Open Marxism

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Open Marxism is a collection of critical and heterodox Marxist schools of thought which critique state socialism [1] and party politics, stressing the need for openness to praxis and history through an anti-positivist method grounded in the "practical reflexivity" of Karl Marx's own concepts. [2] The "openness" in open Marxism also refers to a non-deterministic view of history in which the unpredictability of class struggle is foregrounded. [3]

Contents

It is very strongly anti-structuralist in both its Marxism–Leninist [4] and Althusserian [5] forms, and there are some overlaps with elements of post-Marxism. [6] It often (though not always) aligns itself with humanist Marxism, and libertarian, anarchist or left communism. [7] It draws strongly from value-form criticism.

Overview

Derrida describes an 'open' Marxist tradition in an interview from 1980. [8] Alvin Gouldner also describes 'Two Marxisms' in the 1980s; one scientific, and one critical. [9]

Originating from a term used by Agnoli in a debate with Ernest Mandel, Open Marxism began in the 80's as an effort to unite heterodox Marxist tendencies against the dogmatism of revisionist Marxism-Leninism, and mainstream sociological structuralist [10] versions of Western Marxism, such as Althusserian Marxism and Gramscian cultural studies. [11] Open Marxists returned to basic Marxist concepts such as value, labour and the state-form, [12] and argued against social-democratic state-led and Marxist-Leninist party-led utilisations of Marxism.

The sources of critical, Open Marxism (sometimes called the 'warm stream of Marxism' [13] ) are many, from György Lukács' return to the philosophical roots of Marx's thinking, to council communism, the New Left, elements of Autonomism and situationism and also the Neue Marx-Lektüre of 70s Germany. [14] Hegel is often the common thread within these tendencies. [3]

Intellectual affinities with autonomist Marxism were especially strong and led to the creation of the journal The Commoner (2001–2012) following in the wake of previous open Marxist journals Arguments (1958–1962) [15] and Common Sense (1987–1999).

In the 1970s and 1980s, state-derivationist debates around the separation of the economic and the political under capitalism unfolded in the working group Kapitalistate and the Conference of Socialist Economists [16] journal Capital & Class, involving many of the theorists of Open Marxism and significantly influencing its theoretical development. [17] Endnotes journal references itself as influenced by OM. [11]

Theorists

Publications

Three volumes entitled Open Marxism were published by Pluto Press in the 1990s. A fourth volume, again published by Pluto, appeared in 2020. The authorship of the latest volume showed how far the influence of Open Marxism has spread from Europe to Latin America. [47]

'Open Leninism'

Some scholars discuss the existence of an 'open Leninism', or a Neo-Leninism, [48] that is, a critical [49] Hegelian, or post-structural Leninism that is critical of Marxism-Leninism [50] as it existed in the 20th century. [51] [52] The work of Lars T. Lih, [53] Kevin B. Anderson, [54] Kai Heron, [55] Jodi Dean, [56] Andreas Malm, [57] Antonio Negri, [58] Alberto Toscano [59] and Slavoj Zizek [60] have been representative of this trend.

Criticism

Some critics have alleged that open Marxism is too open [61] - a charge of 'subjectivism' [62] and 'voluntarism' [63] is sometimes levelled, though its authors, particularly John Holloway have responded to this. [64]

Others claim that open Marxist accounts tend to treat the national capitalist state abstractly, without reference to uneven and combined development and international forms of class struggle in the capitalist "world-system". [65]

Like other forms of Marxism, it has been criticised for being totalising, universalising and Eurocentric. [66]

See also

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Dialectical materialism is a materialist theory based upon the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that has found widespread applications in a variety of philosophical disciplines ranging from philosophy of history to philosophy of science. As a materialist philosophy, Marxist dialectics emphasizes the importance of real-world conditions and the presence of functional contradictions within and among social relations, which derive from, but are not limited to, the contradictions that occur in social class, labour economics, and socioeconomic interactions. Within Marxism, a contradiction is a relationship in which two forces oppose each other, leading to mutual development.

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A proletarian revolution or proletariat revolution is a social revolution in which the working class attempts to overthrow the bourgeoisie and change the previous political system. Proletarian revolutions are generally advocated by socialists, communists and anarchists.

Common Sense was a magazine of left-wing theory published in Edinburgh, Scotland from 1987. It ceased publication in 1999. The creators of Common Sense aimed to be minimalist in its production.

References

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  5. ↑ Charnock, Greig; Starosta, Guido (June 2023). "'If "Marxists" would only read Marx': The significance of Simon Clarke's Marxism". Capital & Class. 47 (2): 177–181. doi: 10.1177/03098168231171786 . ISSN   0309-8168.
  6. ↑ Harrison, Oliver (October 2016). "Occupy: 'Struggles for the common' or an 'anti-politics of dignity'? Reflections on Hardt and Negri and John Holloway". Capital & Class. 40 (3): 495–510. doi:10.1177/0309816816653877. ISSN   0309-8168. S2CID   147973886.
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