New Orleans Cotton Exchange

New Orleans Cotton Exchange Building
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
U.S. Historic district Contributing property
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Location	231 Carondelet Street, New Orleans, Louisiana
Coordinates	29°57′6.79″N90°4′16.69″W / 29.9518861°N 90.0713028°W / 29.9518861; -90.0713028
Built	1921
Architect	Favrot & Livaudais Ltd.; Selden-Breck Construction Co.
Architectural style	Chicago
Part of	New Orleans Lower Central Business District (ID91000825)
NRHP reference No.	77000675
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	December 22, 1977 [1]
Designated NHL	December 22, 1977 [2]
Designated CP	June 24, 1991

The New Orleans Cotton Exchange was established in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1871 as a centralized forum for the trade of cotton. It operated in New Orleans until closing in 1964. Occupying several buildings over its history, its final location, the New Orleans Cotton Exchange Building, is now a National Historic Landmark.

History

The New Orleans Cotton Exchange was conceived and financed by a group of cotton factors at a time when one-third of the entire production of cotton in the United States was sent through New Orleans. The Exchange sought to bring order to what was a highly speculative and often erratic cotton pricing system by providing a centralized trading office where people involved in the cotton business could obtain information about market conditions and prices. The Exchange also established standards for classification of cotton and facilitated payments between buyers and sellers.

The New York Cotton Exchange opened in 1870. Concerned that trading of cotton in New York would be more advantageous to buyers than sellers, and eager to modernize their operations, ^[3] New Orleans merchants agreed to form their own exchange. Consequently, the New Orleans Cotton Exchange opened for business on February 20, 1871 ^[4] at the corner of Gravier and Carondelet Streets, in an area already frequented by cotton merchants.

The Exchange was notable for developing advanced techniques for gathering information about various aspects of the cotton market. ^[5] Led by Col. Henry G. Hester, for many years the secretary of the Exchange, reports were compiled and then transmitted by telegraph, a novel method at the time. Col. Hester also brought the practice of futures trading to the Exchange. These advanced business methods benefited the local cotton market greatly, so much so that it "enabled New Orleans to regain its position as the primary spot market of the world and to become a leading futures market, outranked only by Liverpool and New York." ^[6]

Later years saw the decline of the Exchange as the outlawing of slavery, fluctuating market conditions, government regulations, price supports, the decline of cotton in the South, and various other factors conspired to shrink the Southern cotton market drastically. The Exchange closed in 1964. A handful of attempts were made in later years to restart a similar exchange, but none were successful. ^[5]

The building

1881 New Orleans Cotton Exchange building c. late 1890s

The Exchange had its 1871 opening in a series of rented rooms in an existing building at Gravier and Carondelet streets. Although they moved several times, the Exchange did not leave this intersection until its closing in 1964. ^[5] After constructing and then outgrowing a small building nearby on Gravier, the Exchange built a palatial Second Empire building in 1881, at the northern corner of Gravier and Carondelet. Noted for its lavish interiors, the building soon became a landmark in the city.

However, in 1916, the building was deemed unsafe and planning began for a replacement. World War I and several other factors conspired to delay the construction of the replacement until 1920, and the original plans for an equally lavish replacement building were scaled back.

The resulting structure was much more modest, modeled after a Renaissance palazzo; the architects were Favrot and Livaudais. The Cotton Exchange occupied this building until its 1964 closure, selling the building in 1962 and merely renting space for the last two years of operation.

Today, the building is a hotel in the New Orleans Central Business District. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, ^{[2] [7]} and further has been named a National Historic Landmark.

Degas painting

A Cotton Office in New Orleans by Edgar Degas, 1873

The renowned French artist Edgar Degas painted the picture of a cotton office, seen here, in 1873 while visiting his mother's Louisiana relatives.

Although certain sources label the painting as depicting the Cotton Exchange, the setting of the painting is actually the office of a cotton factor in a nearby building known as "Factors' Row." ^[8]

See also

• Cotton factor
• New York Cotton Exchange, the first cotton exchange in the U.S.
• Mobile Cotton Exchange, the third cotton exchange in the U.S., founded after New Orleans Exchange
• Memphis Cotton Exchange, founded 1874
• Cotton production in the United States
• List of National Historic Landmarks in Louisiana
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Orleans Parish, Louisiana

References

1. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
2. "New Orleans Cotton Exchange Building". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on March 19, 2005. Retrieved January 30, 2008.
3. "Commercial and Financial Review". The Daily Picayune. New Orleans. November 29, 1870.
4. "Commercial and Financial Review". The Daily Picayune. New Orleans. February 21, 1871.
5. Campanella, Richard (2002). Time and Place in New Orleans: Past Geographies in the Present Day. Gretna: Pelican. pp. 128–31. ISBN   1-56554-991-0.
6. L. Tuffly, Ellis (November 1973). "The New Orleans Cotton Exchange: The Formative Years, 1871–1880". The Journal of Southern History. 39 (4): 545–64. doi:10.2307/2205967. JSTOR   2205967.
7. Ralph J. Christian (June 1977). National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: New Orleans Cotton Exchange Building (pdf). National Park Service . Retrieved December 16, 2022. With accompanying five photos from 1977
8. Brown, Marilyn (1994). Degas and the Business of Art: A Cotton Office in New Orleans. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 21. ISBN   0-271-00944-6.