Pesa Tramicus

Last updated
Pesa Tramicus [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
Pesa 120N 3114, tram line 35, Warsaw, 2021.jpg
Warsaw's 120N on line 35
Stock typeelectric multiple unit
Manufacturer Pesa
Assembly Bydgoszcz, Flag of Poland.svg  Poland
Constructed2005–2008
Number built33
Specifications
Train length20.22–31.82 m (66.3–104.4 ft)
Width2,350 mm (93 in)
Height3,400 mm (130 in)
Floor height350–480 mm (14–19 in)
Low-floor 100%
Articulated sections3–5
Axle load 1,800 mm (71 in)
Engine type induction motor
Electric system(s) 600 V DC

Pesa Tramicus is a uni-directional low-floor tram produced by Pesa in Bydgoszcz. The tram is available in three versions: a three-section (121N) or five-section (120N and 122N) configuration, with sections connected by accordion-type pivot joints. Between 2005 and 2008, a total of 33 Tramicus trams were produced, and they were delivered to Warsaw, Łódź, Elbląg, and Bydgoszcz. The experience gained from designing and operating the Tramicus family led to the development of the Swing vehicles.

Contents

History

Origins

In the 1990s, new normal-gauge tram designs with low floors, such as the 112N  [ pl ] and 114Na, were developed in Poland, but only in limited numbers and did not represent any significant quality leaps. [8] The last trams produced in Chorzów were manufactured by Alstom in 2001. [7] Since then, Poland did not produce tram cars, and Polish cities modernized their fleets by importing vehicles from abroad. [7]

To fill the gap in the Polish market, four companies aimed to enter the tram sector: Alstom Konstal (the direct successor of Konstal), Pesa Bydgoszcz (formerly Zakłady Naprawcze Taboru Kolejowego, focusing on repairs and the construction of railway vehicles), FPS Cegielski from Poznań (engaged in, among other things, railway vehicle construction), and Protram from Wrocław (specializing in tram modernizations). [9]

Pesa entered the tram market in 2003 by modernizing two 805Na trams (renumbered to 805Nm) belonging to Bydgoszcz. [7] However, the modernized vehicles were very unreliable. [10]

In 2005, Pesa began accepting orders for brand-new trams from Warsaw (120N) and Elbląg (121N). [6] The first trams from Bydgoszcz (Pesa 121N) were built and introduced into service in 2006. [7] The 120N model was introduced in August 2007, and the 122N in January 2008 (homologation was obtained on 20 December 2007). [11]

Orders

Tramicus family

The first trams built by Pesa were marketed under the Tramicus brand. [16] This family includes the Pesa 120N, Pesa 121N, and Pesa 122N. The five-car Pesa 120N and Pesa 122N are nearly identical in design (with the main difference being the track gauge) and share the same factory numbering. [16]

An unrealized project was the Pesa 119N, which was intended to be a three-car normal-gauge design, but no orders were placed for it. [17]

Type names

The type name 120N continues the convention of using a three-digit number followed by the letter N for tram models, a system that started in the mid-1960s with Pafawag 101N (1968) and Konstal 102N (1967). The designations directly preceding 120N were for FPS 118N and Pesa 119N. [11] The name Pesa 122N, like Pesa 121N, represents an inconsistency with the accepted rules. Narrow-gauge wagons should have been designated with a number starting with 8. Considering that Pesa 122N is a narrow-gauge version of Pesa 120N, it should have been named Pesa 820N. [11]

End of production

After completing the delivery of 122N trams to Bydgoszcz and Łódź in 2008, production of the Tramicus family ceased. They were replaced in Pesa's offer by the Swing family. New trams from this family were ordered, among others, by Warsaw, [18] Bydgoszcz, [19] and Łódź. [20]

Construction

TypeNumber of sectionsLengthBody widthWeightNumber and power of motorsTrack gaugeSeating capacityFeaturesSources
120N531.82 m2.35 m43.4 t4 × 105 kW1,435 mm63air conditioning, wheelchair access, monitoring [1] [21]
121N320.22 m2.35 m24.55 t4 × 105 kW1,000 mm41wheelchair access, monitoring [1] [6] [21]
122N (Bydgoszcz)531.82 m2.35 m38.4 t4 × 105 kW1,000 mm63air conditioning, wheelchair access, monitoring [1] [3] [7] [21]
122N (Łódź)531.82 m2.35 m38.4 t4 × 105 kW1,000 mm63air conditioning, wheelchair access, monitoring, wireless internet [1] [3] [7] [21] [22]

Body

Three-section Pesa 121N PESA 121N Elblag.JPG
Three-section Pesa 121N

The outer sections of the tram have one single door with a 700 mm clearance, and the suspended sections have two pairs of double doors with a clearance of 1,300 mm. [4]

The exterior shell is made of steel and laminate elements. [21] The trams are equipped with elastomer flow bumpers that absorb impact at speeds up to several km/h. [4] [21] The driver's cabin is a roll cage that protects the operator in case of a collision. [4] [21]

The mechanical design of the Tramicus family trams (119N–122N) was created by EC Engineering  [ pl ] from Kraków. [23]

Interior

Passenger compartment PESA interiors.JPG
Passenger compartment

The Tramicus trams are fully low-floor. The passenger compartment is a single-space, step-free area [4] (maximum floor slope of 9°), [5] equipped with electric information and direction boards. [21] Inside the vehicle, the seats are arranged in a 2+1 configuration (in the direction of travel) in the suspended sections, and at an angle in a 1+1 configuration in the sections with bogies. [21] The narrowest passage is 595 mm wide. [5] The trams have air conditioning in the driver's cabin (cooling capacity of 5.1 kW), [2] and the 120N and 122N models also have air conditioning in the passenger compartment [21] (cooling capacity of 22 kW). [2] The vehicles are adapted for wheelchair users with a retractable ramp and designated space. [21]

Power supply

The tram is powered by a 600 V DC network [4] via a half-current collector (type Fb 700, manufactured by Stemmann) mounted on the roof of the first section. [24] The voltage from the current collector is supplied through a disconnector and a quick-release switch to the high-voltage distribution board [4] (type RWN-500-600, manufactured by Medcom  [ pl ]). [25] Inside it is a set of protection devices and contactors controlling the power supply to the vehicle's components. [4]

Four power inverters (one for each motor, type FT-105-600, manufactured by Medcom) [25] are used to supply the traction motors, [4] generating three variable amplitude and frequency voltages [4] using a transistor bridge circuit (IGBT). [26] The inverters are controlled by a digital signal processor using pulse-width modulation. [26]

In the 121N, the remaining devices are powered by a single voltage converter [4] (type PSM-18, manufactured by Medcom), [25] while the 120N and 122N models, which include additional air conditioning for the passenger compartment, [21] require a second voltage converter [4] (type PSM-60, manufactured by Medcom). [25] This setup provides a backup power system for auxiliary circuits, which automatically activates in the event of a primary converter failure. Voltage converters produce 24 V DC (onboard) and 3x400 V AC (auxiliary) voltages. [4]

Drive and braking

Tramicus trams have two driving bogies (end bogies), [4] type 10NN (120N) or 12NN (121N and 122N). The trailer bogies mounted in the 120N are type 11NN, and those in the 122N are type 13NN. The bogies are manufactured by Pesa. [21]

Each axle of the driving bogies is connected via axle transmission (type KSH 212, manufactured by Voith) [27] to an induction motor [4] (type DKCBZ 0211-4, manufactured by VEM Sachsenwerk). [24] [28] [29] An important feature is the ability to power the traction motors from a 24 V battery to move the vehicle in emergency situations. [4]

Service braking is achieved through electrodynamic brakes, which allow safe stopping even when the tram enters a closed section of the overhead wire. [4] [24] During electrodynamic braking, energy recovery is possible, which must be used by another tram or absorbed by a suitably equipped traction substation. Otherwise, upon reaching 780 V in the overhead wire, a braking chopper is activated to dissipate excess energy in braking resistors (RH: 2.4 W, 250 kW). [4] The trailer bogies are equipped with active disc brakes (braked with increased hydraulic pressure), which complement electrodynamic braking if needed. Each axle of the driving bogies has a passive disc brake (spring-based force) used as a parking brake. [4] [24] All bogies are equipped with track brakes. In emergency situations, all types of brakes are used simultaneously. [24]

Control computer

The drive system and other components are managed via a CAN bus by a computer located in the first section of the tram. Key information about system operations and potential faults is displayed on the driver's dashboard panel. [4] Remote access to the computer is possible via GPRS protocol. [4] [30]

The Tramicus trams use a digital speed measurement and rail vehicle parameter recording system, ATM-RPS (manufactured by ATM PP). [31]

Technical specifications of components

Auxiliary converters

TypePSM-18PSM-60
Input voltage40–900 V
Functionality range360–1,000 V
Total power22 kVA60 kVA
DC output24 V, In=390 A
  • Thermal voltage compensation
  • Electronic protection (overload, short circuit)
Voltage stability DC<1%
DC ripple<1 Vpp (at nominal load)
AC output3x400 V/12 kVA3x400 V/50 kVA
AC voltage regulation≤±5%
Max neutral conductor current15 A38 A
Overall efficiency >92%
Ambient temperature-30 °C to +40 °C
Enclosure IP code IP30
Dimensions (mm³)450x1,300x620450x1,300x1200
Source: [4]

Traction motor

TypeDKCBZ 0211-4FA [24] [28] [29]
Operating point S1S2-1h
Rated power 105140kW
Rated torque563.3754.1Nm
Rated speed1,6811,772rpm
Max speed4,569rpm
Rated frequency60Hz
Rated voltage430V
Stator connectionstar
Ampacity 190.0238.2A
Power factor (cos φ)0.79480.8473
Efficiency 93.3393.15%
Weight400±5%kg
IP code IP55/IP65
Ambient temperature-30 to +40°C
Insulation class200
Cooling methodself-ventilated, IC411
Source: [4]

Traction inverter

TypeFT-105-600
Rated supply voltage600 V +25%/-30%600 V +30%/-30%
Auxiliary voltage (DC)24 V +10%/-40%24 V +30%/-40%
Ampacity 300 A200 Arms
Phase output current190 Arms
Max current400 Arms
Rated power 105 kW100 kW
Frequency0–160 Hz0–130 Hz
PWM frequency3 kHz
Insulation strength4 kV, 50 Hz for 1 min4 kV
Coolingforced internalforced air
Weight400 kg60 kg
Dimensions (mm³)1,200x450x1,3001,296x450x1,320
Sources [4] [26]

Transmission

TypeKSH 212
Gear ratio6.643
Max speed4,569 rpm
Source: [32]

Operations

CountryCityOperatorTypeYears of deliveryNumberSource
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland Elbląg Urban Transport Authority in Elbląg  [ pl ] 121N 2006–20076 [33]
Warsaw Warsaw Trams  [ pl ] 120N 200715
Łódź Municipal Transport Company in Łódź  [ pl ] 122N 200810
Bydgoszcz Municipal Transport Company in Bydgoszcz  [ pl ] 122N 20082
Total:33

Elbląg

121N in Elblagu PESA 121N Elblag.jpg
121N in Elblągu

A contract with the Elbląg City Office for the purchase of 6 low-floor 121N trams from Pesa for the municipal company Elbląg Trams was signed on 11 August 2005. [12] The premiere of the tram produced for Elbląg took place from 19 to 22 September 2006 at the InnoTrans trade fair in Berlin. [34] The first 121N was delivered to the customer in October 2006 and introduced into service on 21 December 2006. [6] On the same day, trams began operating to the new terminus at Ogólna Street in Elbląg. [6] The Tramicus were initially intended to serve line 4, but frequent derailments on the track on Grunwaldzka Avenue led to their reassignment to other routes, specifically lines 3 and 5 running from Ogólna terminus to Saperów terminus. [6] The last 121N was delivered in March 2007. [6]

The Tramicus trams were the first low-floor trams in Elbląg. [6]

On 30 August 2011, vehicle number 404 was severely damaged in a collision with a truck. [35] The tram was repaired at the manufacturer's plant in Bydgoszcz and returned to Elbląg on 20 January 2012. [36]

On 20 June 2012, tram number 401 was named Stanisław Wójcicki  [ pl ], honoring an honorary citizen of Elbląg. [37] The remaining five 121N trams were named Ferdinand Schichau, Włodzimierz Sierzputowski  [ pl ], Aleksandra Gabrysiak  [ pl ], Czesław Klimuszko  [ pl ], and Józef Karpiński. [38] The names were chosen in a vote. [37]

Warsaw

120N in initial livery Pesa120n warszawa.jpg
120N in initial livery
120N in final livery Warsaw tram PESA 120N at Most poniatowskiego.jpg
120N in final livery

On 22 February 2006, a contract was signed for the delivery of 15 brand-new Pesa 120N trams. [13] These trams were purchased by Warsaw for Warsaw Trams  [ pl ] as part of the project Modernization of the tram route in Jerozolimskie Avenue from Banacha terminus to Gocławek terminus, co-financed by the European Union under the Integrated Regional Operational Programme  [ pl ]. [39]

On 16 July 2007, the first 120N was delivered to Warsaw by truck. The tram was unloaded at the depot in Wola and then transported to the depot in Mokotów. [40] Testing of the tram began two days later. [41] The delivery of new trams marked the centenary of electric trams in Warsaw. [42] On 20 August 2007, the first 120N was presented at the Mokotów depot and then put into service on line 36. [43] The purchase of trams with EU funds required their use only on tracks modernized as part of the same project (corresponding to line 9). [44] However, due to delays in track work, Warsaw Trams obtained permission to temporarily assign these trams to other routes. [45] The 120N was the first air-conditioned tram in Warsaw. [46]

On 16 March 2018, a fault was detected in one of the three braking systems – electrodynamic braking. As a result, all Tramicus trams were temporarily withdrawn from service. All trams received new software and were subjected to re-testing. [47] [48]

In November 2018, Warsaw Trams signed a contract with the Polish Mint for the delivery of new ticket machines for all trams. [49]

Livery

Trams were delivered to Warsaw in a red-gray-black livery with yellow rectangles. This design was chosen by Warsaw Trams and Pesa employees. [50] It referred to the traditional red-yellow colors of Warsaw trams and the painting scheme of the 121N for Elbląg (door frames). [50] In 2009, a commission of city officials, looking for a suitable painting scheme for 186 newly ordered trams, decided to change it to a gray livery with red accents. The repainting, covered under the paint warranty, was commissioned to the manufacturer. [51] The first tram to return to Warsaw in the new colors was tram number 3113 in mid-July 2009. However, the modification was criticized by passengers and journalists, leading to another color change. By the end of July of the same year, tram 3103 was repainted yellow with a red stripe along the roof line. This livery was then applied to the remaining Warsaw Tramicus trams and adapted for the later ordered Pesa Swing trams. [52]

Łódź

Lodz 122N Pesa Tramicus 122N (2).jpg
Łódź 122N
Modernized 122N Pesa Tramicus 122N Zgierska Lodz.jpg
Modernized 122N

In Łódź, the 122N trams are operated by the Municipal Transport Company in Łódź  [ pl ]. The Tramicuses were purchased to serve the modernized Łódź Regional Tram Line  [ pl ] from 2007 to 2008 [53] based on a contract signed on 24 October 2006. [14] The first Pesa tram arrived in Łódź on 25 January 2008, and after testing and trial runs, it was officially presented [16] and handed over to the operator on 28 January 2008. [54] The delivery coincided with the opening of the Łódź Regional Tram Line. [55] The trams from Bydgoszcz were assigned to serve the main line of this system, line 11. [7] To enable localization, the trams were equipped with a GPS-based tracking system. [55]

By the end of 2015, Municipal Transport Company upgraded the trams with wireless internet. [22]

Between 2019 and 2020, a replacement of the bogies began on tram number 1853, which had been out of service since 2014 due to bogie failure. [56]

In October 2023, a tram numbered 2858, modernized by the Municipal Transport Company itself, took to the tracks. The modernization included updates to the disc brake mechanical system, lighting, passenger information system, monitoring, and paintwork. [57]

Bydgoszcz

122N in Bydgoszcz Pesa 122N 364, tram line 8, Bydgoszcz, 2021.jpg
122N in Bydgoszcz

The Pesa 122N trams are also part of the fleet of the Municipal Transport Company in Bydgoszcz  [ pl ]. A contract for the delivery of 2 vehicles was signed on 12 September 2007, [15] and the first of the ordered units debuted on 12 February 2008. [58] The delivery of the second tram marked the 120th anniversary of Bydgoszcz's municipal transportation. [59] The Tramicuses, officially handed over to the Municipal Transport Company on 4 March 2008, [60] were the first low-floor trams in the city. [7] [58] Initially, they were to serve line 3, but later, service assignments were adjusted so that these low-floor trams appeared across the network. [7] From 23 to 26 September 2008, a Pesa 122N tram belonging to the Municipal Transport Company (side number 365) was loaned by the manufacturer for the InnoTrans trade fair in Berlin. [10]

Trials of trams delivered to Łódź also took place in Bydgoszcz. [7]

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References

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  9. ↑ Gieżyński, Tomasz (2004). "30 lat seryjnej produkcji tramwajów generacji 105N" [30 years of serial production of 105N generation trams]. Świat Kolei (in Polish). 12. Łódź: Emi-press: 46–53. ISSN   1234-5962.
  10. 1 2 Tomasik, Piotr (2008). "Na trasie ciągle dwa Pesiaki" [On the route, there are still two PESA trams]. Świat Kolei (in Polish). 11. Łódź: Emi-press: 9. ISSN   1234-5962.
  11. 1 2 3 Tomasik, Piotr (2008). "122N w Bydgoszczy" [122N in Bydgoszcz]. Świat Kolei (in Polish). 2. Łódź: Emi-press: 8. ISSN   1234-5962.
  12. 1 2 Wach, Karol (29 December 2006). "Z Bydgoszczy do Elbląga, czyli 121N już na trasie" [From Bydgoszcz to Elbląg: the 121N is already on the route]. infotram.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2016-02-11.
  13. 1 2 Wach, Karol (6 March 2006). "Plany inwestycyjne Tramwajów Warszawskich" [Investment plans of Warsaw Trams]. infotram.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2016-02-11.
  14. 1 2 "Łódzkie MPK kupuje 10 tramwajów od PESA" [Łódź Municipal Transport Company is purchasing 10 trams from PESA]. pb.pl (in Polish). 24 October 2006. Archived from the original on 2015-03-10.
  15. 1 2 "Bydgoszcz: Podpisanie kontraktu na dostawę tramwaju i prezentacja jego wyglądu" [Bydgoszcz: Signing of the contract for the tram delivery and presentation of its appearance]. infotram.pl (in Polish). 27 September 2007. Archived from the original on 2016-02-11.
  16. 1 2 3 Stefańczyk, Łukasz (2008). "Pesa 122N w Łodzi" [Pesa 122N in Łódź]. Świat Kolei (in Polish). 3. Łódź: Emi-press: 8. ISSN   1234-5962.
  17. ↑ Wach, Karol (27 November 2007). "PESA na Trako" [PESA at Trako fair]. infotram.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2016-02-11.
  18. ↑ "229 mln zł na nowe tramwaje dla Warszawy" [229 million PLN for new trams for Warsaw]. infotram.pl (in Polish). 3 July 2012. Archived from the original on 2016-02-11.
  19. ↑ "Bydgoszczanie pojadą Swingami" [Residents of Bydgoszcz will ride Swing trams]. infotram.pl (in Polish). 22 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2016-02-11.
  20. ↑ "All Łódź Swing trams have been deployed on the WZ route". TransInfo (in Polish). 3 February 2016. Retrieved 2024-09-17.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Brochures on the manufacturer's website: 120N Warsaw, 121N Elbląg, 122N Bydgoszcz and 122N Łódź
  22. 1 2 "Jak działa internet w łódzkich tramwajach?" [How does the internet work in Łódź trams?]. TransInfo (in Polish). 21 January 2016. Retrieved 2024-09-17.
  23. ↑ Piech, Ryszard (2 December 2008). "EC Engineering – nie tylko stylizacja pojazdów szynowych" [EC Engineering – not just rail vehicle styling]. transinfo.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2015-03-10.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Talar, Witold (13 March 2009). Budowa i działanie taboru tramwajowego materiały do szkolenia motorniczych[Construction and operation of tram fleets: training materials for tram drivers] (in Polish). Łódź: Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacyjne. pp. 39–40, 55, 65, 95, 105.
  25. 1 2 3 4 "Nowy tramwaj niskopodłogowy" [New low-floor tram]. Medcom (in Polish). 28 November 2006. Archived from the original on 2016-07-19.
  26. 1 2 3 "FT-105-600 Falownik Trakcyjny" [FT-105-600 Traction Inverter]. medcom.com.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2016-04-11.
  27. ↑ "Pojazdy szynowe - Referencje" [Rail vehicles - References]. rynek-kolejowy.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2015-03-10.
  28. 1 2 "System Solutions Transportation" (PDF). vem-group.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-01-25.
  29. 1 2 "Impulse 01-2007" (PDF). vem-group.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-11.
  30. ↑ "ATM-RPS – Prezentacja" [ATM-RPS – Presentation](PDF). ATM Avionics Division (in Polish). 18 October 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-07.
  31. ↑ "ATM-RPS4 Prędkościomierze/rejestratory Z funkcją kontroli dostępu do pojazdu" [ATM-RPS4 Speedometers/Recorders with Vehicle Access Control Function]. ATM Avionics Division (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2013-08-21.
  32. ↑ "Budowa 121N" [Construction of the 121N]. transportszynowy.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2011-05-18.
  33. ↑ Graff, Marek (2015). "Nowy tabor tramwajowy w Polsce" [New tram fleet in Poland]. Technika Transportu Szynowego (in Polish). 7–8. Łódź: Emi-press: 46–63. ISSN   1232-3829.
  34. ↑ Rabsztyn, Marek (2006). "InnoTrans 2006 w Berlinie" [InnoTrans 2006 in Berlinie]. Technika transportu szynowego (in Polish). 10. Łódź: Emi-press. Archived from the original on 2014-02-25.
  35. ↑ "Zderzenie tramwaju i samochodu ciężarowego" [Collision between a tram and a truck]. elblag.wm.pl (in Polish). 30 August 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-04-12.
  36. ↑ Sadowski, Witold (20 January 2012). "„Ogórek" wrócił z warsztatu" [The "Cucumber" has returned from the workshop]. portel.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2024-09-17.
  37. 1 2 "Stanisław Wójcicki został pierwszym patronem elbląskiego tramwaju" [Stanisław Wójcicki has become the first patron of the Elbląg tram]. info.elblag.pl (in Polish). 20 June 2012. Retrieved 2024-09-17.
  38. ↑ "Elbląg: ruszył kolejny tramwaj z patronem" [Elbląg: Another tram with a patron has been launched]. kurier-kolejowy.pl (in Polish). 29 August 2012. Retrieved 2024-09-17.
  39. ↑ "Modernizacja trasy tramwajowej w Al. Jerozolimskich odcinek pętla Banacha – pętla Gocławek - O projekcie" [Modernization of the tram route in Jerozolimskie Avenue from Banacha terminus to Gocławek terminus - about the project]. Tramwaje Warszawskie (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2012-02-26.
  40. ↑ Stiasny, Marcin (2007). "Nowości na stołecznych torach" [New developments on the capital's tracks]. Świat Kolei (in Polish). 9. Łódź: Emi-press: 9. ISSN   1234-5962.
  41. ↑ "Tramwaje Warszawskie" [Warsaw Trams]. tramwar4.republika.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2016-08-13.
  42. ↑ Kozak, Roman (2008). "Warszawski Tramwaj Elektryczny ma już 100 lat!" [The Warsaw Electric Tram has been around for 100 years!]. Koleje Małe i Duże (in Polish). 1. Katowice: Apland: 18–19. ISSN   1641-117X.
  43. ↑ Wach, Karol (9 September 2007). "Warszawski 120N już w ruchu liniowym" [The Warsaw 120N is now in regular service]. infotram.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2013-05-03.
  44. ↑ "9 – linia tramwajowa" [9 – tram line]. ZTM Warszawa (in Polish). 29 May 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-06-08.
  45. ↑ Stiasny, Marcin (2007). "Pierwszy 120N w ruchu" [The first 120N in service]. Świat Kolei (in Polish). 10. Łódź: Emi-press: 8. ISSN   1234-5962.
  46. ↑ "Ponad 37% warszawskich tramwajów ma klimatyzację" [Over 37% of Warsaw's trams have air conditioning]. infotram.pl (in Polish). 4 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-07-05.
  47. ↑ "Tramwaje Warszawskie wycofały z ruchu najstarsze Pesy ze względów bezpieczeństwa" [Warsaw Trams have withdrawn the oldest PESA trams from service for safety reasons]. www.transport-publiczny.pl (in Polish). 16 March 2018. Retrieved 2024-09-17.
  48. ↑ "Warszawa: Tramicusy – najstarsze Pesy – wracają do ruchu" [Warsaw: Tramicuses – the oldest PESA trams – are returning to service]. www.transport-publiczny.pl (in Polish). 8 June 2018. Retrieved 2024-09-17.
  49. ↑ "Wszystkie warszawskie tramwaje w biletomatami" [All Warsaw trams equipped with ticket machines]. TransInfo (in Polish). 14 November 2018. Retrieved 2024-09-17.
  50. 1 2 Wach, Karol. "„Ten tramwaj to nowa jakość w Warszawie". Rozmowa z Krzysztofem Karosem – Prezesem Zarządu Spółki Tramwaje Warszawskie" ["This tram represents a new quality in Warsaw". An interview with Krzysztof Karos, President of Warsaw Trams]. infotram.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2013-05-03.
  51. ↑ Wach, Karol (20 July 2009). "Tramwaj(e) Warszawski(e) zrobiony(e) na szaro" [The Warsaw tram(s) painted grey]. infotram.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2012-07-11.
  52. ↑ Modrzejewski, Jacek (2009). "Warszawa – awantura o malowanie" [Warsaw – controversy over painting]. Świat Kolei (in Polish). 10. Łódź: Emi-press: 9. ISSN   1234-5962.
  53. ↑ Stefańczyk, Łukasz (2007). "Ruszyła budowa ŁTR" [The construction of Łódź Regional Tram Line (ŁTR) has started]. Świat Kolei (in Polish). 9. Łódź: Emi-press: 8–9. ISSN   1234-5962.
  54. ↑ "Uroczyste przekazanie pierwszego wagonu Pesa dla ŁTR" [The ceremonial handover of the first Pesa tram for Łódź Regional Tram Line (ŁTR)]. infotram.pl (in Polish). 29 January 2008. Archived from the original on 2016-01-24.
  55. 1 2 Stefańczyk, Łukasz (2008). "ŁTR wystartował" [Łódź Regional Tram Line (ŁTR) has launched]. Świat Kolei (in Polish). 10. Łódź: Emi-press: 8–9. ISSN   1234-5962.
  56. ↑ "Rusza wymiana wózków w łódzkim Tramicusie" [The replacement of bogies in the Łódź Tramicus tram has begun]. TransInfo (in Polish). 14 January 2020. Retrieved 2024-09-17.
  57. ↑ "Pierwsza zmodernizowana Pesa Tramicus wyjeżdża na tory w Łodzi" [The first modernized Pesa Tramicus is hitting the tracks in Łódź]. www.transport-publiczny.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2024-09-17.
  58. 1 2 Tomasik, Piotr (2008). "Jest i w Bydgoszczy!" [It's also in Bydgoszcz!]. Świat Kolei (in Polish). 4. Łódź: Emi-press: 8. ISSN   1234-5962.
  59. ↑ Tomasik, Piotr (2008). "120 urodziny w Bydgoszczy" [120th birthday in Bydgoszcz]. Świat Kolei (in Polish). 8. Łódź: Emi-press: 9. ISSN   1234-5962.
  60. ↑ Wach, Karol (12 March 2008). "Przekazanie tramwaju 122N dla MZK w Bydgoszczy" [Handing over the 122N tram to the Municipal Transport Company in Bydgoszcz]. infotram.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2013-05-03.
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