New Romantic

Last updated

Boy George performing at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in 2001 Boy George At Ronnie Scotts.jpg
Boy George performing at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in 2001

New Romantic was an underground subculture movement that originated in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s. The movement emerged from the nightclub scene in London and Birmingham at venues such as Billy's and The Blitz. [1] The New Romantic movement was characterised by flamboyant, eccentric fashion inspired by fashion boutiques such as Kahn and Bell in Birmingham and PX in London. [2] Early adherents of the movement were often referred to by the press by such names as Blitz Kids, New Dandies and Romantic Rebels. [3] [4]

Contents

Influenced by David Bowie, Marc Bolan and Roxy Music, the New Romantics developed fashions inspired by the glam rock era coupled with the early Romantic period of the late 18th and early 19th century (from which the movement took its name). The term "New Romantic" is known to have been coined by musician, producer, manager and innovator Richard James Burgess. [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] He stated that "'New Romantic' [...] fit the Blitz scene and Spandau Ballet, although most of the groups tried to distance themselves from it." [10] [11]

Though it was a fashion movement, several British music acts in the late 1970s and early 1980s adopted the style and became known to epitomise it within the press, including Steve Strange of Visage, Duran Duran, Spandau Ballet, A Flock of Seagulls, Classix Nouveaux and Boy George (of Culture Club). Ultravox were also often identified as New Romantics by the press, although they did not exhibit the same visual styles of the movement, despite their link to the band Visage. [lower-alpha 1] Japan and Adam and the Ants were also labelled as New Romantic artists by the press, although they all repudiated this and none had any direct connection to the original scene. [4] Other aspiring bands of the era including ABC, Depeche Mode, the Human League, Soft Cell, Simple Minds, Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark and Talk Talk have all at some point been described as being part of the New Romantic movement or as having been influenced by it, while others would consider them distinct from it. A number of these bands adopted synthesizers and helped to develop synth-pop in the early 1980s, which, combined with the distinctive New Romantic visuals, helped them first to national success in the UK, and then, via MTV, play a major part in the Second British Invasion of the US charts.

By the beginning of 1982, the original movement had largely dissipated. [1] [4] Although many of the artists associated with the scene continued their careers, some to enormous commercial success in the next few years, they had largely abandoned the aesthetics of the movement. There were attempts to revive the movement from the 1990s, including the short-lived Romo scene.

Characteristics

The New Romantic movement is sometimes characterised as a reaction to the direction in which the punk rock movement was evolving, [12] and was heavily influenced by former glam rock stars of the 1970s such as David Bowie and Roxy Music. [13] In terms of style, it rejected the austerity and anti-fashion stance which was becoming increasingly predominant in punk. [14] Both sexes often dressed in androgynous clothing and wore cosmetics such as eyeliner and lipstick, partly derived from earlier punk fashions. [15] This gender bending was particularly evident in figures such as Boy George of Culture Club, and Marilyn (Peter Robinson). [12]

Fashion was based on varied looks inspired by historical Romantic themes, including frilly fop shirts in the style of the English Romantic period, [15] Russian constructivism, Bonnie Prince Charlie, French Incroyables and 1930s' Cabaret, Hollywood starlets, Puritans and the Pierrot clown, with any look being possible if it was adapted to be unusual and striking. [16] Common hairstyles included quiffs, [16] mullets and wedges. [12] However, soon after they began to gain mainstream attention, many bands associated with the New Romantic scene dropped the eclectic clothes and make-up in favour of sharp suits.

Vivienne Westwood and Malcolm McLaren hand screen-printed cotton dress and sash, Pirate collection, 1981 1981 Vivienne Westwood and Malcolm McLaren dress and sash, Pirates collection.jpg
Vivienne Westwood and Malcolm McLaren hand screen-printed cotton dress and sash, Pirate collection, 1981

New Romantic looks were propagated from fashion designers Jane Kahn and Patti Bell in Birmingham [17] and Helen Robinson's Covent Garden shop PX, [1] began to influence major collections and were spread, with a delay, through reviews of what was being worn in clubs via magazines including i-D and The Face . [16] The emergence of the New Romantic movement into the mainstream coincided with Vivienne Westwood's unveiling of her "pirate collection", which was promoted by Bow Wow Wow and Adam and the Ants, who were managed by her then-partner Malcolm McLaren. [18]

While some contemporary bands, particularly those of the predominantly Midlands-based 2 tone ska revival (the Specials, the Selecter, the Beat) who wrote lyrics addressing social issues such as unemployment and urban decay, the New Romantics adopted an escapist and aspirational stance. [19] With its interest in design, marketing and image, the movement has been seen by some as an acceptance of Thatcherism; style commentator Peter York even suggested that it was aligned with the New Right. [20]

Terminology

In its early stages, the movement was known by many names, including "new dandies", "new guys", "romantic rebels", "peacock punk", "the now crowd", "the futurists", "the cult with no name" [1] and eventually as the "Blitz Kids". As the scene moved beyond a single club, the media settled on the name New Romantics. [4] [21]

Rejection

Adam Ant always denied being a New Romantic, and reiterated this in 2001 [22] and again in 2012. [23] The band Japan also denied any connection with the New Romantic movement, having adopted an androgynous look incorporating make-up ever since their inception in the mid-1970s at the tail-end of the glam rock era (and were then heavily influenced by glam-punk band New York Dolls), some years before the New Romantic movement began. In an October 1981 interview, vocalist David Sylvian commented, "There's a period going past at the moment that may make us look as though we're in fashion." [24] In another interview, he stated "I don't like to be associated with them (New Romantics). The attitudes are so very different." Of Japan's fashion sense, Sylvian said, "For them (New Romantics), fancy dress is a costume. But ours is a way of life. We look and dress this way every day." [25]

Similarly, the electronic duo Soft Cell also denied any connection to the New Romantic scene. In an interview published in January 1984, keyboardist Dave Ball reflected back on their first year of success (1981) and stated, "At this time we were linked to the whole New Romantics thing, but we were never a part of that. It was just a trendy London club thing with Steve Strange." [26]

Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD) frontman Andy McCluskey ridiculed the movement in a 2010 interview, saying, "Completely separate from electronic music or the future there was all the fucking Southern New Romantic bollocks. I mean, if we were ever called New Romantics there'd be a fight... 'Am I wearing a kilt? Am I wearing enough eyeliner? Is my shirt frilly enough?' Oh, fuck off!" [27] OMD have nevertheless been categorised as New Romantics; [28] [29] a designation that keyboardist Paul Humphreys likens to "calling a Scotsman 'English'." [27]

History

Origins

David Bowie's androgynous Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders look, which was a major influence on the movement David-Bowie Early.jpg
David Bowie's androgynous Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders look, which was a major influence on the movement

The New Romantic movement developed almost simultaneously in London and Birmingham. [30] In London, it grew out of David Bowie and Roxy Music themed nights, run during 1978 in the nightclub Billy's [31] in Dean Street, London. [32] In 1979, the growing popularity of the club forced organisers Steve Strange and Rusty Egan to relocate to a larger venue in the Blitz, [33] [34] a wine bar in Great Queen Street, Covent Garden, where they ran a Tuesday night "Club for Heroes". [1] Its patrons dressed as uniquely as they could in an attempt to draw the most attention.

Steve Strange worked as the club's doorman and Egan was the DJ at the Blitz. The club became known for its exclusive door policy and strict dress code. Strange would frequently deny potential patrons admission because he felt that they were not costumed creatively or subversively enough to blend in with those inside the club. In a highly publicised incident, a drunken Mick Jagger tried to enter the club, but Strange denied him entry. [35] The club spawned several spin-offs and there were soon clubs elsewhere in the capital and in other major British cities, including Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham. [13]

While still at Billy's, Strange and Egan joined Billy Currie and Midge Ure of Ultravox to form the band Visage. Before forming Culture Club, Boy George and Marilyn worked as cloakroom attendants at the Blitz. [36] The video for David Bowie's 1980 UK number one single "Ashes to Ashes" included appearances by Strange with three other Blitz Kids and propelled the New Romantic movement into the mainstream. [13]

In Birmingham, the origins of the New Romantic movement lay in the opening in 1975 of the Hurst Street shop of the fashion designers Kahn and Bell, [37] whose elaborate and theatrical designs brought together futuristic visual elements and influences as diverse as Egyptian, African and Far Eastern art, [38] and would largely define the movement's look. [39] By 1977, a small scene featuring Jane Kahn and Patti Bell themselves, Martin Degville, Boy George and Patrick Lilley had emerged in pubs such as The Crown and clubs such as Romulus and Barbarella's. [40]

Leeds also developed an early New Romantic scene around 1979, with clubs including the Warehouse, Primos and Le Phonographique. [41] This scene's most notable exponent was Soft Cell, whose vocalist was the Warehouse's DJ and cloakroom worker Marc Almond. [42]

Styles of music

Many bands that emerged from the New Romantic movement became closely associated with the use of synthesizers to create rock and pop music, which has led to the widespread misconception that synth-pop and the New Romantic movement were synonymous. Synth-pop was prefigured in the 1960s and 1970s by the use of synthesizers in progressive rock, electronic art rock, disco, the "Kraut rock" of bands like Kraftwerk, the three albums made by Bowie with Brian Eno in his "Berlin period", and Yellow Magic Orchestra's early albums.

After the breakthrough of Tubeway Army and Gary Numan in the UK Singles Chart in 1979, large numbers of artists began to enjoy success with a synthesizer-based sound and they came to dominate the pop music of the early 1980s. Bands that emerged from the New Romantic scene and adopted synth-pop included Duran Duran, Visage, and Spandau Ballet. [43] According to authors Stuart Borthwick and Ron Moy, "After the monochrome blacks and greys of punk/new wave, synthpop was promoted by a youth media interested in people who wanted to be pop stars, such as Boy George and Adam Ant". [20]

Early synth-pop has been described as "eerie, sterile, and vaguely menacing", using droning electronics with little change in inflection. Later the introduction of dance beats made the music warmer and catchier and contained within the conventions of three-minute pop. [44] Duran Duran, who emerged from the Birmingham scene, have been credited with incorporating a dance-orientated rhythm section into synth-pop to produce a catchier and warmer sound, which provided them with a series of hit singles. [44]

While many groups associated with the New Romantic movement used synthesizers, some avoided them entirely or made limited use of them. Boy George's band Culture Club, which formed in 1981, produced a sound that combined elements of Motown, Philly soul, reggae and lovers’ rock. [45] Adam and the Ants and Bow Wow Wow used the African-influenced rhythms of the "Burundi beat". [46]

The second British invasion

In the US, the cable music channel MTV reached the media capitals of New York City and Los Angeles in 1982. [47] [48] Style-conscious New Romantic synthpop acts became a major staple of MTV programming. They would be followed by many acts over the next three years, with many of them employing synthpop sounds; in fact, Duran Duran's glossy videos symbolising the power of MTV and this Second British Invasion. The switch to a "new music" format in US radio stations was also significant in the success of British bands. [48]

This 1980s invasion had been prefigured in May 1981 when Spandau Ballet, house band of London's Blitz club, had flown to New York City to stage not only a live gig but a fashion show by the Axiom collective of designers, who included Sade Adu. These former Blitz Kids, "21 in number and 21 their average age" [49] came by invitation of Jim Fouratt who hosted the event at the Underground club.

During 1983, 30% of the US record sales were from British acts.[ relevant? ] On 18 July 1983, 18 singles in the top 40, and six in the top 10, were by British artists. [48] Newsweek ran an issue which featured Annie Lennox and Boy George on the cover of one of its issues, with the caption "Britain Rocks America – Again", while Rolling Stone would release an "England Swings" issue with Boy George on the cover. [48] In April 1984, 40 of the top 100 singles; further, in a May 1985 survey, eight of the top 10 singles were by acts of British origin. [50] [51] [ relevant? ]

Decline and revivals

An American reaction against European synthpop and "haircut bands" has been seen as beginning in the mid-1980s with the rise of heartland rock and roots rock. [52] In the UK, the arrival of indie rock bands, particularly the Smiths, has been claimed by the music press as marking the end of synth-driven new wave and the beginning of the raw guitar-based music that would come to dominate rock in the 1990s, [53] [54] with these bands adopting "the kind of jangling guitar work that had typified new wave music", [55] as a "reaction against the opulence/corpulence of nouveau rich 'new pop'" [56] and as "part of the move back to guitar-driven music after the keyboard washes of the New Romantics". [57] By the end of the 1980s, many acts had been dropped by their labels and the solo careers of many artists who had been associated with the New Romantic scene would gradually fade over time. [58]

In the mid-1990s, the New Romantic era was the subject of nostalgia-oriented club nights — such as the Human League-inspired "Don't You Want Me", and "Planet Earth", a Duran Duran-themed night club whose promoter told The Sunday Times , "It's more of a celebration than a revival". [59] In the same period it was also an inspiration for the Romo musical movement. It was championed by Melody Maker , who featured the scene - proclaiming that it was a "future pop explosion" - on its front cover in 1995 [60] and inside claiming that Britpop had been "executed" to make way for it, [61] and including bands Orlando, Plastic Fantastic, Minty, Viva, Sexus, [62] Hollywood and DexDexTer. None of the Romo acts made the British top 75 in their own right, [63] although Orlando charted at number 65 with "How Can We Hang on to a Dream" as part of the Fever Pitch soundtrack EP. [64] [65] After an unsuccessful Melody Maker-organised tour, most of the bands soon broke up. [66]

Documentaries and films

In March 2021, Bruce Ashley's documentary Blitzed: The 80's Blitz Kids' Story, was shown on Sky Arts. [67] [68] [69] Boy George, Rusty Egan and Marilyn all appeared in the film discussing their time at the club and about the early 1980s-era, whilst La Roux was interviewed about the cultural effects of the New Romantic movement on younger performers like herself. [70]

Although it received less media coverage than London, the Birmingham scene, featuring the likes of Khan and Bell, is covered (to an extent) in the 2018 novel Blonde Boy, Red Lipstick. Some of the main characters from the New Romantic movement feature in the book, albeit under different names.

Tramps! , directed by Kevin Hegge, premiered in 2022. [71]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ↑ During the New Romantic period, two of four Ultravox members—frontman Ure and keyboardist Currie—were also in the then-six-person group Visage.

Related Research Articles

New wave is a music genre that encompasses pop-oriented styles from the 1970s through the 1980s. It is considered a lighter and more melodic "broadening of punk culture". It was originally used as a catch-all for the various styles of music that emerged after punk rock. Later, critical consensus favored "new wave" as an umbrella term involving many contemporary popular music styles, including synth-pop, alternative dance and post-punk. The main new wave movement coincided with late 1970s punk and continued into the early 1980s.

Synth-pop is a music genre that first became prominent in the late 1970s and features the synthesizer as the dominant musical instrument. It was prefigured in the 1960s and early 1970s by the use of synthesizers in progressive rock, electronic, art rock, disco, and particularly the Krautrock of bands like Kraftwerk. It arose as a distinct genre in Japan and the United Kingdom in the post-punk era as part of the new wave movement of the late 1970s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spandau Ballet</span> English new wave band

Spandau Ballet were an English pop band formed in Islington, London, in 1979. Inspired by the capital's post-punk underground dance scene, they emerged at the start of the 1980s as the house band for the Blitz Kids, playing "European Dance Music" as "The Applause" for this new club culture's audience. They became one of the most successful groups of the New Romantic era of British pop and were part of the Second British Invasion of the Billboard Top 40 in the 1980s, selling 25 million albums and having 23 hit singles worldwide. The band have had eight UK top 10 albums, including three greatest hits compilations and an album of re-recorded material. Their musical influences ranged from punk rock and soul music to the American crooners Frank Sinatra and Tony Bennett.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Visage (band)</span> British synthpop band

Visage were a British synth-pop band formed in London in 1978. The band became closely linked to the burgeoning New Romantic fashion movement of the early 1980s, and are best known for their hit "Fade to Grey" which was released in late 1980. In the UK, the band achieved two Top 20 albums and five Top 30 singles before the commercial failure of their third album led to their breakup in 1985.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blitz Kids</span> Group that launched the New Romantic subculture

The Blitz Kids were a group of people who frequented the Tuesday club-night at Blitz in Covent Garden, London in 1979–1980, and are credited with launching the New Romantic subcultural movement.

Popular music of the United Kingdom in the 1980s built on the post-punk and new wave movements, incorporating different sources of inspiration from subgenres and what is now classed as world music in the shape of Jamaican and Indian music. It also explored the consequences of new technology and social change in the electronic music of synthpop. In the early years of the decade, while subgenres like heavy metal music continued to develop separately, there was a considerable crossover between rock and more commercial popular music, with a large number of more "serious" bands, like The Police and UB40, enjoying considerable single chart success.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">British rock music</span> Rock music from the United Kingdom

British rock describes a wide variety of forms of music made in the United Kingdom. Since around 1964, with the "British Invasion" of the United States spearheaded by the Beatles, British rock music has had a considerable impact on the development of American music and rock music across the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marilyn (singer)</span> English singer and songwriter (born 1962)

Peter Antony Robinson, better known as Marilyn, is an English singer known for his androgynous appearance. He was one of Britain's most successful gender bending musical artists in the 1980s. First becoming a noted figure on the London club scene, Marilyn topped the European, Japanese and Australian charts with his 1983 hit "Calling Your Name". The song was later included on his 1985 debut album Despite Straight Lines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Careless Memories</span> 1981 single by Duran Duran

"Careless Memories" is the second single by the English new wave band Duran Duran, released on 20 April 1981. It reached no. 37 in the UK and no. 60 in Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Steve Strange</span> Welsh singer and pop icon (1959–2015)

Stephen John Harrington, known professionally as Steve Strange, was a Welsh singer and nightclub host and promoter. Strange began his career in several short-lived punk bands of the late 1970s. Quickly becoming disaffected by the British punk scene, he became one of the most influential figures behind the New Romantic subcultural movement of the late 1970s and early 1980s, which spawned the Blitz Kids.

Dance-rock is a dance-infused genre of rock music. It is a post-disco genre connected with pop rock and post-punk with fewer rhythm and blues influences. It originated in the early 1980s, following the decline in popularity of both punk and disco.

Shock were a music/mime/dance/pop group that was notable in the early 1980s for supporting English new wave groups such as Gary Numan, Adam and the Ants, Depeche Mode and Famous Names, led by Steve Fairnie.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">To Cut a Long Story Short</span> 1980 single by Spandau Ballet

"To Cut a Long Story Short" is the debut single by the English new wave band Spandau Ballet, released on 31 October 1980. The band began recording the song before they were signed to a record label because of the interest they had generated with a debut concert for patrons of the exclusive weekly London nightclub the Blitz as well as a Christmas party at that establishment. After having tried other popular genres, the band had been preparing to make their debut as performers of dance music and wanted the public to associate them with the young crowd who met at the Blitz every Tuesday. They needed their guitarist/songwriter, Gary Kemp, to come up with something that they could feel confident about presenting to the top tier of the club's regulars at their first performance.

<i>Journeys to Glory</i> 1981 studio album by Spandau Ballet

Journeys to Glory is the debut studio album by English synth-pop band Spandau Ballet, released on 6 March 1981 by Chrysalis Records. All of the songs on the album were produced by Richard James Burgess and written by band guitarist Gary Kemp to appeal to the patrons of a weekly Tuesday night club the band started attending called the Blitz, where they were accustomed to hearing "white European dance music". Their performances at the Blitz and other exclusive venues attracted the attention of record labels eager to sign them, and one of the songs they had been performing, "To Cut a Long Story Short", gained popularity through a recording session made at BBC Radio 1.

This article includes an overview of the famous events and trends in popular music in the 1980s.

New pop is a loosely defined British-centric pop music movement consisting of ambitious, DIY-minded artists who achieved commercial success in the early 1980s through sources such as MTV. Rooted in the post-punk movement of the late 1970s, the movement spanned a wide variety of styles and artists, including acts such as Orange Juice, the Human League, and ABC. The term "rockist", a pejorative against people who shunned this type of music, coincided with and was associated with new pop.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second British Invasion</span> 1980s cultural movement

The Second British Invasion was a sharp increase in the popularity of British synth-pop and New Pop artists in the United States. It began in the summer of 1982, peaked in 1983, and continued throughout much of the 1980s. MTV began in 1981. Its popularity was the main catalyst for the second British Invasion. According to Rolling Stone, British acts brought a "revolution in sound and style" to the US.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lifeline (Spandau Ballet song)</span> 1982 single by Spandau Ballet

"Lifeline" is a song by English pop band Spandau Ballet, released on 24 September 1982 as the first single from what would be their third album, True (1983). The song confirmed the band's intent to transition from dance music to pop that was hinted at with their previous single, "Instinction". Some band members found an enjoyable chemistry with "Lifeline" producers Tony Swain and Steve Jolley that was lacking in recording sessions with previous producers. The new song received mixed reviews but reached number 7 on the UK Singles Chart. It was also their first single to chart in the United States, missing the Billboard Hot 100 but charting on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 at number 8. The music video for the song received airplay on the U.S. cable channel MTV.

Art pop is a loosely defined style of pop music influenced by art theories as well as ideas from other art mediums, such as fashion, fine art, cinema, and avant-garde literature. The genre draws on pop art's integration of high and low culture, and emphasizes signs, style, and gesture over personal expression. Art pop musicians may deviate from traditional pop audiences and rock music conventions, instead exploring postmodern approaches and ideas such as pop's status as commercial art, notions of artifice and the self, and questions of historical authenticity.

Philip Sallon is a British club promoter, event organiser, socialite, style innovator, impresario, and clothing designer. He was born in London, England. He is particularly known for being a prominent member of the Punk sub-cultural and New Romantic pop cultural movements during the 1970s and 1980s.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Johnson, David (4 October 2009). "Spandau Ballet, the Blitz Kids and the birth of the New Romantics". The Observer . London: Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  2. ↑ Persson, Laura Borrelli (11 September 2015). "Duran Duran's Nick Rhodes Talks New Wave, David Bowie, and Hedi Slimane's Saint Laurent". Vogue . Condé Nast . Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  3. ↑ "BLITZ KIDS, Shapers of the 80s". Shapersofthe80s.com. 20 September 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Cateforis, Theo (2011). Are We Not New Wave?: Modern Pop at the Turn of the 1980s. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. pp. 47–8. ISBN   978-0-472-03470-3.
  5. ↑ "Adventures in synth". The Guardian . 1 May 2008.
  6. ↑ "RICHARD JAMES BURGESS Interview". 27 July 2010.
  7. ↑ "Richard James Burgess, CEO, American Association of Independent Music". SouthWales.ac.uk.
  8. ↑ "Richard James Burgess's schedule for 2019 AIMP Indie Music Publishing Summit". Aimpsummit2019.sched.com. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  9. ↑ "Richard James Burgess". SoundExchange. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  10. ↑ "Feature - Moments Like These: Richard James Burgess". NZ Musician.
  11. ↑ "Episode 23: Richard James Burgess (President & CEO A2IM)". Jaxsta .
  12. 1 2 3 Borthwick, Stuart; Moy, Rob (2004). Popular Music Genres: an Introduction. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. p. 132. ISBN   0-7486-1745-0.
  13. 1 2 3 Buckley, David (2005). Strange Fascination: David Bowie, the Definitive Story. London: Random House. p. 318. ISBN   0-7535-1002-2.
  14. ↑ Evans, Richard (2009). Remember the 80s: Now That's What I Call Nostagia!. London: Anova Books. p. 16. ISBN   978-1-906032-12-8.
  15. 1 2 Steer, Deirdre Clancy (2009). The 1980s and 1990s. New York City: Infobase Publishing. p. 37. ISBN   978-1-60413-386-8.
  16. 1 2 3 Steele, Valerie, ed. (2010). The Berg Companion to Fashion. London: Berg Publishers. p. 525. ISBN   978-1-84788-592-0.
  17. ↑ "Kahn and Bell Shop". New Sounds New Styles. 1981. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  18. ↑ O'Byrne, Robert (2009). Style City: How London Became a Fashion Capital. London: Frances Lincoln Ltd. p. 77. ISBN   978-0-7112-2895-5.
  19. ↑ Reynolds, Simon (2005). Rip It Up and Start Again Postpunk 1978–1984. London: Faber and Faber. pp. 326 and 410. ISBN   0-571-21570-X.
  20. 1 2 Borthwick, Stuart; Moy, Roy (2004). Popular Music Genres: an Introduction. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. p. 124. ISBN   0-7486-1745-0.
  21. ↑ Russell, Tony, ed. (1983). Encyclopedia of Rock. Wingdale, New York: Crescent Books. p. 119. ISBN   0-517-40865-1.
  22. ↑ Ant, Adam (2001). "I always consider myself to be in a punk band and a punk artist". I Love 1981, at 02:44mins. BBCManchester, producer Juliet Glaves. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
  23. ↑ Aitkenhead, Decca (19 February 2012). "Adam Ant: To be a pop star you need sex, subversion, style and humour". The Guardian . London. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  24. ↑ Rimmer, Dave (October 1981). "Japanese Boys". Smash Hits . Vol. 3, no. 22. London: EMAP Metro. pp. 42–43.
  25. ↑ "Rolling Stone Random Notes". The Tuscaloosa News . Tuscaloosa, Alabama: Gannett. 17 July 1981. p. 6.
  26. ↑ Martin, Peter (January 1984). "Soft Cell: That Was Then But This Is Now". Smash Hits . Vol. 6, no. 1. p. 6.
  27. 1 2 Marszalek, Julian (7 October 2010). "OMG It's OMD! Orchestral Manoeuvres In The Dark Interviewed". The Quietus . Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  28. ↑ Weiss, Wiesław (2016). Tomek Beksiński: Portret prawdziwy. Vesper. pp. 215–217. ISBN   978-8377312438.
  29. ↑ Metzer, Greg (2008). Rock Band Name Origins: The Stories of 240 Groups and Performers. McFarland & Company. pp. 139–140. ISBN   978-0786438181.
  30. ↑ Johnstone, Sam (2013). "New Romantics". In Childs, Peter; Storry, Michael (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Contemporary British Culture. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 363. ISBN   978-1134755547.
  31. ↑ "Revolution, Shapers of the 80s". Shapersofthe80s.com. 22 January 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  32. ↑ "Steve Strange". Showbiz Wales/Southeast Hall of Fame (BBC). August 2009. Archived from the original on 27 July 2010.
  33. ↑ Johnson, David (4 October 2009). "Spandau Ballet, the Blitz kids and the birth of the New Romantics". The Guardian . London. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  34. ↑ "'Erromantiko berriak' entzungai – Tolosaldeko ataria" (in Basque). Ataria.eus. 22 December 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  35. ↑ Savage, Mark (13 February 2015). "Steve Strange: The custodian of New Romantic pop". Bbc.co.uk.
  36. ↑ O'Byrne 2009 , p. 81
  37. ↑ Rimmer, Dave (2003). New Romantics: The Look. London: Omnibus Press. pp. 105–106. ISBN   0711993963.
  38. ↑ "Bustier". Victoria & Albert Museum. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  39. ↑ Rhodes, Nick (22 April 2006). "How we opened the door to the 1980s" . The Daily Telegraph . London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  40. ↑ Rimmer, pp. 100–102
  41. ↑ Stewart, Ethan (13 January 2021). "How Leeds Led the Goth Scene". PopMatters . Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  42. ↑ Reynolds, Simon (2 April 2009). Rip it Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978-1984. Faber & Faber. Almond played electronic dance pop when he DJ-ed at the Leeds Warehouse nightclub, and often penned Soft Cell songs in the cloak room. The Warehouse was the epicentre of the Leeds branch of the Futurist/New Romantic scene. 'When exhibitionism hit Leeds, it hit hard,' Almond recalled. 'It was a battle for who could wear the most make-up and most acres of material.'
  43. ↑ Reynolds, pp. 334–5
  44. 1 2 "Synth pop". AllMusic . Archived from the original on 11 March 2011..
  45. ↑ Reynolds, pp. 412–3.
  46. ↑ Reynolds, pp.306-7, 311
  47. ↑ Cateforis, Theo. The Death of New Wave (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011.
  48. 1 2 3 4 Reynolds, pp. 340 and 342-3
  49. ↑ "First Blitz invasion of the US, Shapers of the 80s". Shapersofthe80s.com. 22 January 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  50. ↑ "UK acts disappear from US charts". BBC News. 23 April 2002. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  51. ↑ Denisoff, Von R. Serge; Schurk, W. L. (1986). Tarnished Gold: the Record Industry Revisited. Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 441. ISBN   0-88738-618-0.
  52. ↑ Reynolds, p. 535
  53. ↑ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "The Smiths". AllMusic . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011.
  54. ↑ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "R.E.M." AllMusic . Archived from the original on 28 June 2011.
  55. ↑ Nickson, Chris (25 September 2012). "Indie and the New Musical Express". ministryofrock.co.uk. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  56. ↑ Reynolds, Simon (26 September 1987). "The Smiths: A Eulogy". Bring the Noise: 20 Years of Writing About Hip Rock and Hip Hop. Catapult. ISBN   978-1-59376-460-9.
  57. ↑ Nickson, Chris (31 July 2010). "The Smiths Were The Idols of Indie". ministryofrock.co.uk. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  58. ↑ Reynolds, p. 523
  59. ↑ Langan, Steve (19 November 1995). "Worst of Times". The Sunday Times . London: News UK. p. 1.
  60. ↑ "ROMO - The Future Pop Explosion", front cover headline. Melody Maker 25 November 1995
  61. ↑ "We regret to have to announce a death. Britpop, having served its purpose, has been executed." Romo special feature preamble, Melody Maker 25 November 1995 page 9
  62. ↑ "Sexus | Discography | Zang Tuum Tumb and all that". Zttaat.com. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  63. ↑ Simpson, Dave (6 August 2009). "The scenes that time forgot". The Guardian . London. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  64. ↑ "fever pitch the ep | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company". Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  65. ↑ "CD Single: Various Artists - Goin' Back (1997)". 45worlds.com. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  66. ↑ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2002). "Orlando". In Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (eds.). AllMusic Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul (3rd ed.). Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Backbeat Books. pp. 828–9. ISBN   0-87930-653-X.
  67. ↑ "Blitzed: The 80s Blitz Kids' Story". Radio Times.
  68. ↑ "The Blitz Club Archives".
  69. ↑ "Blitzed: The 80s Blitz Kids' Story". Sky.
  70. ↑ Blitzed: The 80's Blitz Kids (directed by Bruce Ashley) on Sky Arts, 9pm 13 March 2021/11pm 19 March 2021[ citation needed ]
  71. ↑ Rachel Ho, "'TRAMPS!' Celebrates and Mourns London's New Romantic Movement". Exclaim! , May 31, 2022.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.