Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City

Last updated

Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City
Liverpool Waterfront 202106.jpg
Liverpool Pier Head
North West England districts 2011 map.svg
Red pog.svg
Location within North West of England
United Kingdom England adm location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City (England)
United Kingdom adm location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City (the United Kingdom)
General information
Architectural styleVictorian
Location Liverpool, North West England, England, United Kingdom
Coordinates 53°24′24″N2°59′40″W / 53.40667°N 2.99444°W / 53.40667; -2.99444
Construction started1841
Completed1847
Inaugurated1846
Official nameLiverpool – Maritime Mercantile City
CriteriaCultural: (ii), (iii), (iv)
Designated2004 (28th session)
Reference no. 1150
RegionEurope and North America
Delisted2021 (44th session)
Website
www.liverpoolworldheritage.com

Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City is a former UNESCO designated World Heritage Site in Liverpool, England, that comprised six locations in the city centre including the Pier Head, Albert Dock and William Brown Street, [1] and many of the city's most famous landmarks.

Contents

UNESCO received Liverpool City Council's nomination for the six sites in 2003 and sent ICOMOS representatives to carry out an evaluation on the eligibility for these areas to be given World Heritage Site status. In 2004, ICOMOS recommended that UNESCO should award Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City World Heritage Site status. [2] Its inclusion by UNESCO was attributed to it being "the supreme example of a commercial port at a time of Britain's greatest global influence." [3]

In 2012, the site was added to the List of World Heritage in Danger due to the proposed Liverpool Waters project. In 2017, UNESCO warned that the site's status as a World Heritage Site was at risk of being revoked in light of contemporary development plans, with English Heritage asserting that the Liverpool Waters development would leave the setting of some of Liverpool's most significant historic buildings "severely compromised", the archaeological remains of parts of the historic docks "at risk of destruction", and "the city's historic urban landscape [...] permanently unbalanced." [4]

In 2021, Liverpool City Council's planning committee approved Everton F.C.'s new £500 million football stadium in Bramley-Moore Dock, within Liverpool Waters. This decision was ratified by the Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government, Robert Jenrick. [5] Following this, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee voted to revoke the site's World Heritage status. [6]

Locations

The Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City comprised six separate locations throughout the centre of the city, each of which related to a different component and time in Liverpool's maritime history. [7] The inscribed sites extended for approximately 4 km (2+1⁄2 miles) north-south along the city's waterfront and stretched approximately 1 km (1⁄2 mile) east-west. [8] In total it covered an area of 136  ha (340 acres). [9]

Pier Head

The Pier Head is the focal point of Liverpool's waterfront and is dominated by three of its most recognisable landmarks: The Liver Building, The Port of Liverpool Building and the Cunard Building. Collectively referred to as the Three Graces, they stand as a testament to the great wealth in the city during the late 19th and early 20th century when Liverpool was one of the most important ports in the world. [10] Initially, plans existed to add a 'fourth grace' to area, named The Cloud and designed by Will Alsop; however, this fell through in 2004. Today, in what would have been its place, a new Museum of Liverpool opened on 19 July 2011. [11] [12] Behind the Port of Liverpool building is the art deco George's Dock Ventilation Tower, whose design is heavily influenced by Egyptian architectural styling. [13] Also a part of the site is the old George's Dock wall, which dates from the late 18th century, as well as several memorials, including one built to honour the engineers who remained at their post as the RMS Titanic sank. [14]

Liverpool Pier Head, with the Royal Liver Building, Cunard Building and Port of Liverpool Building Liverpool Pier Head.jpg
Liverpool Pier Head, with the Royal Liver Building, Cunard Building and Port of Liverpool Building

Listed buildings [10]

  • Royal Liver Building (Grade I)
  • Port of Liverpool Building (Grade II*)
  • Cunard Building (Grade II*)
  • Cunard War Memorial (Grade II)
  • George's Dock Ventilation Tower (Grade II)
  • Monument of Edward VII (Grade II)
  • Sir Alfred Jones Memorial (Grade II)
  • Memorial to the Engine Room Heroes of the Titanic (Grade II)

Albert Dock

The Albert Dock is a complex of dock buildings and warehouses located to the south of the Pier Head. Designed by Jesse Hartley and Philip Hardwick and opened in 1846, the Albert Dock warehouses were the first in the world to be entirely fireproof, due to their construction from only iron, brick and stone, with no structural wood. [15] The dock was home to many advances in docking technology including being the first to have hydraulic cranes. [16] During World War II the buildings suffered significant damage and general docking decline in the city after the end of the war saw them fall rapidly into disrepair. In the 1980s the area underwent massive regeneration after the creation of the Merseyside Development Corporation and the complex was reopened to the public in 1984, as part of the tall ships festival. Today they form a focal point for tourism in the city, being home to Tate Liverpool, Merseyside Maritime Museum and The Beatles Story. They also constitute the largest single collection of Grade I listed buildings anywhere in the UK. [17]

Listed buildings [18]

  • Albert Dock Warehouses:
  • Warehouse A – Atlantic Pavilion (Grade I)
  • Warehouse B – Britannia Pavilion (Grade I)
  • Warehouse C – The Colonnades (Grade I)
  • Warehouse D – Merseyside Maritime Museum (Grade I)
  • Warehouse E – Edward Pavilion (Grade I)
  • Dock Traffic Office (Grade I)
  • Wapping Warehouse (Grade II*)
  • Hydraulic Pumping Station East (Grade II)
  • The Pier Master's House (Grade II)
  • Canning Dock (Grade II)
  • Canning Half-Tide Dock Retaining Walls (Grade II)
  • Canning Graving Dock (Grade II)
  • Cooperage (Grade II)
  • Dock Master's Office (Grade II)
  • Canning Island Sea Walls (Grade II)
  • Gate piers to Albert Dock (Grade II)
  • Three Gatemen's Huts at the entrance to Canning Dock (Grade II)
  • Pumping Station, Mann Island (Grade II)
  • Salthouse Dock (Grade II)
  • Dukes Dock (Grade II)
  • Albert Dock Sea Walls (Grade II)
  • The Hartley Bridge (Grade II)
  • The Rennie Bridge (Grade II)
  • Hydraulic Tower at Wapping Dock (Grade II)
  • Gatekeeper's Lodge at entrance to Wapping Dock (Grade II)
  • Wapping Basin (Grade II)
A panoramic view of the Albert Dock. Albert Dock Panorama2.jpg
A panoramic view of the Albert Dock.

Stanley Dock Conservation Area

The Stanley Dock Conservation Area is located to the north of the Pier Head and includes huge swathes of Liverpool's docking heartland. Within the site are several docks including Stanley Dock, Collingwood Dock, Salisbury Dock and Clarence Graving Dock; parts of the Leeds Liverpool Canal and associated canal locks; and many smaller features such as bridges, bollards and capstans. [19] Two of the Clarence Graving Docks are notable as the oldest docks still in use in the city today, dating back to 1830, although their full development wasn't completed until 1848. [20] Amongst the buildings in the area are the Victoria Clock Tower and Stanley Dock Tobacco Warehouse, one of the largest brick buildings in the world. [21]

Listed buildings [19]

Duke Street

The RopeWalks site comprises the southwestern component of the Duke Street conservation area, as well as two warehouses on College Lane and Bluecoat Chambers on School Lane. The location was one of the first areas in the city to develop when Liverpool was an emerging port, [22] with Bluecoat Chambers being the oldest surviving building in Liverpool city centre, dating back to 1715. [23] Its proximity to the Old Dock, the world's first enclosed wet dock, [24] meant it was the location of the city's first property speculators who built both warehousing and residential premises along Duke St, Hannover St, and Bold St. The area soon developed a cosmopolitan feel being home to various types of people including sea captains, merchants, traders and artisans. Today the area is known as Ropewalks, a reference to the large number of roperies present in the area when Liverpool was one of the busiest ports in the world during the 18th and 19th centuries. [22]

Listed buildings [22]

  • Bluecoat Chambers (Grade I)
  • 105 Duke Street (Grade II)
  • The Bridewell (Grade II)
  • Thomas Parr's House and Warehouse (Grade II)
  • 12 Hanover Street (Grade II)
  • 33 Argyle Street (Grade II)

Castle Street

This part of the WHS is focused around what would have previously been medieval Liverpool and includes Castle Street dominated by Trials Hotel at one end and the Town Hall at the other linking Old Hall Street by Exchange Flags, Victoria Street, Water Street and Dale Street. Today a centre for commercial activity in the city, the area was included due to the nature of its street development over three centuries and the grandeur of its architecture and monuments. [25]

Listed buildings

Castle Street with Liverpool Town Hall visible at the end of the road Castle Street, Liverpool pedestrianised 2.jpg
Castle Street with Liverpool Town Hall visible at the end of the road
  • Liverpool Town Hall (Grade I)
  • Bank of England Building, Castle Street (Grade I)
  • Oriel Chambers, Water Street (Grade I)
  • Trials Hotel, Castle Street (Grade II*)
  • White Star Building (Albion House), James Street (Grade II*)
  • Adelphi Bank, Castle Street (Grade II*)
  • National Westminster Bank, Castle Street (Grade II*)
  • Liverpool and London Globe Insurance Building, Dale Street (Grade II*)
  • Royal Insurance Building, Dale Street (Grade II*)
  • Municipal Buildings, Dale Street (Grade II*)
  • Nelson Monument, Exchange Flags (Grade II*)
  • Fowler's Buildings, Victoria Street (Grade II*)
  • Tower Buildings, Water Street (Grade II*)
  • Barclays Bank (Martins Bank Building), Water Street (Grade II*)
  • Norwich Union Building, Castle Street (Grade II)
  • Heywood's Bank, Brunswick Street (Grade II)
  • Hargreaves Building, Chapel Street (Grade II)
  • 48–50 Castle Street (Grade II)
  • British and Foreign Marine Insurance Company Building, Castle Street (Grade II)
  • Queen Insurance Building, Dale Street (Grade II)
  • State Insurance Building, Dale Street (Grade II)
  • Union Marine Buildings, Dale Street (Grade II)
  • Rigby's Buildings, Dale Street (Grade II)
  • The Temple, Dale Street (Grade II)
  • Prudential Assurance Building, Dale Street (Grade II)
  • Imperial Chambers, Dale Street (Grade II)
  • Municipal Annexe, Dale Street (Grade II)
  • Westminster Chambers, Dale Street (Grade II)
  • City Magistrates Court, Dale Street (Grade II)
  • 135–139 Dale Street (Grade II)
  • Granite Buildings, Stanley Street (Grade II)
  • Mersey Chambers, St Nicholas' Churchyard (Grade II)
  • Monument to Queen Victoria, Derby Square (Grade II)
  • Central Buildings, North John Street (Grade II)
  • 18–22 North John Street (Grade II)
  • Ashcroft Building, Victoria Street (Grade II)
  • Union House, Victoria Street (Grade II)
  • Jerome and Carlisle Buildings, Victoria Street (Grade II)
  • India Buildings, Water Street (Grade II)
  • General Accident Building, Water Street (Grade II)

William Brown Street

St George's Hall viewed from Lime Street St George's Hall, Liverpool2.jpg
St George's Hall viewed from Lime Street
World Museum Liverpool World Museum Liverpool.JPG
World Museum Liverpool

The William Brown street area is the central point for many of Liverpool's civic buildings forming a so-called cultural quarter. Amongst the buildings that are focal to this area are St George's Hall, Lime Street station, the Walker Art Gallery, the World Museum Liverpool, the former Great North Western Hotel and the entrance the Queensway Tunnel. [26]

Listed buildings [26]

  • Four Recumbent Stone Lions (Grade II)
  • Equestrian Statue of Prince Albert (Grade II)
  • Equestrian Statue of Queen Victoria (Grade II)
  • Statue of the Earl of Beaconsfield, Benjamin Disraeli (Grade II)
  • Statue of Major-General Earle (Grade II)
  • Statue of Alexander Balfour (Grade II)
  • Statue of William Rathbone (Grade II)
  • Statue of Sir Arthur Bower Forwood (Grade II)
  • Statue of William Gladstone (Grade II)
  • Statue of Monsignor James Nugent (Grade II)
  • Statue of Canon T. Major Lester (Grade II)
  • Statue honouring the King's Liverpool Regiment (Grade II)

Inscription

Having received the nomination for the area in January 2003, the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) travelled to Liverpool in September of that year to carry out an evaluation on behalf of UNESCO. The ICOMOS evaluation analysed the city in relation to its nomination document, looking at four key areas: conservation, authenticity and integrity, comparative evaluation and outstanding universal value. [2]

Upon completion of their evaluation, ICOMOS returned to UNESCO with the recommendation that the area be inscribed as a world heritage site. At the same time they made several recommendations regarding future preservation and development within the areas and their buffer zones. [2] As a result, the Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City was inscribed as a World Heritage Site at the 28th session of the World Heritage Committee in 2004, under the cultural criteria ii, iii and iv: [27]

Revocation of World Heritage status

The Carbuncle Cup-winning Pier Head Ferry Terminal stands in front of the Three Graces. The structure is a 2009 addition to the waterfront. Leeds-Liverpool Canal - panoramio.jpg
The Carbuncle Cup–winning Pier Head Ferry Terminal stands in front of the Three Graces. The structure is a 2009 addition to the waterfront.
Everton F.C.'s new football stadium under construction in April 2023 with the Victoria Tower to the right. Victoria Tower and construction of the new Everton Stadium (geograph 7449307).jpg
Everton F.C.'s new football stadium under construction in April 2023 with the Victoria Tower to the right.

In 2010, the Liverpool Waters development was proposed by The Peel Group as part of the Mersey Waters Enterprise Zone, and envisaged construction of several skyscrapers on the waterfront. [29] Liverpool City Council granted the project planning permission in 2012, prompting UNESCO to warn of a "serious loss of historic authenticity" if the project proceeded, and to list the site as a World Heritage Site in Danger. [30] Five years later, UNESCO stressed that the site risked being delisted in light of the proposed developments. [4] In spite of such warnings, Liverpool City Council continued to approve modernist developments in the area, saying that the moratorium on construction of the piers is unpractical, and others suggested it being incompatible with UK law. [31] In February 2021, Liverpool City Council's planning committee granted approval for Everton F.C.'s new £500 million football stadium to be built in the historic Bramley Moore Dock. Robert Jenrick, Secretary of State, decided not to intervene, effectively clearing the way for construction. [5] The design of the stadium proved popular among the general populace, with support approaching 100%. [32] At the same time, a government report found that the city's regeneration department was disorganised and that building procedures were not followed in some cases. [33] [34] The Mayor of Liverpool, Joe Anderson, and several members of the city's planning committee were arrested on charges of bribery and corruption over the granting of building contracts in Liverpool. [35]

On 21 June 2021, just before the World Heritage Committee's 44th session in Fuzhou, China, the UN institution published a draft report recommending removal of Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City from its World Heritage Site list, citing non-compliance of UK and local authorities with UN recommendations and extensive modern development that adversely impacted the area. [36] [37] The next month, on 21 July, the World Heritage Committee voted 13–5, with 2 abstentions, to remove the status of World Heritage Site from Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City, citing "irreversible loss of attributes conveying the outstanding universal value of the property". [6] [38] It is the third site ever to be struck from the UNESCO list. [39]

Reactions

The decision was met with condemnation from British government officials on various levels. The then Mayor of Liverpool, Joanne Anderson, described it as "incomprehensible" and stated that the World Heritage Site had benefitted from large investments which UNESCO had not appreciated. She also added that the city would consider an appeal against the decision. [40] Similarly, Steve Rotheram, leader of the Liverpool City Region, criticised the vote as being unreflective of the situation at the place, and added that places like Liverpool should not choose between heritage status and development. [32] A spokesman for the UK government also expressed disappointment and said that Liverpool still deserved the World Heritage Status. [41]

Chris Capes, a representative of the Peel Group, which develops Liverpool Waters, insisted that despite delisting of Liverpool (which he considered very disappointing), regeneration and protection of the city's heritage could go together. [42] Additionally, Michael Parkinson, a professor of the University of Liverpool who has worked on urban regeneration, wrote that Liverpool's docks were derelict and in need of revitalisation, and suggested that UNESCO employed double standards. [43] He also cited an article which said that the heritage site with an area of 136 hectares and 380 buildings was probably too large. [44]

Among conservation groups, the decision of UNESCO was met with mixed reactions. Gavin Davenport, chair of the Merseyside Civil Society, was critical of the decision and suggested that UNESCO come to Merseyside to see changes which he described as positive. [45] Historic England, while it opposed the construction of the stadium on the piers, noted that it was disappointed by the draft decision when it was published, and reiterated its stance a month later, saying that Liverpool's heritage remained internationally important. [46] [47] On the other hand, the director of the Victorian Society was "saddened, but not surprised" by the vote and suggested that the local government officials' comments of conservation at a cost of regeneration were a false dichotomy, while hoping that the decision does not further impact the heritage. [48] Save Britain's Heritage criticised the UK government's failure to intervene in Liverpool when UNESCO threatened the listing. [49] Save Britain's Heritage stated, "We believe the UK government, as a signatory to the UN heritage treaty, could and should have done more to make the clear case for Liverpool's continued status – and given assurances to UNESCO that international heritage is safe in Britain's hands through tightening heritage and planning protections." [49]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">World Heritage Site</span> Place of significance listed by UNESCO

World Heritage Sites are landmarks and areas with legal protection by an international convention administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance. The sites are judged to contain "cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Albert Dock, Liverpool</span> Complex of docks and buildings in Liverpool, England

The Royal Albert Dock is a complex of dock buildings and warehouses in Liverpool, England. Designed by Jesse Hartley and Philip Hardwick, it was opened in 1846, and was the first structure in Britain to be built from cast iron, brick and stone, with no structural wood. As a result, it was the first non-combustible warehouse system in the world. It was known simply as the Albert Dock until 2018, when it was granted a royal charter and had the honorific "Royal" added to its name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cunard Building</span> Building in Liverpool, England

The Cunard Building is a Grade II* listed building in Liverpool, England. It is located at the Pier Head and along with the neighbouring Royal Liver Building and Port of Liverpool Building is one of Liverpool's Three Graces, which line the city's waterfront. It is also part of Liverpool's former UNESCO designated World Heritage, the Maritime Mercantile City.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pier Head</span> Riverside area of Liverpool, England

The Pier Head is a riverside location in the city centre of Liverpool, England. It was part of the former Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City UNESCO World Heritage Site, which was inscribed in 2004, but revoked in 2021. As well as a collection of landmark buildings, recreational open space, and a number of memorials, the Pier Head was the landing site for passenger ships travelling to and from the city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Port of Liverpool Building</span> Building located in Liverpool, England

The Port of Liverpool Building is a Grade II* listed building in Liverpool, England. It is located at the Pier Head and, along with the neighbouring Royal Liver Building and Cunard Building, is one of Liverpool's Three Graces, which line the city's waterfront. It is also part of Liverpool's formerly UNESCO-designated World Heritage Maritime Mercantile City.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stanley Dock Tobacco Warehouse</span> Former warehouse in Liverpool, England

The Stanley Dock Tobacco Warehouse is a grade II listed building and is the world's largest brick warehouse, with a net floor area of 1.6 million square feet. It is adjacent to the Stanley Dock, in Liverpool, England. Standing 125 feet (38 m) high, the building was, at the time of its construction in 1901, claimed to be the world's largest building in terms of area. The 14 storey building spans across 36 acres (15 ha) and its construction used 27 million bricks, 30,000 panes of glass and 8,000 tons of steel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bramley-Moore Dock</span> Dock on River Mersey in Liverpool, England

Bramley-Moore Dock was a dock on the River Mersey in Liverpool, England, and part of the Port of Liverpool. The dock is located in the northern dock system in Liverpool's Vauxhall area, and was connected to Sandon Half Tide Dock to the north and Nelson Dock to the south. Jesse Hartley was the architect. The dock opened in 1848.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Collingwood Dock</span> Dock on the River Mersey in Liverpool, England

Collingwood Dock is a dock on the River Mersey, in England, and part of the Port of Liverpool. It is situated in the northern dock system in Vauxhall, and is connected to Stanley Dock to the east and Salisbury Dock to the west.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stanley Dock</span> Dock on the River Mersey in Liverpool, England

Stanley Dock is a dock on the River Mersey, England, and part of the Port of Liverpool. It is situated in the Vauxhall area of Liverpool and is part of the northern dock system. The dock is connected to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal to the east and Collingwood Dock to the west.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Port of Liverpool</span> Series of docks on the River Mersey, Liverpool, England

The Port of Liverpool is the enclosed 7.5-mile (12.1 km) dock system that runs from Brunswick Dock in Liverpool to Seaforth Dock, Seaforth, on the east side of the River Mersey and the Birkenhead Docks between Birkenhead and Wallasey on the west side of the river.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wapping Dock</span>

Wapping Dock is a dock on the River Mersey, England, and part of the Port of Liverpool. It is situated in the southern dock system, connected to Salthouse Dock to the north, Queen's Dock to the south. King's Dock was originally located to the west, but has since been filled in.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Newsham Park</span> Park in Liverpool, UK

Newsham Park in Liverpool, England is a 121 acres (49 ha) Victorian public park. To the east of it is the Canada Dock branch railway line, and to the north is West Derby Road. The park is protected as a Grade II* listed site.

There are over 2500 listed buildings in Liverpool, England. A listed building is one considered to be of special architectural, historical or cultural significance, which is protected from being demolished, extended or altered, unless special permission is granted by the relevant planning authorities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Liverpool Waters</span> Proposed development in Liverpool, England

Liverpool Waters is a large scale £5.5bn development that has been proposed by the Peel Group in the Vauxhall area of Liverpool, Merseyside, England. The development will make use of a series of derelict dock spaces at Central Docks. From 2004 to 2021, much of the docks involved in the development were part of the Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, but the development of these docks were cited as a reason for the revocation of Liverpool's World Heritage status. This is an area north of Liverpool's historic Pier Head. It is the sister programme of the Wirral Waters project. Since 2012 the two projects have held enterprise zone statuses, together forming the Mersey Waters Enterprise Zone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Former UNESCO World Heritage Sites</span>

World Heritage Sites may lose their designation when the UNESCO World Heritage Committee determines that they are not properly managed or protected. The committee can place a site it is concerned about on its list of World Heritage in Danger of losing its designation, and attempts to negotiate with the local authorities to remedy the situation. If remediation fails, the committee then revokes its designation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Architecture of Liverpool</span> Overview of architecture of Liverpool, England

The architecture of Liverpool is rooted in the city's development into a major port of the British Empire. It encompasses a variety of architectural styles of the past 300 years, while next to nothing remains of its medieval structures which would have dated back as far as the 13th century. Erected 1716–18, Bluecoat Chambers is supposed to be the oldest surviving building in central Liverpool.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prudential Assurance Building, Liverpool</span>

The Prudential Assurance Building is a Grade II listed, Victorian Gothic revival style office building located on Dale Street in the centre of Liverpool, England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Liverpool city centre</span> Commercial, cultural, financial and historical heart of Liverpool, England

Liverpool city centre is the commercial, cultural, financial and historical centre of Liverpool and the Liverpool City Region, England. Different definitions of the city centre exist for urban planning and local government, however, the border of Liverpool city centre is broadly marked by the inner city districts of Vauxhall, Everton, Edge Hill, Kensington and Toxteth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Everton Stadium</span> Under construction football stadium in Liverpool, England

Everton Stadium is a football stadium under construction on Bramley-Moore Dock in Vauxhall, Liverpool, England, that will become the home ground for Everton ahead of the 2025–26 season, replacing Goodison Park.

References

Notes

  1. ↑ "Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City". UK Local Authority World Heritage Forum. Archived from the original on 23 April 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
  2. 1 2 3 "Liverpool (United Kingdom) – NO 1050" (PDF). ICOMOS. 2004. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
  3. ↑ "Welcome to Liverpool World Heritage". Liverpool City Council. Archived from the original on 22 February 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
  4. 1 2 Perraudin, Frances (3 October 2017). "Liverpool faces up to world heritage removal threat with taskforce". the Guardian .
  5. 1 2 "Bramley-Moore Dock: Everton cleared to build new £500m stadium". BBC News. 26 March 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  6. 1 2 "Liverpool stripped of Unesco World Heritage status". BBC News. 21 July 2021.
  7. ↑ "Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City". Visit Britain . Retrieved 9 October 2008.
  8. ↑ Liverpool City Council (2005), p17
  9. ↑ Liverpool City Council (2005), p26
  10. 1 2 "Pier Head". World Heritage Liverpool. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  11. ↑ "Museum of Liverpool". Liverpool museums. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
  12. ↑ "Building a New Museum". National Museums Liverpool . Retrieved 30 October 2008.
  13. ↑ "George's Dock Ventilation". Liverpool World Heritage. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  14. ↑ "Memorial to the Engine Room Heroes of the Titanic". Liverpool World Heritage. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  15. ↑ Jones, Ron (2004). The Albert Dock, Liverpool. RJ Associates Ltd. p. 83.
  16. ↑ Jones, Ron (2004). The Albert Dock, Liverpool. RJ Associates Ltd. p. 46.
  17. ↑ Helen Carter (7 March 2003). "Glory of Greece, grandeur of Rome ... and docks of Liverpool". Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved 27 March 2007.
  18. ↑ "The Albert Dock Conservation Area". Liverpool World Heritage. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
  19. 1 2 "The Stanley Dock Conservation area". Liverpool World Heritage. Archived from the original on 6 May 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
  20. ↑ "Clarence Graving Docks". Liverpool World Heritage. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
  21. ↑ "The Stanley Dock Tobacco Warehouse". Liverpool World Heritage. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 7 November 2008.
  22. 1 2 3 "Duke Street Area/Ropewalks". Liverpool World Heritage. Archived from the original on 26 June 2009. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
  23. ↑ Pollard, Richard; Nikolaus Pevsner (2006). The Buildings of England: Lancashire: Liverpool and the South-West. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. pp. 302–304.
  24. ↑ "Trading Places: Old Dock History". National Museums Liverpool. Archived from the original on 24 March 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
  25. ↑ "Castle/Dale/Old Hall St Commercial Centre". Liverpool World Heritage. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2008.
  26. 1 2 "William Brown St Conservation Area". Liverpool World Heritage. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
  27. ↑ "Nominations of Cultural Properties to the World Heritage List (Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City)". UNESCO . Retrieved 23 October 2008.
  28. ↑ "Ferry terminal's Carbuncle award". BBC News . 4 September 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  29. ↑ Carter, Helen (24 January 2012). "Liverpool's world heritage waterfront faces 'irreversible damage', report says". The Guardian . Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  30. ↑ Buckley, Julia (21 July 2021). "Liverpool stripped of its UNESCO World Heritage listing". CNN. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  31. ↑ Gardiner, Joey. "Why Liverpool faces a threat to its World Heritage Site's status". www.planningresource.co.uk. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  32. 1 2 "Liverpool stripped of Unesco World Heritage status". BBC News. 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  33. ↑ "Liverpool's changing skyline defies UNESCO". The Economist . 17 July 2021. ISSN   0013-0613 . Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  34. ↑ "The Caller Report – What next for Liverpool? – Articles – Heseltine Institute for Public Policy, Practice and Place – University of Liverpool". University of Liverpool . Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  35. ↑ "A watershed moment: What now for Liverpool?". BBC News, 15 April 2021.
  36. ↑ "Unesco report says Liverpool should lose World Heritage status". BBC News. 21 June 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  37. ↑ Item 7A of the Provisional Agenda: State of conservation of the properties inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger (PDF). Paris: UNESCO. 2021. pp. 52–58.
  38. ↑ "World Heritage Committee deletes Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City from UNESCO's World Heritage List". UNESCO . 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  39. ↑ Halliday, Josh (21 July 2021). "Unesco strips Liverpool of its world heritage status". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  40. ↑ Buckley, Julia (21 July 2021). "Liverpool stripped of its UNESCO World Heritage listing". CNN. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  41. ↑ Khan, Aina J. (21 July 2021). "Liverpool Loses Its UNESCO World Heritage Status". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  42. ↑ Capes, Chris (21 July 2021). "Regeneration and the protection of Liverpool's heritage can happen together". Liverpool Waters. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  43. ↑ Parkinson, Michael. "I've been chronicling Liverpool's renaissance for 40 years – here's why the city's Unesco status should not have been removed". The Conversation. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  44. ↑ Chambers, William (2020). "Liverpool 2008 World Heritage Site(s): To Keep or To Lose?". Cultural Resilience: Physical Artifacts, Intangible Attributes, Possible Risks (PDF). Sibiu: Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu Press. p. 11.
  45. ↑ Davenport, Gavin (21 July 2021). "Liverpool's heritage is not under threat | Letter". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  46. ↑ Barlow, Eleanor (21 July 2021). "Liverpool plans positive future despite World Heritage Site loss". Belfast Telegraph/Press Association . ISSN   0307-1235 . Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  47. ↑ Thorp, Liam (22 June 2021). "'Disappointment' over move to strip city of World Heritage status". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  48. ↑ O’Donnell, Joe (21 July 2021). "Victorian Society saddened by the loss of Liverpool's World Heritage status". The Victorian Society. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  49. 1 2 "PRESS RELEASE: SAVE regrets loss of Liverpool World Heritage status". Save Britain's Heritage. 21 July 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021.

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.