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Venom or zootoxin is a type of toxin produced by an animal that is actively delivered through a wound by means of a bite, sting, or similar action. The toxin is delivered through a specially evolved venom apparatus, such as fangs or a stinger, in a process called envenomation. Venom is often distinguished from poison, which is a toxin that is passively delivered by being ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin, and toxungen, which is actively transferred to the external surface of another animal via a physical delivery mechanism.
Snake venom is a highly toxic saliva containing zootoxins that facilitates in the immobilization and digestion of prey. This also provides defense against threats. Snake venom is injected by unique fangs during a bite, whereas some species are also able to spit venom.
Protobothrops mucrosquamatus is a venomous pit viper species endemic to Asia. Common names include: brown-spotted pit viper, Taiwanese habu and pointed-scaled pit viper. No subspecies are currently recognized. The species was first described by Theodore Cantor in 1839.
The monocled cobra, also called monocellate cobra and Indian spitting cobra, is a venomous cobra species widespread across South and Southeast Asia and listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.
Calloselasma is a monotypic genus created for a venomous pit viper species, Calloselasma rhodostoma, which is endemic to Southeast Asia from Thailand to northern Malaysia and on the island of Java. No subspecies are currently recognized.
Tropidolaemus wagleri, more commonly known as Wagler's pit viper, is a species of venomous snake, a pit viper in the subfamily Crotalinae of the family Viperidae. The species is endemic to Southeast Asia. There are no subspecies that are recognized as being valid. It is sometimes referred to as the temple viper because of its abundance around the Temple of the Azure Cloud in Malaysia.
Taipoxin is a potent myo- and neurotoxin that was isolated from the venom of the coastal taipan Oxyuranus scutellatus or also known as the common taipan. Taipoxin like many other pre-synaptic neurotoxins are phospholipase A2 (PLA2) toxins, which inhibit/complete block the release of the motor transmitter acetylcholine and lead to death by paralysis of the respiratory muscles (asphyxia). It is the most lethal neurotoxin isolated from any snake venom to date.
In enzymology, an L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) (EC 1.4.3.2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
Latisemin is a cysteine-rich secretory protein that can be isolated from the venom of the Black-banded sea krait, a sea snake indigenous to the warmer waters of the western Pacific Ocean. It is a toxin that inhibits cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels and blocks L-type calcium channels, thereby reducing smooth muscle contraction.
Bothropasin is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Atrolysin C is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Atrolysin F is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Ruberlysin is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Bothrolysin is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Ophiolysin is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Trimerelysin I is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Trimerelysin II is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Jararhagin is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Mipartoxin-I is a neurotoxin produced by Micrurus mipartitus, a venomous coral snake distributed in Central and South America. This toxin causes a neuromuscular blockade by blocking the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. It is the most abundant component in the venom.
The whole blood clotting test is a blood test used to check the coagulation mechanism in the blood following a snake bite. If the test is positive after a bite in South East Asia it indicates the snake was a viper rather than an elapid. It can also be used to assess the effectiveness of antivenin therapy.
References
- ↑ Sugihara H, Moriura M, Nikai T (1983). "Purification and properties of a lethal, hemorrhagic protein, "mucrotoxin A", from the venom of the Chinese habu snake (Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus)". Toxicon. 21: 247–255. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(83)90009-0. PMID 6857709.
- ↑ Kishida M, Nikai T, Mori N, Kohmura S, Sugihara H (1985). "Characterization of mucrotoxin A from the venom of Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus (the Chinese habu snake)". Toxicon. 23 (4): 637–45. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(85)90368-x. PMID 3904081.
