Overtopping terminator	Onshore	Kaplan turbine and 3-phase induction generator	1986	On average, the 370 kW Tapchan plant at Toftestallen in Norway converted some 42 to 43% of the incident wave energy at the 55 m wide wave-collector into electricity. The plant worked very satisfactory for about 6 years before it was accidentally damaged in 1991, in an attempt to improve the shape of its channel, and has since not been restored. [72] [82]
Toftestallen OWC	Kværner Brug AS	Norway	OWC	Onshore	Wells turbine	1985	The plant had a 500 kW turbine with electric generator, and operated for four years before it was destroyed by a severe winter storm. [72]
Unnamed Ocean Wave-Powered Generator	SRI International	US	Buoy	Offshore	Electroactive polymer artificial muscle	2004	A type of wave buoys, built using special polymers, is being developed by SRI International. [83] [84]
Wavebob	Wavebob	Ireland	Buoy	Offshore	Direct Drive Power Take off	1999	Wavebob have conducted some ocean trials, as well as extensive tank tests. It is an ocean-going heaving buoy, with a submerged tank which captures additional mass of seawater for added power and tunability, and as a safety feature (Tank "Venting")
WaveEL	Waves4Power	Sweden	Buoy	Offshore	Hydroelectric turbine	2010	Waves4Power is a developer of buoy based OWEC (Offshore Wave Energy Converter) systems. There are plans to install a demonstration plant in 2015 at Runde test site (Norway). This will be connected via subsea cable to the shore based power grid. [85] [86]
Wavepiston	Wavepiston ApS	Denmark	Oscillating wave surge converter	Nearshore	Pump-to-shore (hydro-electric turbine)	2013	The idea behind this concept is to reduce the mooring means for wave energy structures. Wavepiston systems use vertical plates to exploit the horizontal movement in ocean waves. By attaching several plates in parallel on a single structure the forces applied on the structure by the plates will tend to neutralize each other. This neutralization reduces the required mooring means. “Force cancellation” is the term used by the inventors of the technology to describe the neutralization of forces. Test and numerical models prove that force cancellation reduces the means for mooring and structure to 1/10. The structure is a steel wire stretched between two mooring points. The wire is a strong and flexible structure well suited for off shore use. The mooring is slack mooring. When the vertical plates move back and forth they produce pressurized water. The pressurized water is transported to a turbine through PE pipes. A central turbine station then converts it to electric power. Calculations on the current design show capital cost of EUR 0,89 per installed watt.
Wave Dragon	Erik Friis-Madsen	Denmark	Overtopping device	Offshore	Hydroelectric turbine	2003	With the Wave Dragon wave energy converter large wing reflectors focus waves up a ramp into an offshore reservoir. The water returns to the ocean by the force of gravity via hydroelectric generators. Wave Dragon seen from reflector, prototype 1:4½
WaveRoller	AW-Energy Oy	Finland	Oscillating wave surge converter	Nearshore	Hydraulic	1994	The WaveRoller is a plate anchored on the sea bottom by its lower part. The back and forth movement of surge moves the plate. The kinetic energy transferred to this plate is collected by a piston pump. Full-scale demonstration project built off Portugal in 2019. [87] WaveRoller farm installation in Peniche, Portugal. October 2019
Wave hub	Hexicon	Cornwall, UK	Research hub for testing 3rd party devices	Offshore	Various	2010	As of 2018 Wave Hub had failed to produce any grid-connected electricity. [88]
Waveplane		Denmark	Overtopping device	Offshore			Scrapped in 2012 [89]
Wave Star	Wave Star A/S	Denmark	Multi-point absorber	Offshore	Hydroelectric turbine	2000	The Wavestar machine draws energy from wave power with floats that rise and fall with the up and down motion of waves. The floats are attached by arms to a platform that stands on legs secured to the sea floor. The motion of the floats is transferred via hydraulics into the rotation of a generator, producing electricity. Wave Star has been testing a 1:10 machine since 2005 in Nissum Bredning, Denmark, it was taken out of duty in November 2011. A 1:2 Wave Star machine is in place in Hanstholm which has produced electricity to the grid since September 2009. [90] Scrapped in 2016. [91] Wave Star machine in Hanstholm.
Wave Carpet	Paul Mario Koola	USA	Very Large Flexible Floating Structure	Offshore	Smart Materials	2003	Wave Carpet is a novel deep offshore wave-power floating system concept funded by the US Navy that will have low overall life cycle cost due to an integrated design, be rapidly re-deployable, be easier to maintain and have inherent reliability by design, ensure better steady power output from the randomly fluctuating input wave power using built-in energy storage and an internal electric grid, be dynamically positioned, have non-corrosive maintenance-free hull design, have self-propulsion by advanced controls with minimal tug power and also act as a wave damper thereby sharing the cost of power generated. https://www.sbir.gov/sbirsearch/detail/210952 [92] [93] [94]
Parasitic Power Pack (P3)	Paul Mario Koola	USA	Power for 4" Diameter Sonobuoy	Aircraft Deployed Sensor		2010	A robust maintenance-free Parasitic Power Pack (P3) that is modularly inserted into “free floating” buoy systems deployed in Distributed Sensor Networks by the submarine fleet of the U.S. Navy to increase situational awareness and battlegroup integration by enabling Communications at Speed and Depth (CSD). P3 will not interfere with the antenna on the upper portion of the buoy and will not occupy more than 20 inches in length producing a steady power output of at least 40 milliwatts with a capacity to store at least 60 joules of energy. Of the different energy harvesting concepts for powering wireless sensors we use the incessant oscillations of the ocean waves under which the buoy is excited. Unlike regular wave energy devices that are tuned to ocean waves, we have a platform whose dimensions are preset for a specific purpose. Our intent was to design to this platform specifications to produce a robust maintenance free design that will survive other operating conditions that it could be subjected to. https://www.sbir.gov/node/6573

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