Phlebopus marginatus

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Phlebopus marginatus
PhlebopusmarginatusBVP5.JPG
In New South Wales, Australia
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Boletinellaceae
Genus: Phlebopus
Species:
P. marginatus
Binomial name
Phlebopus marginatus
Watling & N.M.Greg. (1988)
Synonyms [1] [2]
  • Boletus marginatus J.Drumm. (1845)
  • Boletus portentosus Berk. & Broome (1873)
  • Phlebopus portentosus(Berk. & Broome) Boedijn (1951) [3]
  • Phaeogyroporus portentosus(Berk. & Broome) McNabb (1968) [4]
  • Boletus brevitubus M.Zang (1991)
Phlebopus marginatus
Information icon.svg
Pores icon.pngPores on hymenium
Convex cap icon.svg Cap is convex
Seceding gills icon2.svg Hymenium is seceding
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is brown
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Edible.pngEdibility is edible

Phlebopus marginatus, commonly known as the salmon gum mushroom in Western Australia, is a member of the Boletales or pored fungi. An imposing sight in forests of south-eastern and south-western Australia, it is possibly Australia's largest terrestrial mushroom, with the weight of one specimen from Victoria recorded at 29 kg (64 lb). Initially described in 1845 as Boletus marginatus, and also previously known by scientific names such as Phaeogyroporus portentosus and Boletus portentosus, it is not as closely related to typical boletes as previously thought.

Taxonomy

English naturalist Miles Joseph Berkeley initially described Boletus marginatus in 1845, from the writings and specimens of James Drummond, from the vicinity of the Swan River Colony in Western Australia. [5] Berkeley and Broome described Boletus portentosus in a report published in 1873 of the fungi of Ceylon, from a specimen with a 25 cm (8 in) diameter cap collected on June 15, 1869. They held it to be related to Boletus aestivalis . [6] Microscopic differences led to it being reclassified; Boedijn noted the shape of its spores, lack of cystidia and short tubes and allocated it to the genus Phlebopus in 1951. [3] New Zealand botanist Robert McNabb followed Rolf Singer who had determined Phlebopus was a nomen dubium (though conceding Singer was likely in error), and coined the binomial Phaeogyroporus portentosus, [4] by which it was known for some years. In his 1982 review of the genus, mycologist Paul Heinemann used this latter designation. [7] The generic name is derived from the Greek Φλεψ/Φλεβο- "vein", [8] and πους "foot". [9]

Considering the two taxa to be the same, [10] mycologist Roy Watling proposed the name Phlebopus marginatus over P. portentosus in 2001, pointing out that the former name predated the latter. [11] He noted specimens across its range conform to the species description, although queried whether a single species occurs over so wide a range. [12]

It is not as closely related to typical boletes as was previously thought. The genus Phlebopus is a member of the suborder Sclerodermatineae , which makes it more closely related to earth balls than to typical boletes. Within this suborder, Phlebopus makes up the family Boletinellaceae with Boletinellus . [11] [13] Boletus brevitubus, described from Cephalocitrus grandis and Delonix regia forests of Yunnan, China in 1991, [14] was placed into synonymy with Phlebopus marginatus in 2009. [2]

A common name in Western Australia is salmon gum mushroom. [15] Common names in Asia include hed har and hed tub tao dum in Thailand, or tropical black bolete. [16]

Description

P. marginatus cap from above, East Gippsland, Victoria - January 1992 Phlebopus marginatuscap2.jpg
P. marginatus cap from above,
East Gippsland, Victoria - January 1992

Possibly Australia's largest terrestrial mushroom, Phlebopus marginatus produces fruit bodies that can reach huge proportions. [17] The weight of one specimen from western Victoria recorded at 29 kg (64 pounds). [17] John Burton Cleland reported finding specimens with a cap diameter of 70 cm (28 in), weighing over 70 pounds (32 kg), but reports about specimens with caps over 100 cm (39 in) in diameter also exist. [4] The cap is convex to flat, occasionally with a depressed centre. It is brown to olive and covered in fine hair. [18] Records between countries vary as to the colour change on cutting or bruising of flesh, [19] with those of Western Australia indicating no change, [15] while New Zealand and Indonesian collections are reported to have some bluish discoloration on bruising at the top of the stem. [3] [4] The spores are yellow-brown. Mature specimens are very attractive to insects and often infested with them. [17]

Distribution and habitat

Phlebopus marginatus near Honeysuckle Creek, ACT Phlebopus marginatus 3.jpg
Phlebopus marginatus near Honeysuckle Creek, ACT

Phlebopus marginatus is an example of a Gondwanan fungus, being found in Indonesia, Malaysia and Sri Lanka as well as Australia and New Zealand, [20] with related species found in South America. In fact, it is a pantropical species.

Within Australia it has been recorded from the southeast of South Australia to New South Wales. [18] Within Australia it occurs in eucalypt forests and may be found any time after rain. [17] Fruit bodies may be isolated or spring up in groups or even fairy rings. [17] It occurs in rainforest in the Cooloola section of the Great Sandy National Park in Queensland. [10]

In New Zealand it is possibly associated with Nothofagus truncata . [4] McNabb was unsure of whether it was introduced or indigenous to New Zealand though suspected it was the latter due to it being found in dense native forest near Rotorua. Other collections were in the vicinity of Auckland. [4]

It is common in Java and Sumatra. [3]

In China it is found in Yunnan, Guangxi and Hainan provinces. [21] In China, it grows in association with poinciana ( Delonix regia ), mango ( Mangifera indica ), coffee ( Coffea arabica ), pomelo ( Citrus grandis ), jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus ) and oak ( Quercus ) species. [21]

Edibility

As with many Australian mushrooms, Phlebopus marginatus is not widely eaten although recorded in several publications as edible and mild tasting or bland. [15] [17] [22] [23] Australian mushroom expert Bruce Fuhrer warns of its propensity to be maggot-ridden. [17]

It is consumed in Laos, northern Thailand, Myanmar and southern China, [16] namely the tropical areas of Yunnan province, where excessive picking for markets has depleted wild populations. Its large size and flavour make it a desired mushroom in markets in the Xishuangbanna region. [21] It is also consumed on the island of Réunion. Since 2003, efforts have been made to try and cultivate it. [21]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boletales</span> Order of fungi

The Boletales are an order of Agaricomycetes containing over 1300 species with a diverse array of fruiting body types. The boletes are the best known members of this group, and until recently, the Boletales were thought to only contain boletes. The Boletales are now known to contain distinct groups of agarics, puffballs, and other fruiting-body types.

<i>Boletus edulis</i> Species of mushroom, widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere

Boletus edulis is a basidiomycete fungus, and the type species of the genus Boletus. Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere across Europe, Asia, and North America, it does not occur naturally in the Southern Hemisphere, although it has been introduced to southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Brazil. Several closely related European mushrooms formerly thought to be varieties or forms of B. edulis have been shown using molecular phylogenetic analysis to be distinct species, and others previously classed as separate species are conspecific with this species. The western North American species commonly known as the California king bolete is a large, darker-coloured variant first formally identified in 2007.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boletaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Boletaceae are a family of mushroom-forming fungi, primarily characterised by small pores on the spore-bearing hymenial surface, instead of gills as are found in most agarics. Nearly as widely distributed as the agarics, the family is renowned for hosting some prime edible species highly sought after by mushroom hunters worldwide, such as the cep or king bolete . A number of rare or threatened species are also present in the family, that have become the focus of increasing conservation concerns. As a whole, the typical members of the family are commonly known as boletes.

<i>Strobilomyces</i> Genus of fungi

Strobilomyces is a genus of boletes. The only well-known European species is the type species S. strobilaceus, known in English as "old man of the woods".

<i>Boletus</i> Genus of fungus

Boletus is a genus of mushroom-producing fungi, comprising over 100 species. The genus Boletus was originally broadly defined and described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, essentially containing all fungi with hymenial pores instead of gills. Since then, other genera have been defined gradually, such as Tylopilus by Petter Adolf Karsten in 1881, and old names such as Leccinum have been resurrected or redefined. Some mushrooms listed in older books as members of the genus have now been placed in separate genera. These include such as Boletus scaber, now Leccinum scabrum, Tylopilus felleus, Chalciporus piperatus and Suillus luteus. Most boletes have been found to be ectomycorrhizal fungi, which means that they form a mutualistic relationship with the roots system of certain kinds of plants. More recently, Boletus has been found to be massively polyphyletic, with only a small percentage of the over 300 species that have been assigned to Boletus actually belonging there and necessitating the description and resurrection of many more genera.

<i>Caloboletus calopus</i> Species of fungus in the family Boletaceae found in Asia, Northern Europe and North America

Caloboletus calopus, commonly known as the bitter bolete, bitter beech bolete or scarlet-stemmed bolete, is a fungus of the bolete family, found in Asia, Northern Europe and North America. Appearing in coniferous and deciduous woodland in summer and autumn, the stout fruit bodies are attractively coloured, with a beige to olive cap up to 15 cm (6 in) across, yellow pores, and a reddish stipe up to 15 cm (6 in) long and 5 cm (2 in) wide. The pale yellow flesh stains blue when broken or bruised.

<i>Suillus bovinus</i> Species of edible fungus in the family Suillaceae native to Europe and Asia

Suillus bovinus, also known as the Jersey cow mushroom or bovine bolete, is a pored mushroom of the genus Suillus in the family Suillaceae. A common fungus native to Europe and Asia, it has been introduced to North America and Australia. It was initially described as Boletus bovinus by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, and given its current binomial name by Henri François Anne de Roussel in 1806. It is an edible mushroom, though not highly regarded.

<i>Xerocomellus chrysenteron</i> Species of fungus

Xerocomellus chrysenteron, formerly known as Boletus chrysenteron or Xerocomus chrysenteron, is a small, edible, wild mushroom in the family Boletaceae. These mushrooms have tubes and pores instead of gills beneath their caps. It is commonly known as the red cracking bolete.

<i>Gyrodon lividus</i> Species of fungus

Gyrodon lividus, commonly known as the alder bolete, is a pored mushroom bearing close affinity to the genus Paxillus. Although found predominantly in Europe, where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with alder, it has also recorded from China, Japan and California. Fruit bodies are distinguished from other boletes by decurrent bright yellow pores that turn blue-grey on bruising. G. lividus mushrooms are edible.

<i>Boletus pinophilus</i> Pine bolete mushroom

Boletus pinophilus, commonly known as the pine bolete or pinewood king bolete, is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus Boletus found throughout Europe and western Asia. Described by Italian naturalist Carlo Vittadini in 1835, B. pinophilus was for many years considered a subspecies or form of the porcini mushroom B. edulis before genetic studies confirmed its distinct status. In 2008, B. pinophilus in western North America were reclassified as a new species, B. rex-veris. B. pinophilus is edible, and may be preserved and cooked.

<i>Boletellus obscurecoccineus</i> Species of fungus

Boletellus obscurecoccineus, known as the rhubarb bolete, is a species of fungus in the family Boletaceae, found in Australia, New Guinea, Java, Borneo, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. It is a distinctive and colourful bolete of the forest floor.

<i>Phlebopus</i> Genus of fungi

Phlebopus is a genus of fungi in the family Boletinellaceae. The genus has a widespread distribution in subtropical and pantropical regions, and contains 12 species. The species are saprobic, with some possibly able to form mycorrhizae with exotic trees in certain conditions. It contains the gigantic Phlebopus marginatus, the cap of which can reach 1 m (3.3 ft) in diameter.

<i>Aureoboletus mirabilis</i> Species of fungus

Aureoboletus mirabilis, commonly known as the admirable bolete, the bragger's bolete, and the velvet top, is an edible species of fungus in the Boletaceae mushroom family. The fruit body has several characteristics with which it may be identified: a dark reddish-brown cap; yellow to greenish-yellow pores on the undersurface of the cap; and a reddish-brown stem with long narrow reticulations. Aureoboletus mirabilis is found in coniferous forests along the Pacific Coast of North America, and in Asia. Unusual for boletes, A. mirabilis sometimes appears to fruit on the wood or woody debris of Hemlock, suggesting a saprobic lifestyle. Despite occasional appearances to the contrary, Aureoboletus mirabilis is mycorrhizal, and forms close mutualistic associations with hemlock roots.

<i>Suillus spraguei</i> Species of mushroom

Suillus spraguei is a species of fungus in the family Suillaceae. It is known by a variety of common names, including the painted slipperycap, the painted suillus or the red and yellow suillus. Suillus spraguei has had a complex taxonomical history, and is also frequently referred to as Suillus pictus in the literature. The readily identifiable fruit bodies have caps that are dark red when fresh, dry to the touch, and covered with mats of hairs and scales that are separated by yellow cracks. On the underside of the cap are small, yellow, angular pores that become brownish as the mushroom ages. The stalk bears a grayish cottony ring, and is typically covered with soft hairs or scales.

<i>Boletellus ananas</i> Species of fungus

Boletellus ananas, commonly known as the pineapple bolete, is a mushroom in the family Boletaceae, and the type species of the genus Boletellus. It is distributed in southeastern North America, northeastern South America, Asia, and New Zealand, where it grows scattered or in groups on the ground, often at the base of oak and pine trees. The fruit body is characterized by the reddish-pink scales on the cap that are often found hanging from the edge. The pore surface on the underside of the cap is made of irregular or angular pores up to 2 mm wide that bruise a blue color. It is yellow when young but ages to a deep olive-brown color. Microscopically, B. ananas is distinguished by large spores with cross striae on the ridges and spirally encrusted hyphae in the marginal appendiculae and flesh of the stem. Previously known as Boletus ananas and Boletus coccinea, the species was given its current name by William Alphonso Murrill in 1909. Two varieties of Boletellus ananas have been described. Although the mushroom may be considered edible, it is not recommended for consumption.

<i>Tylopilus alboater</i> Species of fungus

Tylopilus alboater, called the black velvet bolete, by some, is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. The species is found in North America east of the Rocky Mountains, and in eastern Asia, including China, Japan, Taiwan, and Thailand. A mycorrhizal species, it grows solitarily, scattered, or in groups on the ground usually under deciduous trees, particularly oak, although it has been recorded from deciduous, coniferous, and mixed forests.

<i>Aureoboletus projectellus</i> Species of fungus

Aureoboletus projectellus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Found in North America, and recently in Europe, it grows in a mycorrhizal association with pine trees.

<i>Buchwaldoboletus lignicola</i> Species of fungus

Buchwaldoboletus lignicola is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae native to Europe and North America. Found on wood, it is actually parasitic on the fungus Phaeolus schweinitzii. It has a convex yellow- to rusty brown cap, yellow to yellow-brown pores and stipe, and a brown spore print. Its edibility is unknown.

<i>Fistulinella mollis</i> Species of fungus

Fistulinella mollis, commonly known as the marshmallow bolete, is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae found in Australia.

References

  1. ↑ "Phlebopus marginatus Watling & N.M. Greg. :73, 1988". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  2. 1 2 Lei, Qi-Yi; Zhou, Jiang-Ju; Wang, Qing-Bin. (2009). "Notes on three bolete species from China" (PDF). Mycosystema. 28 (1): 56–59. ISSN   1672-6472.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Boedijn, Karel Bernard (1951). "Some mycological notes". Sydowia. 5 (3–6): 211–29 (see p. 218).
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 McNabb, Robert Francis Ross (1968). "The Boletaceae of New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 6 (2): 137–76 (see p. 142). doi: 10.1080/0028825X.1968.10429056 .
  5. ↑ Berkeley, Miles Joseph (1845). "Decades of fungi. Dec. III-VII. Australian fungi". London Journal of Botany. 4: 42–73 (see p. 50).
  6. ↑ Berkeley, Miles Joseph; Broome, C.E. (1873). "Enumeration of the Fungi of Ceylon. Part II., containing the remainder of the Hymenomycetes, with the remaining established tribes of Fungi" (PDF). Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany. 14 (73): 29–64 [46]. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1873.tb00301.x.
  7. ↑ Heinemann P, Rammeloo J (1982). "-Observations sur le genre Phlebopus (Boletineae)" [Observations on the genus Phlebopus (Boletineae)]. Mycotaxon (in French). 15 (1): 384–404. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
  8. ↑ Liddell & Scott 1980, p. 763.
  9. ↑ Liddell & Scott 1980, p. 580.
  10. 1 2 Watling, Roy; Hui, Li Tai (1999). Australian Boletes: A Preliminary Survey. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. p. 47. ISBN   978-1-872291-28-4.
  11. 1 2 Watling, Roy; Gregory, N.M. (1988). "Observations on the boletes of the Cooloola sandmass, Queensland and notes on their distribution in Australia. Part 2 B: smooth spored taxa of the family Gyrodontaceae and the genus Pulveroboletus". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland . 99: 65–76.
  12. ↑ Watling, Roy (2001). "The relationships and possible distributional patterns of boletes in south-east Asia". Mycological Research. 105 (12): 1440–48. doi:10.1017/S0953756201004877.
  13. ↑ Wilson, AW; Binder, M; Hibbett, DS (2012). "Diversity and evolution of the ectomycorrhiza host associations in the Sclerodermatineae (Boletales, Basidiomycota)". New Phytologist. 194 (4): 1079–1094. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04109.x . PMID   22471405.
  14. ↑ Zang, M. (1991). "Boletus brevitubus – a new taxon of genus Boletus from Yunnan". Acta Mycologica Sinica. 10 (2): 111–19.
  15. 1 2 3 Griffiths, Kevin (1985). A Field Guide to the Larger Fungi of the Darling Scarp & South West of Western Australia. Hong Kong: Griffiths K. p. 22. ISBN   978-0-9589705-0-1.
  16. 1 2 Mortimer, Peter; Karunarathna, Samantha C.; Li, Qiaohong; Gui, Heng; Yang, Xueqing; Yang, Xuefei; He, Jun; Ye, Lei; Guo, Jiayu; Li, Huili; Sysouphanthong, Phongeun; Zhou, Dequn; Xu, Jianchu; Hyde, Kevin D. (2012). "Prized edible Asian mushrooms: ecology, conservation and sustainability". Fungal Diversity. 56 (1): 31–47. doi:10.1007/s13225-012-0196-3. S2CID   16754587.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fuhrer, Bruce (2005). A Field Guide to Australian Fungi. Melbourne, Victoria: Bloomings Books. p. 192. ISBN   978-1-876473-51-8.
  18. 1 2 Cleland, John B. (1976) [1934]. Toadstools and Mushrooms and Other Larger Fungi of South Australia. Adelaide, South Australia: South Australian Government Printer. pp. 190–91.
  19. ↑ Watling, Roy (2006). "The sclerodermatoid fungi". Mycoscience. 47 (1): 18–24. doi:10.1007/s10267-005-0267-3. S2CID   84649900.
  20. ↑ Watling, Roy (2001). "The relationships and possible distributional patterns of boletes in south-east Asia". Mycological Research. 105 (12): 1440–48. doi:10.1017/s0953756201004877.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Kai-Ping Ji; Yang Cao; Chun-Xia Zhang; Ming-Xia He; Jing Liu; Wen-Bing Wang; Yun Wang (2011). "Cultivation of Phlebopus portentosus in southern China". Mycological Progress. 10 (3): 293–300. doi:10.1007/s11557-010-0700-7. S2CID   19138490.
  22. ↑ Bougher, Neal L.; Syme, Katrina (1998). Fungi of Southern Australia. Nedlands, Western Australia: University of Western Australia Press. p. 22. ISBN   978-1-875560-80-6.
  23. ↑ Hilton, Roger (1988). Field and Forest: Edible Fungi in W.A. (Landscope. - Vol. 3, no. 3). Department of Conservation and Land Management Western Australia.

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