Peter G. Schultz

Last updated
Peter G. Schultz
Born (1956-06-23) June 23, 1956 (age 68)
Cincinnati, Ohio
Alma mater California Institute of Technology (BS, PhD)
Awards ACS Award in Pure Chemistry (1990)
Wolf Prize (1994)
Scientific career
Fields Chemical biology
Institutions The Scripps Research Institute,
Doctoral advisor Peter Dervan
Other academic advisors Christopher Walsh
Notable students David Liu
Sara Cherry
Nathanael Gray
Kevan M. Shokat
Lei Wang
Virginia Cornish
Alice Y. Ting
Young-Tae Chang

Peter G. Schultz (born June 23, 1956) is an American chemist, entrepreneur, and nonprofit leader. He is the CEO and President and Professor of Chemistry at Scripps Research, [1] the founder and former director of GNF, [2] and the founding director of the California-Skaggs Institute for Innovative Medicines, [3] established in 2012. In August 2014, Nature Biotechnology ranked Schultz the #1 top translational researcher in 2013. [4] Schultz's contributions to the field of chemistry have included the development and application of methods to expand the genetic code of living organisms, the discovery of catalytic antibodies, and the development and application of molecular diversity technologies to address problems in chemistry, biology, and medicine.

Contents

Academic career

Schultz completed his undergraduate degree at Caltech in 1979 and continued there for his doctoral degree in chemistry (in 1984) with Peter Dervan. His thesis work focused on the generation and characterization of 1,1-diazenes and the generation of sequence-selective polypyrrole DNA binding/cleaving molecules. He then spent a year at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with Christopher Walsh before joining the chemistry faculty at the University of California, Berkeley. He became a Principal Investigator of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in 1985 and an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in 1994. [5] In 1999, Schultz moved to Scripps Research and also became founding Director of the Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), which was initiated purely as a genomic research outlet of Novartis, but which grew during Schultz's tenure to include a significant drug discovery effort and more than triple the number of intended employees (currently over 500 people). In March 2010, he left GNF to return to the nonprofit sector and, in March 2012, founded the California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), later renamed the Calibr-Skaggs Institute for Innovative Medicines. [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] Schultz was named CEO of Scripps Research in 2015 and President the following year. [11] He has trained over 300 graduate students and postdoctoral fellows, many of whom are on the faculties of major research universities. [12]

Research

Combinatorial chemistry and molecular evolution

Much of Schultz's work consists of finding ways to do a great many similar experiments at the same time, on many different compounds. He is one of the leading pioneers in combinatorial chemistry, screenable molecular libraries, and "high-throughput" chemistry. His interests are wide-ranging, with applications in such diverse areas as catalytic mechanisms, cell-specialization and other complex biological processes (normally studied by biologists, not chemists), basic photochemistry, biophysical probes of all stripes from NMR through positron-emission, and solid-state materials science.

Early in his career, Schultz showed that the natural molecular diversity of the immune system could be directed to generate catalytic antibodies. This method enabled the subsequent development of many new selective enzyme-like catalysts for reactions ranging from acyl transfer and redox reactions to pericyclic and metalation reactions. Although their catalytic activities are only rarely strong enough to be of practical use, catalytic antibodies have provided important new insights in our understanding of biocatalysis, structural plasticity of proteins, evolution of biochemical function, and the immune system itself.

Schultz then applied molecular diversity—the strategy of creating a large community of different molecules, plus a method for fishing out and identifying the ones that do what you want—to a range of problems in chemistry, biology and materials science. Along with Richard Lerner, he was one of the critical players in the development of phage-display libraries, and surface-library chips. For high-throughput bioassays which require freely soluble test-compounds, he uses microrobotic fluid-manipulation systems, adapted for 1,536-microwell cell-culture plates, to separately treat very small cell colonies with large numbers (hundreds of thousands) of different compounds. [13]

Using these various high-throughput and combinatorial experimental approaches, Schultz has identified materials with novel optical, electronic, and catalytic properties; also, proteins and small molecules which control important biological processes such as aging, cancer, autoimmunity, and stem-cell differentiation and de-specialization back to pluripotency.

Expanding the genetic code

Schultz has pioneered a method for adding new building blocks, beyond the common twenty amino acids, to the genetic codes of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. This is accomplished by screening libraries of mutant amino acyl tRNA synthetases for mutants which charge nonsense-codon tRNAs with the desired unnatural amino acid. The organism which expresses such a synthetase can then be genetically programmed to incorporate the unnatural amino acid into a desired protein in the usual way, with the nonsense codon now coding for the unnatural amino acid. Normally, the unnatural amino acid itself must be synthesized in the lab and supplied to the organism by adding it to the organism's growth medium. The unnatural amino acid must also be able to pass through the organism's cell membrane into the interior of the organism.

More than 70 unnatural amino acids have been genetically encoded in bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells, including photoreactive, chemically reactive, fluorescent, spin-active, sulfated, pre-phosphorylated, and metal-binding amino acids. This technology allows chemists to probe, and change, the properties of proteins, in vitro or in vivo, by directing novel, lab-synthesized chemical moieties specifically into any chosen site of any protein of interest.

A bacterial organism has been generated which biosynthesizes a novel, previously unnatural amino acid (p-aminophenylalanine) from basic carbon sources and includes this amino acid in its genetic code. [14] [15] This is the first example of the creation of an autonomous twenty-one-amino-acid organism.

Unnatural genetic information

Schultz's group has recently created bacteria whose chromosomes include unnatural DNA-bases, and bacteria whose chromosomes are hybrids which include both RNA and DNA. [16] [17]

Origins of mitochondria

In order to probe details of the traditionally accepted hypothesis that mitochondria originated when independent bacteria capable of respiratory (oxygen-dependent) metabolism took up residence inside host cells which had previously only been capable of fermentation (metabolism without using oxygen), and evolved to establish a symbiotic relationship with them, [18] Schultz's group has created bacteria capable of surviving inside yeast cells and maintaining a symbiotic relationship with the host yeast cells by carrying out reactions which the yeast cells cannot catalyze without the bacteria. [19] One goal of this work is to culture the yeast-bacteria hybrids and see whether the bacterial genome evolves to increase the mutual benefits of its chemical interactions with the host cells, as has happened with mitochondria over time. [20]

ReFRAME drug repurposing library

Schultz and his team at the Calibr-Skaggs Institute for Innovative Medicines recognized that the chemical diversity and known safety profiles of drugs that had previously been tested in humans make them valuable to further explore for other potential therapeutic targets aside from originally intended use. This idea of "drug repurposing" is an appealing strategy for advancing a given drug with less time and resources from a candidate and into clinical application, and led to the creation of the ReFRAME (Repurposing, Focused Rescue, and Accelerated Medchem) drug repurposing library. ReFRAME offers open-access drug repositioning screening of around 13,000 compounds, nearly all of which are small molecules that have reached clinical development or seen significant preclinical profiling.

The library was created by combining three widely used commercial drug databases (Clarivate Integrity, GVK Excelra GoStar, and Citeline Pharmaprojects) along with patent mining of small molecules dosed in humans. One of the library's first major successes screened its collection against Cryptosporidium spp., a major cause of childhood diarrhea in developing countries. [21] The library found two compounds (VB-201 and a structurally related analog of ASP-7962) previously tested in humans for other therapeutic uses that subsequently showed to be effective in animal models of the infection, providing novel candidates. [22]

Commercial activities

Schultz is a founder of several biotechnology startups, including Affymax Research Institute, Symyx Technologies, Syrrx, Kalypsys, Phenomix, Ilypsa, Ambrx, Ardelyx, and Wildcat Discovery Technologies. [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29]

Flywheel for scientific investment

At Scripps Research, Schultz has pioneered a "bench-to-bedside" model that is uncommon in the nonprofit research space. Through the establishment of the Calibr-Skaggs Institute for Innovative Medicines and a merger with the Scripps Research Translational Institute, as well as the formation of partnerships with pharmaceutical companies during his time as CEO and President of Scripps Research, Schultz has worked to accelerate fundamental scientific research into drug discovery and real-world medical advances. This model, based on the flywheel effect, has created a self-renewing revenue stream in which novel medicines that arise from the institute's scientific findings lead to revenue that is then reinvested in institute research programs and used to further expand research capabilities. The strategy has helped Scripps Research to overcome the funding challenges typically faced by scientific research institutions.

Publications and retractions

Schultz has authored around 790 papers. [12] [30]

One of his papers in 2013 PNAS about making more stable antibodies was retracted, due to suspect data from co-author Shiladitya Sen:

Two papers from his lab published in 2004, one in Science and one in Journal of the American Chemical Society, were retracted in 2009, related to work in the Shultz lab by a postdoc, Zhiwen Zhang, on incorporating non-native glycosylated amino acids into proteins. Had it succeeded, this method could have become an essential tool for investigating the functions of carbohydrate attachments to proteins; however, the work could not be replicated, and when the lab went to find the relevant notebooks, they were missing. In the course of the investigation, Zhang received emails and phone calls blackmailing him, and at one point the person doing this wrote to several institutions and Science saying that he or she was going to commit suicide. The lab eventually identified the problem as a misunderstanding of the function of a key enzyme used in the experiments. [31] The papers were:

Awards

Schultz is a member of the American National Academy of Sciences (1993), and the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences (1998). [5]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amino acid</span> Organic compounds containing amine and carboxylic groups

Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Although over 500 amino acids exist in nature, by far the most important are the 22 α-amino acids incorporated into proteins. Only these 22 appear in the genetic code of life.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Base pair</span> Two nucleobases bound by hydrogen bonds

A base pair (bp) is a fundamental unit of double-stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds. They form the building blocks of the DNA double helix and contribute to the folded structure of both DNA and RNA. Dictated by specific hydrogen bonding patterns, "Watson–Crick" base pairs allow the DNA helix to maintain a regular helical structure that is subtly dependent on its nucleotide sequence. The complementary nature of this based-paired structure provides a redundant copy of the genetic information encoded within each strand of DNA. The regular structure and data redundancy provided by the DNA double helix make DNA well suited to the storage of genetic information, while base-pairing between DNA and incoming nucleotides provides the mechanism through which DNA polymerase replicates DNA and RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into RNA. Many DNA-binding proteins can recognize specific base-pairing patterns that identify particular regulatory regions of genes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Enzyme</span> Large biological molecule that acts as a catalyst

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzyme catalysis in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. Metabolic pathways depend upon enzymes to catalyze individual steps. The study of enzymes is called enzymology and the field of pseudoenzyme analysis recognizes that during evolution, some enzymes have lost the ability to carry out biological catalysis, which is often reflected in their amino acid sequences and unusual 'pseudocatalytic' properties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Genetic code</span> Rules by which information encoded within genetic material is translated into proteins

The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material into proteins. Translation is accomplished by the ribosome, which links proteinogenic amino acids in an order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA), using transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to carry amino acids and to read the mRNA three nucleotides at a time. The genetic code is highly similar among all organisms and can be expressed in a simple table with 64 entries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metabolism</span> Set of chemical reactions in organisms

Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. The three main functions of metabolism are: the conversion of the energy in food to energy available to run cellular processes; the conversion of food to building blocks of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates; and the elimination of metabolic wastes. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transportation of substances into and between different cells, in which case the above described set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Protein</span> Biomolecule consisting of chains of amino acid residues

Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, providing structure to cells and organisms, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific 3D structure that determines its activity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RNA</span> Family of large biological molecules

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself or by forming a template for the production of proteins. RNA and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are nucleic acids. The nucleic acids constitute one of the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides. Cellular organisms use messenger RNA (mRNA) to convey genetic information that directs synthesis of specific proteins. Many viruses encode their genetic information using an RNA genome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stop codon</span> Codon that marks the end of a protein-coding sequence

In molecular biology, a stop codon is a codon that signals the termination of the translation process of the current protein. Most codons in messenger RNA correspond to the addition of an amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain, which may ultimately become a protein; stop codons signal the termination of this process by binding release factors, which cause the ribosomal subunits to disassociate, releasing the amino acid chain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pyrrolysine</span> Chemical compound

Pyrrolysine is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins in some methanogenic archaea and bacteria; it is not present in humans. It contains an α-amino group and a carboxylic acid group. Its pyrroline side-chain is similar to that of lysine in being basic and positively charged at neutral pH.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase</span> Class of enzymes

An aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, also called tRNA-ligase, is an enzyme that attaches the appropriate amino acid onto its corresponding tRNA. It does so by catalyzing the transesterification of a specific cognate amino acid or its precursor to one of all its compatible cognate tRNAs to form an aminoacyl-tRNA. In humans, the 20 different types of aa-tRNA are made by the 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, one for each amino acid of the genetic code.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Synthetic biology</span> Interdisciplinary branch of biology and engineering

Synthetic biology (SynBio) is a multidisciplinary field of science that focuses on living systems and organisms, and it applies engineering principles to develop new biological parts, devices, and systems or to redesign existing systems found in nature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Auxotrophy</span> Inability to synthesize an organic compound required for growth

Auxotrophy is the inability of an organism to synthesize a particular organic compound required for its growth. An auxotroph is an organism that displays this characteristic; auxotrophic is the corresponding adjective. Auxotrophy is the opposite of prototrophy, which is characterized by the ability to synthesize all the compounds needed for growth.

Xenobiology (XB) is a subfield of synthetic biology, the study of synthesizing and manipulating biological devices and systems. The name "xenobiology" derives from the Greek word xenos, which means "stranger, alien". Xenobiology is a form of biology that is not (yet) familiar to science and is not found in nature. In practice, it describes novel biological systems and biochemistries that differ from the canonical DNA–RNA-20 amino acid system. For example, instead of DNA or RNA, XB explores nucleic acid analogues, termed xeno nucleic acid (XNA) as information carriers. It also focuses on an expanded genetic code and the incorporation of non-proteinogenic amino acids, or “xeno amino acids” into proteins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chemical biology</span> Scientific discipline

Chemical biology is a scientific discipline between the fields of chemistry and biology. The discipline involves the application of chemical techniques, analysis, and often small molecules produced through synthetic chemistry, to the study and manipulation of biological systems. Although often confused with biochemistry, which studies the chemistry of biomolecules and regulation of biochemical pathways within and between cells, chemical biology remains distinct by focusing on the application of chemical tools to address biological questions.

Click chemistry is an approach to chemical synthesis that emphasizes efficiency, simplicity, selectivity, and modularity in chemical processes used to join molecular building blocks. It includes both the development and use of "click reactions", a set of simple, biocompatible chemical reactions that meet specific criteria like high yield, fast reaction rates, and minimal byproducts. It was first fully described by K. Barry Sharpless, Hartmuth C. Kolb, and M. G. Finn of The Scripps Research Institute in 2001. In this seminal paper, Sharpless argued that synthetic chemistry could emulate the way nature constructs complex molecules, using efficient reactions to join together simple, non-toxic building blocks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">D-amino acid oxidase</span> Enzyme

D-amino acid oxidase is an enzyme with the function on a molecular level to oxidize D-amino acids to the corresponding α-keto acids, producing ammonia and hydrogen peroxide. This results in a number of physiological effects in various systems, most notably the brain. The enzyme is most active toward neutral D-amino acids, and not active toward acidic D-amino acids. One of its most important targets in mammals is D-Serine in the central nervous system. By targeting this and other D-amino acids in vertebrates, DAAO is important in detoxification. The role in microorganisms is slightly different, breaking down D-amino acids to generate energy.

Synthetic genomics is a nascent field of synthetic biology that uses aspects of genetic modification on pre-existing life forms, or artificial gene synthesis to create new DNA or entire lifeforms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nucleic acid analogue</span> Compound analogous to naturally occurring RNA and DNA

Nucleic acid analogues are compounds which are analogous to naturally occurring RNA and DNA, used in medicine and in molecular biology research. Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts: a phosphate backbone, a pentose sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, and one of four nucleobases. An analogue may have any of these altered. Typically the analogue nucleobases confer, among other things, different base pairing and base stacking properties. Examples include universal bases, which can pair with all four canonical bases, and phosphate-sugar backbone analogues such as PNA, which affect the properties of the chain . Nucleic acid analogues are also called xeno nucleic acids and represent one of the main pillars of xenobiology, the design of new-to-nature forms of life based on alternative biochemistries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Expanded genetic code</span> Modified genetic code

An expanded genetic code is an artificially modified genetic code in which one or more specific codons have been re-allocated to encode an amino acid that is not among the 22 common naturally-encoded proteinogenic amino acids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nediljko Budisa</span>

Nediljko "Ned" Budisa is a Croatian biochemist, professor and holder of the Tier 1 Canada Research Chair (CRC) for chemical synthetic biology at the University of Manitoba. As pioneer in the areas of genetic code engineering and chemical synthetic biology (Xenobiology), his research has a wide range of applications in biotechnology and engineering biology in general. Being highly interdisciplinary, it includes bioorganic and medical chemistry, structural biology, biophysics and molecular biotechnology as well as metabolic and biomaterial engineering. He is the author of the only textbook in his research field: “Engineering the genetic code: expanding the amino acid repertoire for the design of novel proteins”.

References

  1. ↑ "From Bench to Bedside". Alta Online. 2019-04-22. Retrieved 2024-11-14.
  2. ↑ "Xconomy: Peter Schultz Exits Top Job at Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation". 2010-07-14.
  3. ↑ www.fitchratings.com https://www.fitchratings.com/research/us-public-finance/fitch-upgrades-scripps-research-ca-rev-bonds-to-a-outlook-positive-05-02-2024 . Retrieved 2024-11-14.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. ↑ Huggett, Brady; Paisner, Kathryn (7 August 2014). "Top 20 translational researchers in 2013". Nature Biotechnology. 32 (8): 720. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2986 . PMID   25101739.
  5. 1 2 "Carl Shipp Marvel Lecturer 2008-09 - Peter G. Schultz | Chemistry at Illinois".
  6. ↑ "calibr | California Institute for Biomedical Research>". Archived from the original on 2012-03-19.
  7. ↑ "Merck to create institute, hire 150 in la Jolla". 2012-03-15.
  8. ↑ "Merck's New Model for Collaboration". Chemical & Engineering News.
  9. ↑ Service, R. F. (15 March 2012). "New Institute Aims to Help Academics Make Medicines". Science. 335 (6074): 1288–1289. Bibcode:2012Sci...335.1288S. doi:10.1126/science.335.6074.1288. PMID   22422951.
  10. ↑ www.fitchratings.com https://www.fitchratings.com/research/us-public-finance/fitch-upgrades-scripps-research-ca-rev-bonds-to-a-outlook-positive-05-02-2024 . Retrieved 2024-11-14.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ↑ "From Bench to Bedside". Alta Online. 2019-04-22. Retrieved 2024-11-14.
  12. 1 2 Curriculum Vitae Archived 2008-03-28 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ↑ Lyssiotis, Costas A.; Foreman, Ruth K.; Staerk, Judith; Garcia, Michael; Mathur, Divya; Markoulaki, Styliani; Hanna, Jacob; Lairson, Luke L.; Charette, Bradley D.; Bouchez, Laure C.; Bollong, Michael; Kunick, Conrad; Brinker, Achim; Cho, Charles Y.; Schultz, Peter G.; Jaenisch, Rudolf (2 June 2009). "Reprogramming of murine fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells with chemical complementation of Klf4". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (22): 8912–8917. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.8912L. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0903860106 . PMC   2690053 . PMID   19447925.
  14. ↑ "The Peter G. Schultz Laboratory". Archived from the original on 2010-05-23.}
  15. ↑ "Context :: 21-amino-acid bacteria: Expanding the genetic code".
  16. ↑ "Research".
  17. ↑ Mehta, Angad P.; Wang, Yiyang; Reed, Sean A.; Supekova, Lubica; Javahishvili, Tsotne; Chaput, John C.; Schultz, Peter G. (30 August 2018). "Bacterial Genome Containing Chimeric DNA–RNA Sequences". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 140 (36): 11464–11473. doi:10.1021/jacs.8b07046. PMID   30160955. S2CID   52132524.
  18. ↑ Martin, William F.; Mentel, Marek (2010). "The Origin of Mitochondria". Nature Education. 3 (9): 58.
  19. ↑ Mehta, Angad P.; Supekova, Lubica; Chen, Jian-Hua; Pestonjamasp, Kersi; Webster, Paul; Ko, Yeonjin; Henderson, Scott C.; McDermott, Gerry; Supek, Frantisek; Schultz, Peter G. (13 November 2018). "Engineering yeast endosymbionts as a step toward the evolution of mitochondria". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (46): 11796–11801. Bibcode:2018PNAS..11511796M. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1813143115 . PMC   6243291 . PMID   30373839.
  20. ↑ Mehta, Angad P.; Ko, Yeonjin; Supekova, Lubica; Pestonjamasp, Kersi; Li, Jack; Schultz, Peter G. (16 August 2019). "Toward a Synthetic Yeast Endosymbiont with a Minimal Genome". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 141 (35): 13799–13802. doi:10.1021/jacs.9b08290. PMC   6999831 . PMID   31419116.
  21. ↑ Danish Iqbal, Mariam; Naeem, Tahir; Khurshid, Umar; Hameed, Fatima (Jan–Feb 2021). "Frequency of Cryptosporidiosis in Children Having Persistent Diarrhea". Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 37 (1): 121–124. PMC   7794158 . PMID   33437262.
  22. ↑ Ktori, Sophia (2018-10-04). "Unique Drug Repurposing Collection Made Available as Public Resource". GEN - Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News. Retrieved 2024-11-19.
  23. ↑ "Biographies of Silicon Valley protagonists". www.scaruffi.com. Retrieved 2024-11-14.
  24. ↑ Duncan, David Ewing (2004-02-22). "Biotech on brink of breakthroughs". SFGATE. Retrieved 2024-11-14.
  25. ↑ "Kalypsys Patents - Insights & Stats (Updated 2023)". Insights;Gate. Retrieved 2024-11-14.
  26. ↑ "Amgen Goes Chemicals". Chemical & Engineering News. Retrieved 2024-11-14.
  27. ↑ "Peter Schultz, Ph.D. | Ambrx". 2021-06-09. Retrieved 2024-11-14.
  28. ↑ "Ardelyx: Strong Sales Growth and Reimbursement Prospects Justify Buy Rating". markets.businessinsider.com. 2024-11-11. Retrieved 2024-11-14.
  29. ↑ Technologies, Wildcat Discovery (2024-10-03). "Peter Schultz | Founder & Scientific Advisor to Wildcat". Wildcat. Retrieved 2024-11-14.
  30. ↑ "Peter G. Schultz's research while affiliated with The Scripps Research Institute and other places". ResearchGate.
  31. ↑ Service, Robert F. (2009). "A Dark Tale behind Two Retractions". Science. 326 (5960): 1610–1611. Bibcode:2009Sci...326.1610S. doi:10.1126/science.326.5960.1610. JSTOR   27736671. PMID   20019260.
  32. ↑ "American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal". Science History Institute. Retrieved 2024-11-18.
  33. ↑ Hutchins, Shana K. "Scripps Research Biochemist Peter Schultz To Receive 2022 Scott Medal". artsci.tamu.edu. Retrieved 2024-11-18.
  34. ↑ "NAS Award in Chemical Sciences – NAS". https://www.nasonline.org/ . Retrieved 2024-11-18.{{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  35. ↑ "Peter Schultz wins Tetrahedron Prize for Creativity in Organic Chemistry".
  36. ↑ "Yale awards nine honorary degrees at Commencement 2015". 2015-05-15.
  37. ↑ "AAAS Council Elects 388 New AAAS Fellows | American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)". www.aaas.org. Retrieved 2024-11-18.
  38. ↑ "Peter Schultz to Receive Solvay Prize | Chemical & Engineering News".
  39. ↑ "Honorary doctorates - Uppsala University, Sweden". 9 June 2023.
  40. ↑ "NSF Award Search: Award # 8451306 - Presidential Young Investigator Award/Design and Synthesis of Biological Catalysts". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2024-11-18.
  41. ↑ "Past Recipients". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 2024-11-18.
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