Phellodon niger

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Phellodon niger
Phellodon niger 496570.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Thelephorales
Family: Bankeraceae
Genus: Phellodon
Species:
P. niger
Binomial name
Phellodon niger
(Fr.) P.Karst. (1881)
Synonyms [1]
  • Hydnum nigrumFr. (1815)
  • Hydnellum nigrum(Fr.) P.Karst. (1879)
  • Calodon niger(Fr.) Quél. (1886)

Phellodon niger, commonly known as the black tooth, [2] is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae, and the type species of the genus Phellodon . It was originally described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1815 as a species of Hydnum . [3] Petter Karsten included it as one of the original three species when he circumscribed Phellodon in 1881. [4] The fungus is found in Europe and North America, although molecular studies suggest that the North American populations represent a similar but genetically distinct species.

Contents

Taxonomy

Phellodon niger was originally described by Swedish mycologist Elias Fries in 1815 as a species of Hydnum . [3] The genus Phellodon was circumscribed in 1881 by Finnish mycologist Petter Karsten to contain white-toothed fungi. Karsten included three species: P. cyathiformis , P. melaleucus , and the type, P. niger (originally published with the epithet "nigrum"). [4]

The variety Phellodon niger var. alboniger, published by Kenneth Harrison in 1961, [5] is considered synonymous with Phellodon melaleucus. [6] Lucien Quélet's 1886 Calodon niger [7] is a synonym of Phellodon niger. [1] Taxonomic synonyms (i.e., based on a different type) include: Hydnum olidum (Berkeley, 1877); Hydnum cuneatum (Lloyd 1925); and Hydnum confluens (Peck 1874). [8] The DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions of collections from the United Kingdom were compared with collections made in the Southern United States. They showed a 92–93% similarity, suggesting that the North American populations are a different species with very similar morphological characteristics. [8]

Phellodon niger is commonly known as the "black scented spine fungus", [9] and the "black tooth". [2]

Description

Underside of fruitbody, showing spines 2011-07-09 Phellodon niger 2 71274 cropped.jpg
Underside of fruitbody, showing spines

Fruitbodies of Phellodon niger have a cap and a stipe, and so fall into the general class of "stipitate hydnoid fungi". Individual caps are up to 5 cm (2.0 in) in diameter, but caps of neighboring fruitbodies often fuse together to create larger compound growths. Caps are flat to depressed to somewhat funnel-shaped, with a felt-like texture at first before developing concentric pits, wrinkles, and ridges. Initially whitish (sometimes with purplish tints), the cap later darkens in the center to grey, grey-brown, or black. The stipe, measuring up to 4 cm (1.6 in) long, is roughly the same color as the cap. On the underside of the caps are grey spines, up to 4 mm long. [9] The outer covering of the stipe is a thick felty layer of mycelium that absorbs water like a sponge. In conditions of high humidity, P. niger can form striking drops of black liquid on the actively growing caps. [5] The flesh has an odor of fenugreek when it is dry. [9] The mushroom tissue turns bluish-green when tested with a solution of potassium hydroxide. [8]

The ellipsoid, hyaline (translucent) spores measure 3.5–5 by 3–4  μm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 25–40 by 5–7 μm. Phellodon niger has a monomitic hyphal system, producing generative hyphae with a diameter of 2.5–5 μm. [9]

This fungus is considered inedible. [10]

Habitat and distribution

The ectomycorrhizae that P. niger forms with Norway spruce (Picea abies) has been comprehensively described. It is distinguished from the ectomycorrhizae of other Thelephorales species by the unique shape of its chlamydospores. [11] Stable isotope ratio analysis of the abundance of the stable isotope carbon-13 shows that P. niger has a metabolic signature close to that of saprotrophic fungi, indicating that it may be able to obtain carbon from sources other than a tree host. [12] [13]

Phellodon niger is found in continental Europe, where it has a widespread distribution, [9] and in North America. In a preliminary assessment for a red list of threatened British fungi, P. niger is considered rare. [14] In Switzerland, it is considered a vulnerable species. [15] Phellodon niger was included in a Scottish study to develop species-specific PCR primers that can be used to detect the mycelia of stipitate hydnoids in soil. [16] Collections labelled as P. niger from the United Kingdom that were DNA tested, revealed additional cryptic species. [17] [18] Analysis using PCR can determine the presence of a Phellodon species up to four years after the appearance of fruitbodies, allowing a more accurate determination of their possible decline and threat of extinction. [19]

Chemistry

Phellodon niger has been a source for several bioactive compounds: the cyathane-type diterpenoids, nigernin A and B; a terphenyl derivative called phellodonin (2',3'-diacetoxy-3,4,5',6',4''-pentahydroxy-p-terphenyl); grifolin; and 4-O-methylgrifolic acid. [20] Additional nigernins (C through F) were reported in 2011. [21]

Fruitbodies are used to make a gray-blue or green dye. [22]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydnellum peckii</span> Species of fungus

Hydnellum peckii is a fungus in the genus Hydnellum of the family Bankeraceae. It is a hydnoid species, producing spores on the surface of vertical spines or tooth-like projections that hang from the undersurface of the fruit bodies. It is found in North America, Europe, and was recently discovered in Iran (2008) and Korea (2010). Hydnellum peckii is a mycorrhizal species, and forms mutually beneficial relationships with a variety of coniferous trees, growing on the ground singly, scattered, or in fused masses.

<i>Hydnellum</i> Genus of fungi in the family Bankeraceae

Hydnellum is a genus of tooth fungi in the family Bankeraceae. Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, the genus contains around 40 species. The fruitbodies of its members grow by slowly enveloping nearby bits of grass and vegetation. There is great variability in the form of Hydnellum fruitbodies, which are greatly influenced by environmental conditions such as rainfall and humidity, drying winds, and temperature. They are too tough and woody to eat comfortably. Several species have become the focus of increasing conservation concern following widespread declines in abundance.

<i>Hydnellum concrescens</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum concrescens is an inedible fungus, commonly known as the zoned hydnellum or zoned tooth fungus. As with other tooth fungi, the spores are produced on spines on the underside of the cap, rather than gills. It has a funnel-shaped cap, typically between 2 and 7 cm in diameter, which has characteristic concentric zones of color. The cap may also have radial ridges extending from the center to the margins. The spines are pink in young specimens, but turn brown with age.

<i>Hydnellum caeruleum</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum caeruleum, commonly known as the blue-gray hydnellum, blue-green hydnellum, blue spine, blue tooth, or bluish tooth, is an inedible fungus found in North America, Europe, and temperate areas of Asia.

<i>Bankera</i> Genus of fungi

Bankera is a genus of four species of tooth fungi in the family Bankeraceae. The genus was first circumscribed in 1951 by William Chambers Coker and Alma Holland Beers, but this publication was invalid according to the rules of botanical nomenclature. It was later published validly by Zdeněk Pouzar in 1955. The type species is B. fuligineoalba. The genus is ectomycorrhizal with gymnosperms, usually with trees from the pine family.

<i>Phellodon</i> Genus of tooth fungi in the family Bankeraceae

Phellodon is a genus of tooth fungi in the family Bankeraceae. Species have small- to medium-sized fruitbodies with white spines on the underside from which spores are released. All Phellodon have a short stalk or stipe, and so the genus falls into the group known as stipitate hydnoid fungi. The tough and leathery flesh usually has a pleasant, fragrant odor, and develops a cork-like texture when dry. Neighboring fruitbodies can fuse, sometimes producing large mats of joined caps. Phellodon species produce a white spore print, while the individual spores are roughly spherical to ellipsoid in shape, with spiny surfaces.

<i>Hydnellum aurantiacum</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum aurantiacum is an inedible fungus, commonly known as the orange spine or orange hydnellum for its reddish orange or rusty red colored fruit bodies. Like other tooth fungi, it bears a layer of spines rather than gills on the underside of the cap. Due to substantial declines in sightings, this species is listed as critically endangered in the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydnoid fungi</span> Group of fungi

The hydnoid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota with basidiocarps producing spores on pendant, tooth-like or spine-like projections. They are colloquially called tooth fungi. Originally such fungi were referred to the genus Hydnum, but it is now known that not all hydnoid species are closely related.

<i>Hydnellum ferrugineum</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum ferrugineum, commonly known as the mealy tooth or the reddish-brown corky spine fungus, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. A widely distributed species, it is found in north Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. The fungus fruits on the ground singly or in clusters in conifer forest, usually in poor or sandy soil. Fruit bodies are somewhat top-shaped, measuring 3–10 cm (1–4 in) in diameter. Their velvety surfaces, initially white to pink, sometimes exude drops of red liquid. The lower surface of the fruit body features white to reddish-brown spines up to 6 mm long. Mature fruit bodies become dark reddish brown in color, and are then difficult to distinguish from other similar Hydnellum species. H. ferrugineum forms a mat of mycelia in the humus and upper soil where it grows. The presence of the fungus changes the characteristics of the soil, making it more podzolized.

Hydnellum cyanodon is a rare species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Boularderie Island and Antigonish County, it was described as new to science in 1964 by Canadian mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison. The turbinate (cushion-shaped) cap of the fruitbody measures 3–6 cm (1.2–2.4 in) in diameter. Spines on the cap underside up to 5 mm long, and blue in color. The fungus fruits singly or in groups in deep moss under spruce trees.

<i>Hydnellum regium</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum regium is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in western North America, it was described as new to science in 1964 by Canadian mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison, who reported collections from Oregon, Idaho, and Colorado. It fruits singly or in groups under pine and spruce trees.

Hydnellum scleropodium is a rare species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was described as new to science in 1964 by Canadian mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison. The fungus has been collected in Tennessee, North Carolina, and Nova Scotia, in both mixed and coniferous forest. Its fruitbody has an irregular, brownish cap measuring 10–25 cm (4–10 in) wide. The sclerotium-like stipe measures 3–9 cm (1.2–3.5 in) long by 2–4 cm (0.8–1.6 in) thick, and roots into the ground. The flesh has a strong, fragrant odor. Spines on the cap underside, blue in color, are up to 11 mm long.

Hydnellum frondosum is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Nova Scotia, Canada, it was described as new to science in 1961 by mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison. Its fruitbodies have caps that individually measure 1.8–4 cm (0.7–1.6 in) across, but can coalesce to create larger fused structures up to 14 cm (5.5 in). The cap surface is greyish brown, with broad whitish margins in age. The spines on the cap underside are small–up to 1 mm long, and extend quite a ways down the length of the stipe. The spore print is fawn; individual spores are roughly spherical and measure 3.5–4.5 by 3–4 μm. Fruit bodies have been found growing near pine and hemlock, in mixed forest of Kings County, Nova Scotia.

<i>Hydnellum scrobiculatum</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum scrobiculatum, commonly known as the ridged tooth or rough hydnellum, is a tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, it is found in Asia, Europe, and North America.

Phellodon excentrimexicanus is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in Mexico, it was described as new to science in 1985 by mycologist Richard Baird. It is similar in appearance to Phellodon fibulatus, which is found in the southern Appalachian Mountains, but the Mexican species lacks clamp connections, and its stipe is consistently eccentric.

<i>Phellodon atratus</i> Species of fungus

Phellodon atratus is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. Found in North America, it was described as new to science in 1964 by Canadian mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison. It occurs most frequently closer to the Pacific coast and under Sitka spruce.

<i>Phellodon confluens</i> Species of fungus

Phellodon confluens, commonly known as the fused cork hydnum, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was originally described in 1825 as Hydnum confluens by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon. Czech mycologist Zdenek Pouzar transferred it to the genus Phellodon in 1956. The fungus is found in Asia, Europe, and North America. It is considered vulnerable in Switzerland.

<i>Phellodon melaleucus</i> Species of fungus

Phellodon melaleucus, commonly known as the grey tooth, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was originally described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1815 as a species of Hydnum. In 1881, Petter Karsten included it as one of the original three species in his newly circumscribed genus Phellodon. The fungus is widely distributed in Europe and North America, where it associates mycorrhizally with a wide range of host trees. It is considered vulnerable in Switzerland.

<i>Hydnellum joeides</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum joeides is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae.

<i>Hydnellum gracilipes</i> Species of fungus

Hydnellum gracilipes is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was first described scientifically in 1886 by Petter Karsten, who called it Hydnum gracilipes. He transferred it to the genus Hydnellum in 1879. Fruit bodies of the fungus have a pinkish to reddish-brown colour, a delicate texture described as "felty or papery", and flimsy stipes. Its spores are roughly spherical with a diameter of no more than 5 μm. H. gracilipes is found in northern Europe, where it is mycorrhizal with pine. Collections made in Scotland have been found by lifting the dense ground cover of common heather, which the fungus seems to use to as support to compensate for its flimsy stipe.

References

  1. 1 2 "GSD Species Synonymy: Phellodon niger (Fr.) P. Karst". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2015-09-09.
  2. 1 2 Holden L. (July 2014). "English Names for fungi 2014". British Mycological Society. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-11-11.
  3. 1 2 Fries EM. (1815). "Observationes mycologicae" (in Latin). 1. Copenhagen: Gerhard Bonnier: 134.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. 1 2 Karsten PA. (1881). "Enumeratio Hydnearum Fr. Fennicarum, systemate novo dispositarum". Revue mycologique, Toulouse (in Latin). 3 (9): 19.
  5. 1 2 Harrison KA. (1961). The Stipitate Hydnums of Nova Scotia. Publications of the Department of Agriculture Canada (Report). Vol. 1099. Ottawa, Canada: Research Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture. pp. 1–60 (see p. 15). Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  6. ↑ "Record Details: Phellodon niger var. alboniger (Peck) K.A. Harrison". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
  7. ↑ Quélet L. (1886). Enchiridion Fungorum in Europa media et praesertim in Gallia Vigentium (in Latin). Lutetia: Octave Dion. p. 191.
  8. 1 2 3 Baird RE, Wallace LE, Baker G, Scruggs M (2013). "Stipitate hydnoid fungi of the temperate southeastern United States". Fungal Diversity. 62 (1): 41–114. doi:10.1007/s13225-013-0261-6. S2CID   16846274.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Pegler DN, Roberts PJ, Spooner BM (1997). British Chanterelles and Tooth Fungi. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens. p. 45. ISBN   978-1-900347-15-0.
  10. ↑ Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuides. p. 403. ISBN   978-0-7627-3109-1.
  11. ↑ Agerer R. (1992). "Ectomycorrhizae of Phellodon niger on Norway spruce and their chlamydospores". Mycorrhiza. 2 (1): 47–52. doi:10.1007/BF00206283. S2CID   11608006.
  12. ↑ Högberg P, Plamboeck AH, Taylor AF, Fransson PM (1999). "Natural C-13 abundance reveals trophic status of fungi and host-origin of carbon in mycorrhizal fungi in mixed forests". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (15): 8534–8539. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.8534H. doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.15.8534 . PMC   17551 . PMID   10411910. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  13. ↑ Taylor AF, Fransson PM, Högberg P, Högberg MN, Plamboeck AH (2003). "Species level patterns in C-13 and N-15 abundance of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungal sporocarps". New Phytologist. 159 (3): 757–774. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00838.x . PMID   33873595. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  14. ↑ Bridge PD, Panchal G (2004). Number 557. Population diversity and speciation in Hydnellum and Phellodon species (PDF) (Report). English Nature Research Reports. English Nature. ISSN   0967-876X.
  15. ↑ Senn-Irlet B, Bieri G, Egli S (2007). Lista Rossa Macromiceti. Lista Rossa delle specie minacciate in Svizzera. UV-0718-I (Report) (in Italian). Bern: Ufficio federale dell’ambiente.
  16. ↑ Van der Linde S, Alexander I, Anderson IC (2008). "A PCR-based method for detecting the mycelia of stipitate hydnoid fungi in soil". Journal of Microbiological Methods. 75 (1): 40–46. doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2008.04.010. PMID   18586344.
  17. ↑ Parfitt D, Ainsworth AM, Simpson D, Rogers HJ, Boddy L (2007). "Molecular and morphological discrimination of stipitate hydnoids in the genera Hydnellum and Phellodon". Mycological Research. 111 (7): 761–777. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.05.003. PMID   17681224.
  18. ↑ Ainsworth AM, Parfitt D, Rogers HJ, Boddy L (2010). "Cryptic taxa within European species of Hydnellum and Phellodon revealed by combined molecular and morphological analysis". Fungal Ecology. 3 (2): 65–80. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2009.07.001.
  19. ↑ van der Linde S, Holden E, Parkin PI, Alexander IJ, Anderson IC (2012). "Now you see it, now you don't: The challenge of detecting, monitoring and conserving ectomycorrhizal fungi". Fungal Ecology. 5 (5): 633–640. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2012.04.002.
  20. ↑ Fang ST, Zhang L, Li ZH, Li B, Liu JK (2010). "Cyathane diterpenoids and nitrogenous terphenyl derivative from the fruiting bodies of basidiomycete Phellodon niger". Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 58 (9): 1176–1179. doi: 10.1248/cpb.58.1176 . PMID   20823596.
  21. ↑ Fang ST, Feng T, Zhang L, Dong ZJ, Li ZH, Liu JK (2011). "Cyathane diterpenoids from fruiting bodies of Phellodon niger". Natural Products and Bioprospecting. 1 (1): 37–40. doi:10.1007/s13659-011-0002-z. PMC   4131705 . Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  22. ↑ Roberts P, Evans S (2011). The Book of Fungi. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 474. ISBN   978-0-226-72117-0.
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